Study on the Properties of High-Performance Concrete: A Review

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Study on the Properties of High-Performance Concrete: A Review

Anitta Paul1 , Anju Paul2 , Dr. Elson john3

1PG student, 2Reasearch scholar, 3Professor 1,2,3Dept. of civil Engineering, Mar Athanasius College of Engineering, Kothamangalam, Kerala, India ***

Abstract India uses more than 100 million cubic meters of concrete per year, making it the most common building material there. Numerous varieties come in a variety of uses. High performance special concrete is one such variety that has greater durability and strength than regular special concrete with lower water cement ratio. The primary benefits relate to placement and consolidation without compromising strength. By using this, slender sections can be made with longer life in severe environments thus reducing the total quantity of material. The purpose of this paper is to describe the various supplementary cementitious materials used for HPC along with their impacts and other ingredients and their properties.

Key Words: Highperformanceconcrete,watercementratio, Durability,supplementarycementitiousmaterials,strength,

1. INTRODUCTION

Concreteisacompositeconstructionmaterialwhosemajor constituentsareaggregate,cement,andwater.Accordingto theAmericanConcreteInstitute(ACI),HPCisconcretethat satisfies unique sets of performance and homogeneity standardsthataredifficulttomeetwhenutilisingstandard constituentsandmixing,placing,andcuringprocedures[1]. Contrary to conventional concrete, which typically only containsthebasiccomponents,highperformanceconcrete (HPC)incorporatesadditionalcementitiousmaterialssuch asflyash,blastfurnaceslag,silicafume,andsuperplasticizer [2][3]. As a result, HPC is stronger, more durable, and performsbetterthanconventional concrete.UtilizingHPC for various purposes has increased recently likehigh rise buildings,bridges,andotherstructuralapplicationnuclear structures and tunnels. Its high compressive strength and other advantageous characteristics, including excellent durability, high strength, adequate workability, high abrasion resistance, low permeability and diffusion, high resistancetochemicalattack,andhighmodulusofelasticity, areresponsibleforitsincreaseduse.

2. HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

High performance concrete is a type of concrete with specific properties tailored to a certain purpose and environment,ensuringthatitperformswellinthestructure in which it is installed. In other words, high performance concrete is a type of concrete that is meant to provide a number of advantages in the construction of concrete

structures that are not always possible to achieve using standard materials, mixing, and curing techniques. In the 1990s,theappearanceofhigh performanceconcrete(HPC) wasaphenomenon.InEurope,HPCisdefinedasaconcrete withahighcompressivestrengthat28days(usually>60 MPa)andalowwater binderratio(0.40).

Enhancements to features such as placement and compaction without segregation, long term mechanical qualities,early agestrength,volumestability,andservicelife in harsh settings may be required. HPC gives pre cast concrete structural elements better mechanical qualities, such as stronger tensile and compressive strengths and a highermodulusofelasticity(stiffness).Ahigh performance concrete is always a high strength concrete, while a high strengthconcreteisnotalwaysahigh performanceconcrete.

3. SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS AND ITS EFFECTS

HPCinvolvestheuseofsupplementalcementitiousmaterials such as fly ash and blast furnace slag, as well as chemical admixturessuchassuperplasticizer,inadditiontothethree main constituents in ordinary concrete. Micro fillers and additionalcementingchemicalsareincreasinglybeingused inconcreteaspartialsubstitutesforPortlandcement. The majorityoftheseblendingingredientsareeitherindustrial by productsorrawmaterials.Theyhelptheenvironmentby recycling industrial waste, minimising harmful emissions discharged into the atmosphere as a result of cement manufacturing, protecting raw materials, and conserving energy.

Severalinvestigationshaveshownthatthequantityofextra materialsinthemixaffectsconcretestrengthdevelopment in addition to the w/c ratio. The more we learn about the relationshipbetweenconcretecompositionandstrength,the betterwe'llbeabletounderstandthenatureofconcreteand howtomakethebestconcretemixture.(Yehetal.,1998)To produce high strength concrete, a lower w/b ratio is required,oftenintherangeof0.22 0.35[4].

3.1 Silica Fume

Silica fume (SF) is a widelyused additive that has risen in popularity over the last three decades. The most effective fillerfromarheologicalstandpoint,silicafume,increasedthe

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superplasticizer demand while maintaining consistent workability.Thiscouldmeanthatalargesurfaceareaisn't theonlyfactordeterminingthesuperplasticizerdemandof silicafumeblends,andthatsilicafumehasagreataffinityfor superplasticizermoleculemulti layeradsorption[5].

By replacing 15% of thecement mass withsilica fume, about 2,000,000 particles are added to each cement grain replaced, densifying the matrix, filling gaps with strong hydrationproduct,increasingbondingwithaggregates,and reinforcing materials [6]. The addition of SF was found to speedupthehydrationprocessbyapproximatelytwohours and have a superior impact on concrete strength development,withanincreaseinmechanicalqualitiesnoted whenlessthan20%OPCwasreplacedwithSF.Inaconcrete withw/b=0.25,gravelascoarseaggregate,andsandasfine aggregate, replacing 8% of OPC with SF increased the compressivestrengthby23%comparedtoplainconcrete. When SF is replaced in the range of 10% to 15%, it will significantly booststrength; however, higher amounts will resultinstrengthloss[7].Thehydrationprocessprogresses withtime,andtheeffectofsilicafumewithfinenessprovides afillereffect,whilehighsilicacontentprovidesapozzolanic reaction, all of which cause an increase in the amount of products,porerefinement,andfurtherdensificationofthe interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the aggregate particlesand the cement matrix, resulting ina decreasein totalporosityandanincreaseincompressivestrength.

Inthecaseofself compactingHPC,theadditionofsilica fume in the concrete should be carefully optimised. When silicafumeisaddedabove5%self ventingincementmixture becomemoredifficult,whichhasasmallerdiameterofslump flow(highyieldstress)thusincreasingtheamountofsilica fume might sometimes result in a decrease of concrete strengthqualities(duetolargeaircontentinthemixture[8]

3.2 Alccofine

Alccofine1203isultrafineproductofGGBSwithhighglassy contentandhighpozzolanicreactivity.Theuseofalccofine ingredientsimprovestheconcrete'scompressivestrengthas wellasitsfluidityandworkability,resistanceagainstchloride attack and when used with marble dust powder it acts as filler. When compared to control concrete, Alccofine with fibrereinforcedconcretehasbetterdurabilityandstrength properties.InBinaryBlendedConcrete,15%ofthecement wasreplacedwithAlccofine,resultinginoptimalworkability and strength. Alccofine 1203 can be used to make high strength concrete and can be utilised as a cement replacement in two ways: as a means to reduce cement contentandasawaytoincreaseconcretequalities.Itlowers thecementcontent,whichsavesmoney,anditalsolowers thetemperaturerise[9]

3.3 Metakaolin

Metakaolin(MK)isoneofthemostquality enhancingSCMs inbothhigh strengthandhigh performanceconcretes,and itscapacitytoturnportlanditeintoC S Hgelviapozzolanic reactioncanimproveconcretestrength.At28and90days, employing 15% MK as the only mineral admixture was determined to be ideal, resulting in compressive strength increasesof21.88percentand21.95percent(relativetothe referencespecimen)at28and90days,respectively.Another study found that increasing MK content decreased HPC's mechanical and durability qualities, but lowering the w/c ratioto0.34enhancedcompressivestrength,particularlyfor 10%and15%MKreplacements,withthebestcompressive strength seen at 10% MK replacement with w/b = 0.35. Many other investigations have concluded that 10% of cementisthebestproportionofMKforimprovingconcrete characteristics[4]

3.4 Rice Husk Ash

Rice husk ash (RHA) is made by burning rice husks, and becausethesehusksareagriculturalwaste,usingRHAasa mineraladditivehasenvironmentalandeconomicbenefits. Furthermore, RHA has a pozzolanic reactivity that is comparabletothatofSF[10].)ThismakesitanexcellentSF alternative in HPC, owing to its similar chemical compositions and large specific surface areas, and their abilitytoeffectcompressivestrengthanddurabilityqualities equally. RHA has also been shown to boost compressive strength considerably. RHA was discovered to be able to absorbfree waterinRHA blendedPortlandcementpaste, resulting in increased compressive strength. By incorporating20%RHA,compressivestrengthincreasedby 13.41 percent and splitting tensile strength increased by 11.84percent,butreplacingmorethan20%RHAlowered strength[11]

3.5 Bamboo Leaf as Addictive

BLAcanbeusedasapozzolaninHighPerformanceConcrete ifthepercentagecompositionofSiO2,Al2O3,andFe2O3is greaterthan70%,asstipulatedbyASTMC 618,2001.The percentage of OPC that should be replaced by BLA is 5%. Whencomparedtothecontrolsample,thisreplacementlevel resulted in HPC having higher compressive and breaking tensile strengths. In comparison to other percentages, the concretewith5%BLAreplacementhadsuperiorinterlocking of concrete grains in the micrograph. The mechanical propertiesofBLAmixedHPCareimprovedwhenthecuring timeisextendedbeyond28days[12].

4. AGGREGATES

Aggregates must have a high strength so that they do not obstructtheconcrete'sabilitytogeneratetherequisitehigh strength. In the manufacturing of concrete, a variety of

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aggregateshave been used. It has been demonstrated that excellent aggregates are free of alkali aggregate reactivity andhaveatrackrecordofreliability.

4.1 Natural Aggregate

Natural aggregates are strong, and using them desirable mechanical properties can be achieved for HPC. Crushed stone sand, with particle sizes ranging from 4 mm to dust (lessthan0.075mm),isafeasiblealternativetoriversandin concrete,especiallywherestrongercompressiveandflexural strengths are desired. Studies have demonstrated that a stronger coarse aggregate (CA) leads to higher concrete strength[13]andamassratioofCAtofineaggregateofless than 0.5 can lead to the most compact CA skeleton and improvedcompressivestrength.ThestrengthofDmax=10 mmcrushedgranitesandwithaw/bratioof0.35andSFwas improved.ThemechanicalcharacteristicsofHPCmadeusing crushedgraniteCA,riversandfineaggregates,steelfibres, wereinvestigated.CAconcentrationsof16%,28%,and38%, respectively, enhanced compressive strength by 31.5%, 54.4%,and30.8%[14].Thiswasduetomoderateaggregate andfibreintegration,whichresultedinamorecompactand rigidskeletoncapableofpreventingmicrocrackpropagation andinternaldegradation,with28percentCAbeingproposed astheidealcontent.

4.2 Lightweight Aggregate

Severaltypesofmaterials,suchasexpandedclay,havebeen usedasLWAsforinternalcuringtoimprovetheperformance ofhigh performanceconcrete.LWAhasbenefitsovernatural aggregates including its smaller weight which leads to reducedtransportationandconstructioncosts.WhenLWAis oven driedandthenmixedintoconcrete,itabsorbswater and releases it later as internal curing (IC), resulting in a faster hydration process and higher compressive strength [15]. In other words, the released water increases ITZ between aggregate and cement paste by increasing C S H formation and producinga thick and slightly porous paste structure, both of which contribute to increased strength. HPCautogenousshrinkagewasreducedwhenLWAwasused. Thepresenceofinternal waterreservoirsthatprovidethe required extra water may account for the reduction in autogenousshrinkageofconcretemixtures[16].Onanother investigationitwasfoundthatadditionofLWAbeyondthat limitforICreducesthestrengthofHPC[17].

4.3 Recycled Aggregate

Theuseofrecycledaggregate(RA)innewhigh performance concrete(HPC)couldbea greenoption.ReusingRAinthe manufactureofHPCcanhelptoreducetheamountoftrash delivered each year by combining low density RA as fine aggregate with natural coarse aggregate to achieve higher concretestrengthlevels.Furthermore,recyclingandreuse wouldhelptoreduceglobalCO2emissions Asthepercentage ofRAincreases,tensileandflexuralstrengthdecreases.When

comparedtonaturalaggregates,however,usingRAincreases splitting and flexural strength. In HPC composites, RA enhances both the durability and the ITZ between the aggregateandthecementpaste[18] Inastudythedurability of HPC get also increased with recycled aggregate as it improvestheITZbetweenaggregateandcementbyfillingthe microvoidswithsilicafume[37]

5. FIBRES

5.1 Steel Fiber

Itcanhelptoimprovesplittensilestrengthsignificantly. The addition of 1%, 2%, and 3% steel fibres to the 28d compressive strength significantly increased it by 58.13 percent,59.25percent,and70.35percent,respectively[14] The ability of the fibres to prevent mechanical cracks by taking on the produced stress was attributable to this increase. Steel fibres were also found to boost tensile strengthbyupto30%whencomparedtoacontrolmix,but theyalsoreducedtheyoung'smodulus[19].Theadditionof 1% hooked steel fibres to recycled aggregate concretes boostedthesplittingtensileandflexuralstrengthsofHPCby 60%and88percent,respectively,at28days[20].

5.2 Polypropylene And Basalt Fiber

HPCreinforcedwithbasaltand/orpolypropylenefibres showedthattheeffectofpolypropylenefibreissuperiorto that of basalt fibre in terms of improving flexural and splitting tensilestrengths, witha significantimprovement whenthevolumefractionofasinglefibrewaslessthan7.2 percent[21].Anumberofresearchhaveshownthatbasalt and polypropylene fibres have a negative impact on HPC compressive strength [22]. Hooked end steel and polypropylene fibres were found to have acceptable self compacting properties, with compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths increasing as the fibre percentage rose [23].

5.3 Synthetic Fiber

A study found that adding steel or synthetic fibres to LWSCC(lightweightself compactingconcrete)madewith ECA, RA, SF, and fibres as partial replacements increased compressivestrength[24].Furthermore,becauseconcreteis a typical quasi brittle material with low tensile strength, strain capacity, and fracture toughness, fibres have been claimedtoinhibitandcontrolcrackinitiation,propagation, andcoalescence,henceimprovingthestrength[25].

6. FRESH PROPERTIES

Slumptestwasusedtoevaluatethefreshconcrete.This quick and easy test was sufficient for determining the concrete'sfreshqualities.Concreteswiththelargestslumps at15minutestendedtohavehigherslumpsat60minutes. Onlythesilicafumecombinationshadmuchgreatersuper

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plasticizerdoses,itshouldbenoted.Asaresult,fortherest ofthecombinations,thevariationinsuperplasticizerdosage hadaminimaleffectonslumplossandaslumpof180±10 mmexpectedforallRAmixes[26].InastudywithLWAthe slumpvalueswereshowntodecreaseastheLWAcontent wasincreased.Theaddition ofsuperplasticizertothemix design,ontheotherhand,improvedtheworkabilityofthe combinations. Concrete mixes containing fine LWA had somewhat greater slump values than mixes containing coarseLWA,accordingtothefindings [16].Ingeneral,the slump intensified as the amount of SCM in HPC rose. The hydrationofcementisdelayedastheSCMreplacementratio isincreased,whichisbeneficialtotheslump.FlyAshhada substantiallybiggerincreaseinslumpthanMKandGGBS, owingtoitsroundshapeandpoorerwaterabsorptionthan cement,MK,andGGBS.FAmightfillthespacesbetweenthe sandandparticlesinthemix,allowingthefreshconcreteto flowmoreeasily.

7. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

7.1 Compressive Strength

The compactness of the hardened matrix has a direct impact on the compressive strength of concrete. The compressive strength of the aggregate will not be much greaterthanthatoftheHPC.Theonlyapproachtoincrease strengthwhenthecoarseaggregateislimitingcompressive strength is to utilise a stronger aggregate. But even if the compressive strength isn't raised when the W/B ratio is reduced, the matrix's compactness and HPC's durability areincreased[27].ThecompressivestrengthofHPCmight beimprovedbybothloweringFAandraisingGGBSandMK. Because of the FA's sluggish pozzolanic response and retarding effect, HPC's compressive strength may be reduced. The compressive strength of HPC in all ages graduallyincreasedasaresultofGGBS.However,withtime, this upward trend in compressive strength started to decline.ThepozzolanicreactionbetweenGGBSandcement hydration products enhances HPC's compressive strength [28]. Concrete specimens fail rapidly due to their brittle nature in the ultimate load condition, where it was discovered that the compressive strength improves with increasing the RA content [18] In research it was determined that HPC made with natural aggregates can reachlowerstrengthvaluesthanemployingRAwithmineral admixtures such as SF and FA [29]. The compressive strengthsoftheHPCspecimensweresomewhatdecreased asaresultofusingfineandcoarseLWAsasinternalcuring agentstoreplaceNWAupto20%[16].

7.2 Flexural Strength

Flexuralstrengthisequivalenttovalueof10%to20%of compressivestrength.Usingauniversaltestingdevice,the three point,four pointbendingtestwasusedtostudythe flexuralbehaviour[18].Accordingtoinvestigations,every HPCmade withRAhad flexural strengthvalues that were

higher than or comparable to those made with natural aggregates [29]. In research it demonstrates that, independent of the existence of PP fibres, the residual flexuralstrengthdeclinesabruptlyandcontinuouslyasthe temperaturerises[30].Flexuralandcompressivestrength diminishesastemperaturerisesinbothregularandHPMC (micro high performance concrete)materials exposed to hightemperatures. When theyarecooledwithwater,this decline is higher [31]. The flexural strengths of HPC 88 percentat28dweredramaticallyenhancedbyadding1% hooked steel fibers to recycled aggregate concretes [20]. Alccofineincreasedcompressiveandflexuralstrengthwitha lower w/c ratio. Even with a decreased w/c ratio, workabilitywasstillveryhigh.Flexuralstrengthreachedits peakwhen12percentAlcofinewasused(22.5%).Alccofine wasusedinplaceofcementtoincreaseworkabilitywithout the addition of plasticizers (Saurav et al., 2017). Flexural strength was observed to increase slightly when SF was addedtoHSCCbutsignificantlyincreasedwhenSFreplaced OPC[4].

7.3 Splitting Tensile Strength

One of the mechanical parameters of concrete that is employed in structural design is splitting tensile strength (STS). According to studies, employing RA to partially substitute natural aggregates significantly improved the resultsforsplittingtensilestrength[29].IncreasedSFand MKcouldenhanceHPC'sporestructureandsplittingtensile strength [7]. Also, the splitting tensile strength can be improved by the inclusion of fibers [22]. 2It was also discoveredthatthesteamcuringregimegreatlyincreased theconcrete'ssplittingtensilestrength[32].

7.4 Modulus Of Elasticity

Not only compressive strength but also modulus of elasticity is significant from the perspectives of structural design and behaviour. According to Kuennen (1997), HPC gives pre cast concrete structural elements improved mechanicalqualities,suchasbettertensileandcompressive strengthsandanimprovedmodulusofelasticity(stiffness). Thestiffnessofthecementitiousmatrixandtheaggregates bothaffectthemodulusofelasticity[26].

8 DURABILITY PROPERTIES

Theperformanceofconcreteduringitsservicelifecanbe determinedinlargepartbyhowdurability[26].Duetothe tight packing of micro and nanoparticles in concrete, its strength and durability have risen [9]. Concrete is susceptibletosulphateattack,whichcanleadtocracking, expansion, spalling, and strength loss [18]. Studies on the penetration of chloride ions into HPC produced with RA found that, because of its porous nature, resistance to chloride ions reduces as RA content increases [35]. The maximum resistance to chloride ion was, however, generatedbytraditionalHPCmadewithnaturalaggregates

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[18]. The more compact microstructure of concrete improvesitsresistancetotheentryofdamagingions(such assulphate,chloride,etc.)[36]. Accordingtoastudy,adding 5%MKand15%SFtoconcreteincreaseditsmechanicaland durabilityproperties[34].

9 CONCLUSIONS

From the above studies it can be noted that supplementarycementitiousmaterialssuchassilicafume, rice husk ash, metakaolin, alccofine, bamboo leaf ash etc improvesthestrengthofHPC. Withtheusageofstronger aggregatehigheristhestrengthandusingaCAtoFAratioof 0.5itprovidesacompactskeletonofaggregate.UseofLWA provideinternalcuringafasterrateofhydration.Steelfibers improve the split tensile strength, with hooked end steel fiberandpolypropylenefibersstrengthandself compacting property is improved. Important property of HPC is the resistancetoadverseenvironmentwhichcanbeimproved by tight packing of particles. Resistance against chloride, sulphate penetrations and water absorption improve the durabilityproperty.

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