Fuel shifting towards fuel of future for Transportation in India

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Fuel shifting towards fuel of future for Transportation in India

Ar. Vatsalya Kaushal1 , Ar. Saurabh Verma2

11st Year, MURP, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007 (India)

2Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007 (India) ***

Abstract Fuel shifting of vehicles in India is the idea or initiative or need that insists on switching the dependency on fossil /conventional fuels for transportation into an appropriate alternative that may have the potential to become the primary fuel of almost all vehicles of Road Transport from passenger to commercial segment. Here, the scenario and background for this idea are considered, followed by selective alternatives of conventional fuel and their comparison on various parameters, including the government's interest and people towards adopting a suitable option. Then, it results in the most appropriate fuel that can swap itself from conventional fuels. With all due consideration and analysis, electric energy is the most suitable fuel which can be shifted from traditional fuels in transportation systems.

Key Words: IndiaElectricVehicle(EV)Policy,FuelChange,SustainablefuelforTransport,BestFuelforFuture,alternative fuelvehicle

1. INTRODUCTION

Theshiftingoffuelisthecaseof'change'whichshowsthechangingneedsanddemandsforbothEnvironmentandPeopleto changethefuelforthetransportationsystemswithtimeandpopulationandUrbangrowthofIndiancities.

The change in vehicles' fuel significantly impacts existing transportation systems because people, technology and infrastructure,andeconomyandpoliciesareadaptedaccordinglytoconventionalfuels.So,shiftingfuelisamacrosubjectand hashighconsequencesontheabovementioneddomains.Therefore,focusingprimarilyonthetopic'fuel'wouldgetchanged,and theenginetopullthedependentfieldsaccordingly.

Thisresearchaimstofindoutthemostappropriate'fuelofthefuture’fortransportationinIndia.Itprovesitselfatparover theotherfuelofthefuture,simultaneouslymaintainingtheadvantagesofconventionalfuels.

Here,thesubjectofshiftingoffuelisdiscussed,followedbyitsneed,withdueconsiderationofthescenarioofIndia.Then,list outthepotentialalternatefuelsthatcanreplacefossilfuelsandthoroughlydiscusstheirscopeandlimitations.Thencompare thesefuelsonexclusivelyselectedparametersfortheresearchandfinallyfindoutthemostsuitableenergythatcanbeswitched fromconventionalfuels.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Fuel shifting for transport machines is the subject of continuous change of requirements

Everyphysical mechanicalmachinerequiressomeenergytowork.Ourhumanbodyneedsfoodthatisultimatelyaraw sourceofenergythatourbodyprocessesandconvertsintoGlucoseorEnergyintheformofProcessedenergythatourbody uses.Hereinmechanicalmachines,theneedisforprocessedenergyintheformoffuelaspresent daymachinesarenotdesigned toconvertorprocesstherawsourceofenergyfromwheretheycangetProcessedpower.

Thesemachinesareofvariouscharacteristicsandaredesignedformultiplepurposes.Similarly,theMachinesmeantas transportareutilizedtoshiftpeopleorgoodsfromoneplacetoanother.Likeanyothermachine,thesetransportationmachines also need fuel to run; ultimately, the energy source of these machines creates the bigger picture because the need for transportationisincreasingdaybydayinthepresentwayofliving.

Earlier,thesemachinesgettherawfuellikecoalandultimatelyconvertitintoenergytoheat,whichproducessteamthat generatesthepressureandtheengineruns.Thingshadchangedfromtheindustrialeraandsoonaftertheinventionofinternal combustionengines(ICE)commercially.Therewasaneedforliquidfuel,soultimately,theshiftingoffuelhappenedfromSolid fueltoliquidfuel,i.e.,coaltopetroleum.Thenseveraltypesofresearchoccurred,whichledtobringingthefuelintheformofgas thatisNaturalgasanditsstorage.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

TheconventionalformsoftransportfuelslikePetroleum/NaturalGashavebeenprovidedformorethanfivedecadesor maybemoreandarealsobeingusedtoday.Soonafter,Researchersandenvironmentalistsanalyzedthatduetoemissionsfrom thesefuels,thereisasignificantriseinGlobalWarming(Romm,2005),becauseofthegenerationofgreenhousegases(WOODS, 2020).Moreover,thesefuelsarenon renewablesourcesofenergy.Therefore,theneedaroseagaintochangethepowerof transportation.

2.2. Scenario of India

InIndia,somepeoplestilluseancienttransportationlikeBullockCarts,HorseCarts,andothers.Similarlywithfuel,inIndia, everytypeoffuelisusedinsomeorotherwayfortransportationsystems.Here,whatismeantbythisisthatwhatevershift happensinvehicles'fuel,somepeoplewillstillusethepredecessorfuelorboth.Itisevidentfromthesocio culturalbehaviorof Indiansocietiesthatbringingouta'change'anditsadoptioninIndiaisnotasimpletask.

Presently,theprimaryfueldominatinginIndiaisPetrolorDieselandCompressedNaturalGas(CNG)astransportationfuels inUrbancontextsandPetrolandDieselinRuralIndia.CNGstillisnotacharminRuralIndiabecausethathadcomelater.Thisis whathappenswhena'changehappens.'Somemaychange,somemightnotchange.

Soonafterdecades,again,thesamesituationarousedtoshift(O’DELL,2022)fromFossilfuelstogreenfuelslikeElectricor HydrogenorevenLiquifiedNaturalGas(LNG)incommercialapplicationsorPetrolmixedwithEthanolorBio ethanolorany HybridCombination.

Anotherprimarytaskistoprovideinfrastructuretofacilitateandadopttheshiftinfuelwhichisagainatedioustask.Thisis alsowhytheobjectiveofFuelshiftingofvehicleswon’tgetfullyimplementedineverycornerofIndia.

2.3. Types of Fuels available for shifting

2.3.1. Electric Energy

(Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles, 2022)

Itisaformofwidelyavailableenergyandcanbestoredinbatteries.Thesebatteriesarethuscanberechargedorswappedto ‘re fuel’thevehicles.TherearetwosignificantconcernswithElectricenergyasanoptionoffuel.Thefirstisthecapacityof batteries,whichdeterminesthetimeRangeforvehiclestoRun.Thesecondisthemethodbywhichthatelectricityisproduced.

Electricenergyistheonlyenergyavailableatbestincomparisonwithotherfuels,sosomewhatthefuelshiftingofvehicles maygetabetterextentifelectricenergyisadopted.

Theone timerumdistancewhenthevehicleisrechargedtoitstotalcapacitypushestheusersorbuyerstoswitchtoelectric cars.Limitedbatterycapacitiesgivealittleone timerundistance,thuscreatingfearordisabilityforthevehicletocoverlong distanceswithoutrecharging.Also,thetimeneedstorechargethebatterymakesitmorenuisance.Presently,itjusttakesafew secondsforthevehicletogetre fuel;however,inthecaseofbatteryrestoring,ittakeshalfanhouroronehourormoretogetit fullyrecharged.

Here, what matters is the loss of time in recharging the vehicles. Research is happening to develop mast methods of recharging,butstill,itiswaybehindthespeedofre fuelingthecars.Somehowthecharginginfrastructurecanbecreatedat everycorner,buttoextendthebatterycapacitiesandreductionintimeofrechargingissolelydependentontheextentof researchanddevelopingnewtechnologies.

Anotherprimaryconcernisthesourceofelectricenergytorechargethebatteries.Ifrenewablesourcesofenergyproduce electricalpower,thenitisfeasibleforpeopleandtheEnvironmentandjustifiestheobjectiveofshiftingfuel.However,ifNon renewablesourcesmaketheelectricalpower,thentherewouldbenomeaninglefttochangefromconventional(Logan,Nelson, &Hastings,2020)petroleumfuels.

2.3.2. Bio-Fuels

Thiscategoryoffuelsismainlyproducedasaby productofAgricultural(Zhang,2015)wasteorBio wasteHumanwaste,or preciselyanybiodegradablewaste.Thereisalwaysanaturalbenefitinthesetypesofwaste;i.e.,theycontaincarbonelement,a fuelfollowedbyoxygen,thepromoterofburning,whichiswidelyavailable.Soduetothisexothermicchemicalreaction,thereis alwaysareleaseofenergy/heatwhichcanbeutilizedasfuelforvehicularneeds.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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Thisisthemostsuitablefuelasitisa‘wasteconsumer’,butontheotherside,itcreatespollutionsimilarlytootherpetroleum fuelsthatarenotdesirableinthepresentcontext.

Otherthanthat,itmaybeusedasanadditivetoPetrolanddecreasetheconsumptionofrawPetrol,aNon renewablesource; italsogeneratesrevenueemploymentandeatswasteasahealthydiet.

2.3.3. Liquified Natural Gas (LNG)

LiquifiedNaturalGas(LNG)isanon pollutingnaturalgas;however,itisanon renewablesourceofenergy.Itisbetterthan Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) because it provides a more extended range once re filled, which significantly benefits commercialapplications.Italsocreateslesspollutionandmoremileage,sorunningcostsarearelativelyloweconomicbenefit.

ThisLNGissuitableasanalternativefuel,butstill,itdoesnotfulfillallthecriteriaofFuturedemand,asitisanon renewable sourceofenergy.

2.3.4. Hydrogen

Hydrogenisaverywell testednon pollutingfuelbecause,ultimately,thesmokefromvehiclesisnothingbutwatervapor. ThoughHydrogen(Mansuri,Saxena,&Mishra,2021)ismuchbetterthanallotheroptions,ithasasignificantflaw:theextraction ofcommercialHydrogenisquiteanexpensiveprocess.Itdoesprovetobeextravagantfortheordinarypersontobuyandfillitin vehicles.

Somehow, if researchers evolve and can produce commercial hydrogen is feasible rates, then it would be a Gem. Any alternativefuelmustbeselectedtogeta‘shift’invehicles’fueluntilthen.

2.4. Future Demand

The demand for future fuel depends upon several parameters that power needs to qualify. For instance, to list down parameters,itisessentialtofigureouttheprobabledemandsofthefuturethatenergymustfulfill.Fuelforfutureneedstobe likegreenfuel,thevitalneed,thenreadilyavailabletotheuserendinlargeamounts,easytoproduceinlargequantitiesfor unlimitedtime,underthepurchasablelimitforanordinaryperson,abletogeneraterevenueforserviceproviders,abilitytorun everykindofvehicleswhetherinpassengersegmentorlogistics.

Onthisbasis,theparameterscanbederivedforcomparativeanalysisforvariousfuels,like:

• Eco friendly

• Convenient

• Renewable

• Cost effective/feasible

• FinancialGenerator

• Suitableforallvehicles

• Adequateforprolongeduse

• Technologyavailable

• Government’sInterest

• People’sInterest

2.5. Behavior of Government

Governmentplaysacrucialroleinmakingfinaldecisionsorpoliciesthatlicenseaparticularfuelanditsvehiclestolegally run onstreets.ThegovernmentofIndiahasacceptedmultipleenterprisestopromotethemanufacturingandrelinquishmentof electriccarsinIndia.ElectriccarshavebegunweavingtheIndianmarketwithencouragementfromthegovernmentside.

However,thedreamofelectricmobilityinIndiawon’tbecomearealityunlessthecharginginfrastructureforelectricvehicles fulfillsitsadequacy.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

TheMinistryofPowerhasmadespecificlawsandguidelinestolayoutcharginginfrastructureforelectricvehicles.The MinistryhasallottedthecentralNodalAgencytotheBureauofEnergyEfficiency(BEE)astheNationalbodyforguidingthe developmentandlayingofcharginginfrastructure.

2.5.1. Central government incentives to Electric Vehicle owners (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2022)

FasterAdoptionandManufacturingof(Hybrid&)ElectricVehiclesinIndia,(FAMEIndia)SchemePhaseII

2.5.2. National / State Electric Vehicle Policies and Regulations (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2022)

• RegulationsissuedbyMinistryofPower,GovernmentofIndia

• ChargingInfrastructureforElectricVehicles RevisedGuidelinesandStandardsOctober2019

• AmendmentintherevisedGuidelinesandStandardsforChargingInfrastructureforElectricVehiclesJune2020

• RegulationregardingdelicensingthesaleofelectricityatchargingstationsApril2018

• CentralElectricityAuthority(MeasuresrelatingtotheSafetyandElectricSupply)RegulationsJune2019

2.5.3 Regulations issued by other Ministries (Bureau of Energy Efficiency, 2022)

• GuidelinesissuedbytheMinistryofHousingandUrbanAffairs(MoHUA),2016

Apartfromthis,variousstatepoliciesonEVandincentivepoliciesonEVpushEVintotheIndianscenario.

2.6.

Choice of People

Choiceofpeopleishighlysignificantastheordinarypersonwouldbethelargestuser,simultaneouslywillhaveasubstantial impactonthemandtheirdailyrides,expenses,maintenance,andothers.Anotherconcernissocialacceptance.Noonecandare forcepeopletoacceptthefueltheydon’twanttobuy.Also,participatoryplanningisamustmethodthatneedstobefollowed. Thisisstakeholders’Consultation.

Chart 11: Pie chartshowingtheinterestofpeopletowardsaparticularfueltobeadoptedforfuturetransportsystems

Morethan50%weightage,evenhighestgoestoElectricenergyasthechoiceofappropriatefuelwhichcantakeplacethe conventionalfuels.

1 Source:Author; TofigureoutthechoiceofPeople,aPrimarysurveywascarriedoutthroughonlinesurveywithGoogleForms,where choice basedselectionisrecordedwhichpeoplecanselecttheirinterests.Limitationinthissurveywasimposedtorecordthedatafrom random100peopleirrespectiveofQualification/experience/technicalexpertise/region/caste/age/profession/etc.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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2.7 Change In Cost of Fuel

Thecostsaredifferentfordifferenttypesoffuels;comparingeachalternativefuelwithconventionalfuel,itcanbeconsidered aselectricvehiclesrunningcostisabout60%less(SHAH,2021)thantraditionalfossilfuels.Moreover,LiquifiedNaturalGas (LNG)costslessthanconventionalfuelslikePetrolorDieselbutisMoreExpensivethanCompressedNaturalGas(CNG).

Similarly, Bio fuels are sometimes cost free or negligible if in house production occurs or less than fossil fuels as transportationcostforBio fuelsisless.

Hydrogenproductionisexpensive,sotherunningcostisalmostdoublethepriceofpetroleumfuels.Withthiscomparison, Bio fuelsorElectricisaleftovereconomicaloptiontoreducefuelexpenses.Atthesametime,LNGforacommercialpurposeis alsosuitablebecauseitsrunningcostislessthanDiesel.However,cheaphydrogenisstillbehindintherace.

2.8. Towards Green Fuel

Thereare,ofcourse,specificparametersonwhichthefuelforthefutureneedstoqualify.However,amongthem,themost importantonetobeconsideredtomitigateEnvironmentalimpacts(Khurana,RaviKumar,&Sidhpuria,2019)orreducetheAir QualityIndex(AQI)ofUrbanCitiesorPreventtheozonedepletionanditsconsequencesistofollowtoadopt‘GreenFuel.’

Here,exceptforthebiofuels,therestcanbeconsideredgreenfuels.Electricwillbeahighlygreenfuelwhenproducedfrom renewablesourcesofenergy.

3. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS ON VARIOUS FUELS AVAILABLE TO BE CONSIDERED

Table 12:Comparisonofthevariousparametersforthe‘fuelofthefuture.

Electric Energy Bio Fuels LNG Hydrogen

Eco friendly Yes No Yes Yes Convenient Yes Yes Yes Yes Renewable Yes Yes No Yes Cost effective/feasible Yes Yes Yes No Financial Generator Yes Yes Yes Yes Suitable for all vehicles Yes Yes No No Adequate for prolonged use Yes No No Yes Technology available Yes Yes Yes No

Government’s Interest Yes Yes Yes No

People’s Interest High Medium Verylow Low

4. FINDINGS FROM COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

BasedonComparativeanalysis,itisfoundthatonlyelectricenergyisthefuelthatsatisfiestheneedsfor‘fueloffuture.’

5. CONCLUSIONS

Consideringallfactorsoffuturedemandandmaintainingoverallsustainability,theselectionislefttoadopt‘Electricenergy’ asanappropriatealternativefor‘fuelshiftingofVehicles.’

2 Source:Author;Thecomparativeanalysistomarkthepotentialsandconsofvariousfuelsavailabletobeadopted.Theparametersare exclusivelyselectedtothoroughlycomparethefuelswitheachotherandfigureoutthenumberof‘Yes’asacceptedand‘No’toberejected.The fuelwhichgetsthehighestNumberof‘Yes’wouldbeconsideredasmostappropriatefueltobeselectedforfuturetransportsystems.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Through this research, it has also been found out that, apart from electric energy, the second most fuel which can be consideredforfuelshiftingareBio fuels.However,theonlyconcernsaredevelopingpollution free/negligibletypesofBio fuels, whichsomewhatfulfillallthecriterialrequirementsofthefuelthatwouldreplacetheconventionalpower.Anothersignificant outcomefromthisresearchisthatalthoughelectricenergyisthemostsuitablefuel,otherfuelslikeBiofuels,Hydrogen,oreven LNGcannotbeneglectedordiscouraged.Thesefuelsarebehindintherace,butnotsofar,tobedisqualifiedintheselectionof ‘FuelofFuture’inIndia.

ElectricenergyhasprovenitselfsuperiortootherfuelsintheoverallimprovementsinachievingEco friendly,Convenient, Renewable, Cost effective/feasible, Financial Generator, Suitable for all vehicles, Adequate for prolonged use, Technology available,Government’sInterest,andPeople’sInterestrequirementsofModernIndiaTransport.Electricenergywouldhavean overallpositiveimpactonalltheseparameters.

Amongallparameters,theCost effectiveparameterforElectricEnergyproventoprovidelargeeconomicbenefitsfrom60% savingsifelectricityispurchased,to100%savingsifelectricityisgeneratedfromrenewablesourcesatpremiseslikesolar energyorWindenergy.Thisisdominatingbenefitofadoptingelectricenergyoverotherfuels.

Efforts can be made to promote fuel shiftingand subsequent planning of its infrastructure, simultaneously locking the estimatedtimelinetoachievetheaimof‘fuelshiftinginIndia.’

Thisresearchislimitedtoonly100peopleintheprimarysurvey,whichisalso basedonrandomselection.Thiscanbe furtherbeextendedtotaketheprimarystudyfromthewholepopulationofIndia,makingitmorejustifiableforinclusive planning.

GLOSSARY

Electric Vehicle (EV): Vehiclewhichuseselectricalenergyasitsfueltorun

Internal Combustion engine: EnginewhichrunsonGas/fuelwithinternalcombustionprocessinsideenginecylinders

Liquified Natural Gas (LNG): NaturalGasintheformofLiquidstatestoredinCylinders

Waste Consumer: Bio fuelsaremainlyproducedfromBiodegradablewaste,henceregardedaswasteconsumers

STATEMENTS AND DECLARATIONS

Funding

Theauthordeclarethatnofunds,grants,orothersupportwerereceivedduringthepreparationofthismanuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thisresearchdidnotreceiveanyspecificgrantfromfundingagenciesinthepublic,commercial,ornot for profitsectors.The authorsdeclaresthatthecontentsofthisarticlehavenotbeenpublishedpreviously.Authorhavecontributedtothework described,read,andapprovedthecontentsforpublicationinthisjournal.Theauthorshavebeencertifiedbytheirrespective organizationsforhumansubjectresearch.

REFERENCES

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[3] AlternativeFuelsandAdvancedVehicles.(2022,Feb03).AlternativeFuelsandAdvancedVehicles.RetrievedfromEnergy Efficiency&RenewableEnergy:https://afdc.energy.gov/fuels/

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Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

[4] Bureau of Energy Efficiency. (2022, Feb 03). E Mobility. Retrieved from Bureau of Energy Efficiency: https://beeindia.gov.in/content/e mobility

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BIOGRAPHIES

Ar. Vatsalya Kaushal: He is an Architect, aspiring Urban Planner, and GATE Scholar from Faculty of ArchitectureandPlanning,AKTU,Lucknow,Uttar Pradesh226007(India). Hisresearchinterestismainlyin Transportation Planning and Urban planning along with utopian ideas in Architecture . He is an active participantinvariousworkshopsorganizedbytheStatebodiesinArchitectureandGreenBuilding.

Ar. Saurabh Verma: HeisalecturerintheDept.ofPlanninginFOAP,AKTUandanAssistantprofessorinthe department ofUrban PlanningBBDULucknow. He isan Architect, Planner,andspecializesinTransport planningandlogisticsmanagementfromSPABhopal.Duringhisacademiccourses,heworkedwithGIZon CoimbatoreregionalPlanfor2038.Hediligentlyworkedonthetopic"Impactoflandslidesinthehillyroad network" in his thesis during his master's program. He guided numerous students for thesis projects, publishedarticlesandpapersonpublictransport.HedidhissummerInternshipwithRITES,NewDelhialso workedwithRCUES,LucknowresearchfortheenhancementofridershipinLucknowMetro.

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