International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Green Concrete- A need for the future Sneha J P1 , Rakshaa V2
1,2 B. Tech Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Vellore Institute Of Technology, Chennai, India ***
Abstract - Concrete has been the most popular construction material and it is the second most devoured entity after water. Though concrete has contributed much to our built environment, it has a massive carbon footprint and consumes huge amount of non renewable resources which takes a toll on our environment. The conventional cement contributes about 8 10% of world’s total CO2 emissions, and the non renewable resources are almost exhausted. The optimal solution to mitigate this effect and to attain sustainable development is ‘Green Concrete’. Green concrete is the green innovation that uses renewable resources and other substitutes that emits less co2. This paper will give us a brief description about green concrete along with its merits and demerits.
Key Words: Green concrete, Conventional cement, Carbon footprint, Recycled aggregate.
1. INTRODUCTION
The world is facing multiple challenges every minute, climatic change is the predominant one. Over the past century,thesurfacetemperatureoftheearthhasincreased at a rate of 0.60C/century. This is due to the emission of greenhousegaseslikecarbondioxide,methane,etc.Concrete wasfoundtocontributeasignificantamountofthesegases intotheatmosphere.Constructionsectorcontributesamajor partineconomicallydevelopingnations.Thisindustryuses concreteatlargeamountasitisthemostdominantbuilding material. Concrete consists of cement, natural aggregates andwater. Cementistheprominentingredientinconcrete, duringthemanufacturingstageofcement,fewrawmaterials like limestone, clay are crumbled and heated at a temperatureof15000C,andthisleadstotheemissionofCO2 at large amount [1]. Also natural resources are getting exhausted at an alarming rate. Likewise, this industry producesalargeamountofwastes.
Constructionanddemolitionwastesareproducedaround2 to3billiontons/yearinwhich30 40%ofwastesconsistof concrete[2].Themajorityofthewastesaresimplydumped inthelandfillswhereasonlyasmallpercentageofwastesare recycled or reused. As each day passes by, it is difficultto findtheperfectareatodumpallthewastes. Itisnecessary to find a way to dispose the wastes and make use of the potentialones.
Thepredominant wayfora sustainabledevelopmentis to find an alternative: Green concrete. Green concrete was inventedinDenmarkin1998byDrWG.Greenconcreteuses wastematerialasitsconstituentsinitsproductionprocess
that leads to zero depredation. It is possible to achieve sustainabledevelopmentthroughgreenconcrete.Itcontains 3Rs(Reduce,ReuseandRecycle)initstechnology.Studies showthatgreen concrete emits80%lessCO2 than thatof normalconcrete.Greenconcreteusesrenewableresources as its components, hence depleting of fossil fuels is also controlled.
2. OBJECTIVES OF GREEN CONCRETE
Thekeyobjectivesofgreenconcreteisto
LowertheemissionofgreenhousegaseslikeCO2, methane.
Reduce the energy consumption in its manufacturing,utilizationanddisposalprocesses.
Reducetheusageofnon renewableresourcesand touserenewableresourcestothemaximumextent.
Usetheconstructionandothersuitablewastesas replacementmaterialsforcementandaggregates.
Counterpartthephysicalandmechanicalproperties oftheconventionalconcrete.
3. SCOPE IN INDIA
ConstructionindustryplaysamajorroleinIndia’seconomic development. India with a population of 1 billion people requiresmorebuilt upstructureslikebuildings,roadways, bridges. At present cement still remains as the main constituentoftheconcreteandtheconventionalconcreteis usedinlargeamount,whichleadstoanumberofharmful effects on the environment. The construction waste generated during the process poses great threat to the environment.Inordertoestablishnewstructures,oldand damaged buildings are demolished. There are no proper guidelinestodisposethesewastes.Theimperativesolution toalltheseissuesisGreenconcrete.Inadequatetechnology, lackofresearchesandpoorawarenessleadstominimaluse ofgreenconcreteinIndia.Ifproperguidelineswerecreated, greenconcretewouldbecomeanactivematerialinIndiain themerefuture.
4. ADVANTAGES /SUITABILITY OF GREEN CONCRETE IN STRUCTURES
a) Using eco friendly concrete in fresh phase has many advantagessuchasitimprovestheflowofmatterinthemix, makingtheconcretereadytopump,workabilityandabsence ofcoldjoints.
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b) On the other hand, using Green concrete in hardened phase also has benefits such as the cover quality used for reinforcementisimproved,corrosioncanbehighlyreduced byshieldingthepenetrationofchlorideionsintoconcrete, Alkali Silicareactioncanbesheltered,andduetolowerheat ofhydrationthermalcrackswillbedwindled.
c)Itcutsdownthedeadweightofthefaçadefrom4535kg toapproximately3175kg[31].
d) Green concrete has good heat and fire resistance comparedtoconventionalconcrete.
e) Overall construction time is decreased and it improves dampingpropertiesofthebuilding.
f)Itassiststhecountryinenergyconservationbydecreasing theemissionofCO2andbycreatinganenvironmentfriendly atmosphere.Ifgreenconcreteisused,thenthedisposingof wasteinthegroundwillbereduced,thusreducingtherisks totheenvironmentandclearingmanyhectaresoflandused fordisposal.
5. TYPES OF GREEN CONCRETE
5.1 Fly ash concrete
Fly ash is a by product of coal power plants. Heating of pulverized coal emits 80% fly ash. Fly ash particles are smoothandsphericalinshape.Greytoblackindicatesthe increaseinthepercentageofCO2 intheflyashparticles.Fly ashisanindustrialwastecapableofpollutingairandwater. It lowers the yield of agricultural crops/leaves when it settles on them. Fly ash can be used as a replacement materialinconcrete[3].Flyashisapozzolan,whichcontains aluminiumandsiliceousmaterialthatformscementwhenit ismixedwithwater.Ontheotherhand,WhentheFlyashis mixed with Ca(OH)2 and H2O, a compound similar to Portlandcementisformed.Flyashcanbeusedin2ways,by blending it with cement clinker and gypsum during the process of manufacturing of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC)orbyaddingittoOPCinconstructionsite.In1980, American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) developedthestandardsfor usingFlyashin concrete.Fly ashisclassifiedinto3classes N,FandC[4]basedonthe chemicalcomposition.
Generally, fly ash is used in minimal amounts (15 20% of cementitiousmaterial)inconcrete.Itisalsofoundthatwhen flyashisusedinfeweramounts,theresultantconcretehas good durability and workability. The rate of substitution specifiedis0.45to0.68kgofflyashto0.45kgofcement.For highsulphateresistance,25 35%offlyashisused[5].When morethan50%flyashisused,theconcreteisknownasHigh VolumeFlyAshConcrete(HVFAC).Chemicalactivatorsand SuperPlasticizers(SP)arerequiredwhenflyashisusedin largeramounts.
HVFAC performs better at a later stage, its strength and other properties are enhanced at later stages. Resistance towardscorrosionishigherwhencomparedtoconventional concrete.HVFACisafuturisticmaterial.HVFACcanbeused in mat foundations, retaining walls, road pavements, dam structures, L columns and walls. There are certain limitationsinusingHVFAC,Itcannotbeusedincoldweather concretinganditacquiresstrengthslowlyduringtheearly stage.
Smallerbuildersandhousingcontractorsareunfamiliarwith fly ash concrete and it is difficult for them to replace the standardconcrete.
5.2 Geopolymer concrete
Geopolymerconcreteisaninorganicpolymerthatconsistsof alkali activated Alumino Silicates (SiO2, Al2O3) and industrial wastes. The polymerization process contains a chemical reaction that takes place under a highly alkaline mediuminwhichAl SimineralsproducepolymericSi O Al O bonds. When compared to the conventional concrete, it emits80%lessCO2[6]. CuringtimeofGeopolymerisless than PC. Geopolymer has high Resistance to fire and corrosion. The tensile and compressive strength of this concreteiscomparativelyhigherthanthestandardconcrete. Reaction between the chemical compounds plays a major roleduringtheproductionprocessofGeopolymerconcrete. Itisnecessarytounderstandthealkali activatedtechnology fortheproductionofthisconcrete.StrengthofGeopolymer concretedependsuponthemolaritiesofthealkalineliquid (NaOHorKOH)andratiosofSiO2andNa2O,H2OandNa2O, SiandAl,watertoGeopolymersolidsbymassinthetotal alkalinesolution[40].
ThecompressivestrengthofdrycuredGeopolymerconcrete isfoundtobe15%morethanthesteamcuredGeopolymer concrete.Geopolymerconcretehasexcellentpropertiesas discussedearliersoitcanbeveryusefulforrehabilitation and retrofitting works. Lack of technology and researches related to this area is the major obstacle that restraints countriesfromusingtheGeopolymerconcrete.
5.3 Recycled aggregate concrete
Constructionwasteconstitutesalargefractionofsolidwaste disposal problem. 48 million tons of solid wastes are annually produced in which 25% is contributed by the construction industry. Concrete debris and construction wastescanbeusedasanaggregateinthenewconcrete[7]. Demolished concrete can be made into specific size and quality for reuse purposes. Before using the recycled aggregate,itisnecessarytofirsttreatthemtoremovethe impuritiesonthesurface.USA,AustraliaandJapanarethe countries that use Recycled Aggregate Concrete (RAC) frequently.China,GermanyandJapanpublishedstandards fortheuseofrecycledaggregateconcrete.Manyresearchers claimed that the RA has low workability and compressive
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strength. Recycled aggregates are finer than the natural aggregatesandhavelowspecificgravity.Thesmoothtexture oftheaggregates,roundshape,andhighwaterabsorption arethemainreasonsforthisdrawback.
Oneresearcherprovedthatiftherecycledaggregatewitha roughsurfaceandangularshapeisusedinconcrete,itleads toincreaseincompressivestrengthofthenewconcrete.This isbecausetheroughsurfaceandtheangularshapeincrease the bond strength between the aggregates and the other constituentsintheconcrete.RAisovendriedtoachievethis property(PoonCS2004).
RAChasbeen used since World WarII (for stabilizingthe baseintheconstructionofroadways). RAhashighwater cementratiowhencomparedtothenormalcement. RAcan onlybeusedincertainlimitreplacingthenaturalaggregate. Ifitisusedinlargeramounts,thecompressivestrengthof theresultingconcretewillbeaffected.Propertiesofthenew concretedependuponthepropertiesoftheparentconcrete.
6. REPLACEMENT MATERIALS USED IN GREEN CONCRETE
6.1 Silica fume and fly ash
Researchersconductedexperimentsusingflyashandsilica fume with fractional replacement of cement and fine aggregate.AM40gradeconcretewascastasacube,beam, and cylinder. After casting those for 7 and 28 days with differentwater cementratiothefinalratiowasoptedas0.4 [25]. Then mix design for partially replaced sample was designed.Thenagainthecubes,beam,cylinderwerecastfor 7 days and 28 days (Here 7 days and 28 days are curing periodtime).Replacementofthecementandfineaggregate withthesilicafumeandflyash,respectivelywithdifferent percentagesweredone.
Fromtheobtainedresult,theyconcludedthatwitha15% substitutiontheresultwasgood,althoughmuchlowerthan normalcubesstrength,butwiththeincreaseinthetimethe strength of cubes also increased [25]. In addition, the chlorideresistanceofconcreteisalsoupgraded.
6.2 Quarry rock dust and marble sludge powder
Quarry rock dust can replace natural sand by 100%.It is knownasmanufacturedsand(m sand).Ithaszerosiltand impurities. Quarry rock dust used for concrete must be completely inorganic; it should not contain any organic impurities.Quarryrockdustisobtainedafterextractionand treatingof rocks.Quarryrock dustparticleswithsizeless than4.75mmareused ingreenconcrete[8].Studieshave proventhattheconcretethatcontainsquarryrockdusthas morecompressivestrengththanthestandard(about14%). Whenquarryrockdustisusedbelow50%byvolume,the resultant concrete has less permeability and high water
absorption.Theyareusedassurfacefinisher,andinhollow blocks,andlightweightconcreteprefabricatedelements.
Marble sludge powder is an manufacturing waste that containsheavyweightmetals.Themarblesludgepowderis used as a fine aggregate that has high CaO content. It is initiallyobtainedinthewetformfrommarblefactoriesand thendriedup.Itisusedasafiller,tofillvoidcontentinthe concrete.Theresultantconcretehasmorecompressive,split tensile strength and durability than the normal concrete (about14%)[9].
TheSiO2presentinthemarblepowderreactswithCa(OH)2 presentontheconcretetoformsecondarycalciumsilicate hydrates which makes it stable, structurally dense and increasestheimpermeabilityofconcrete.Alsothesulphate resistance of concrete has been increased since calcium aluminatesinthecementitiousmaterialarereduced.
Thecollectiveuseofmarblesludgepowderandquarryrock dust as substitutes exhibits brilliant performance due to efficient micro filling ability and pozzolanic activity If the volumeofthesesubstitutesexceeds50%,thecompressive andsplittensilestrengthdecreases[10].
6.3 Glass as a cementitious material
When glass a non decomposer is turned into waste itis disposed as landfills, which create a problem to the environment.
Glass is primarily made of silica. Waste glass is crushed downtomicrosizeparticles;theyareexposedtopozzolanic activitywithhydrateproductsresultingincalciumsilicate hydrate(C S H).
Alaboratoryexaminationwascarriedouttofindthepros andconsofLCDglassinconcrete.Cementwassubstituted withLCDwasteby10%to50%inrates.Inaddition,glass sand was considered rather than natural sand by rates of 10%to30%.Experimentaloutcomesprojectedthattheglass enhances the compressive strength of the cement. Furthermore, cement containing glass improves concrete structuresbyage[26].Theadvantageofglassinconcreteis thattheuseofcementandsandisreduced,whichhelpsin conserving the natural resources and carbon emissions is alsohighlydecreased.
Aestheticappealofconcretewillbeenhancedwhenrecycled glassisusedasanaggregate.
Powderedglasscouldbeutilizedasa cementsubstitution materialofsizebeneath75µmtoavertconcretecanceraka Alkali silicareaction[28].
Thepercentageofreplacementisakeyfactor;theflexural andtensilestrength will decreaseif 30%of glasswaste is
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addedasanaggregatewhencomparedtonormalconcrete (SeungBumParkandBongChumLee,2004).
Glassdebris in the form of a cylinder avertsthespreadof cracksinconcretestructures.
Fewmeritsofusingglassinconcreteareitiseconomic,and itprovidesadditionalstrengthwhenitisinpowderedform.
Demeritsare:
Whenpowderedglasssizedecreases,thestrength ofconcreteincreases,butbelowthe50 micronsize, glass powder affects the strength of the concrete [37].
thefiringprocedureisknownasricehuskash(RHA).RHAis alsoknownassilpozzandconsistsofamorphoussilica(85 90%).Oneofthebestreasontoreplacecement,Closerthe ChemicalCompositionofsubstitutetothecement,betterthe replacement.WhenRHAisintherangeof20 25microns,it increases the compressive strength by 10 20%, decreases the heat of hydration by 30%, and decreases the water penetration by 60% [11]. Sulphate resistance decreases when the volume of RHA increases in the concrete. It is advisabletouseRHAinsmalleramountsasareplacementto cement.
6.6 Carbon nanotubes
Converting glass into its powder is a challenging task for this process machines and manpower are required.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are summarized as the arrangementofcarbonatomsinhexagonalarrayingraphite sheetrolls.Thisarrangementofatomsisofkeyimportance indenotingthemechanicalpropertiesofthenanotubes.
Whileconvertingglassintoitspowderedformthe workers should be careful as it can affect eyes, handsandeventherespirationsystem.
6.4 Glass powder and silica fume
Silica Fume is a pozzolanic material, and it upgrades the concrete’sdurabilitybyfillingthevoidsofcementparticle and enhances the strength of concrete by reacting with slaked lime which is obtained during the process of hydrationofcement.
Experimentalinvestigationwasconductedintwophasesto determine the measurement. PHASE I contains different concentrationsofglasspowderandsilicafume.ThePHASE II comprises of a fixed proportion of glass powder with varyingpercentageofsilicafume. Itcanbeobservedthat when silica fume and glass powder are used in certain percentages they exhibit more compressive strength than thecontrolconcreteinPhaseI&PhaseIIandwithfurther increaseinSilicaFumethestrengthdecreases.
It is then concluded that flexural strength has a 100% increase compared to normal 28 day concrete and 27% morethan56 dayconcrete.Thesplittensilestrengthhasa riseof35%whencomparedtoconventionalconcretefor56 days[29].
Theglasspowdershouldbefinelygroundtolessthan75µm inordertoavoidtheuseofthemineraladmixture.Concrete containingpowderedglasshasmorebenefitsthannormal concrete, which includes the increment of compressive, tensileandflexuralstrength.
6.5 Rice hush ash
Husk is a by product of rice milling. The husk consists of 75%volatilematterand25%ash.Theashproducedduring
CNTsimprovethefeaturesoftheconcreteandsteelwhich helps in endorsing the mechanical properties for a good buildingmaterial.TheCNTscanbeeighttimesmoreefficient than copper in conductivity [1]. CNTs can be used as a sensingconcreteasitpossessacurrentdensityattainableby anyconventionalmetal wire.Crackresistantconcretewhich is durable is feasible if the distribution of the CNT in concreteisuniformandastrongbondshouldbeexhibited.
Yu,KwonandHan[1]conductedanexperimenttofindthe strength of 10 and 20 micrometre CNTs in cements. Experimental outcomes indicate that compressive and flexuralstrengthishigherincementcompositeswhichhave CNTsthantheconventionalcementparticularlyat7and28 days.Itisalsoobserved via scanning electron microscope thatCNTsfill thevoidsincomposites.Outcomesconclude thattheelectricalresistivityisdirectlyproportionaltothe compressivestressofthecementitiouscomposite.
ItcouldbeeasilyassumedthatthedistributionofCNTsina cementconcretemixwouldincreasetheoverallstrengthof concrete (since the interlock between aggregates and the binder is made stronger after adding CNTs to the mix). In contrast to macro or microfibers, CNTs interrupt the creationofcracksattheNano levelandinhibittheirgrowth andspreadtothemicro stage.
For example, if CNT reinforcement is made along with traditionalsteelreinforcement,andgiventhattheconcrete willnotcrackunderthedesignedload,thenwearetalking aboutalmostnocorrosiontosteel.
After reinforcing concrete with CNTs, an exceptional characteristic in the hardened concrete was detected: piezoresistivity[38].ThisfeaturemeansthatCNTreinforced concretespossessanelectricresistancetosomeextent,to thecompressiveloadappliedonthem.
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FewapplicationsofCNTs ReinforcedConcretearetheyhave beensuccessfullyutilizedasself sensingmaterials,inorder tothoroughlymonitorthehealthofstructuralmembersand measuring stresses in concrete under load, to detect unnoticeableflawsinconcrete,andidentifyingvehicleflow inroadsandhighways[47].
6.7 Coconut shell
Coconutshellisalightweightaggregate.Driedcoconutshell can be utilized as coarse aggregate in concrete in partial amounts.
Aspertheexperimentconductedbyresearchscholars,they determined that the strength of the concrete is inversely proportional to amount of coconut shell replaced. As the number of coconut shell rises, the surface area also upsurges;thereforeadditionalcementsareneededtobond. Meanwhilethepercentageofcementshouldbesame,hence there can be no further bonding and thus strength is diminished.
If coconut shell replacement percentage increases, workability of concrete also increases [43]. Compared to crushed granite, coconut shell shows greater abrasion resistance.
7. POTENTIAL BARRIER TO USE GREEN CONCRETE
(a)Themind setoftheconsumerwhoisafraidtotakeanew innovativestep.
(b)Theindustriesarereluctanttofollowanewmethodfor production of concrete. The fast growing and established concrete industries need to change due to environmental problems which are majorly caused by concrete construction, defining, manufacturing, transport, printing, demolition,andrecycling.
(c)Out datedbuildingcodesdon’texplainaboutthegreen materialssoanewcodeshouldbeestablishedconsidering therecycledmaterials.
(d) Buildingsmadeof greenconcretehavecomparatively less mechanical strength to normal concrete when an uncertainamountisused.
(e)Waterabsorptionishighinparticularsubstituteproduct.
(f) Shrinkage value of green concrete is higher than the normalconcreteinsomecasesorwhenanuncertainamount isused.
8. CONCLUSION
Itissignificanttonotethattheamountofwastereplacement plays an important role in deciding the final properties of concrete. Moreover the substituting product should be selectedinsuchawayitattainsthepropertiesofconcrete.
Concrete containing green cement or aggregates had improved mechanical and durability properties. It was clinched that sorptivity rates for few green concrete was decreasing, thisimpliesthat Green concreterequiresless water content compared to the standard concrete. Green concrete is cost effective and eco friendly. Utilizing green concrete helps in reducing the extraction of river sand. Furthermore, carbon emissions that are generated during themanufacturingprocessofcement,crushingofaggregates andothersimilarprocessescanbereduced.Greenconcrete hasa widerangeofapplications.Itcanbeutilizedinboth structuralandnon structuralaspectsconsideringtheirrate of strength. Henceforth it can be concluded that green concrete helps in the advancement of a sustainable environment by minimizing the carbon emission rate and thewastedisposalrate.
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