FRESH, HARDENED AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING MINERAL ADMIXTURES: A REVIEW by IRJET Journal

FRESH, HARDENED AND DURABILITY PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING MINERAL ADMIXTURES: A REVIEW

Batham Geeta1, Akhtar Saleem2, Rajesh Bhargava3

1PhD Scholar, UIT RGPV, Bhopal, India, 2 Professor, UIT RGPV, Bhopal, India, 3 Professor, RGPV, Bhopal, India. ***

Abstract - Althoughvariousresearchhavebeenconductedonuseofmineraladmixtureinconcretestilltherearechallenges regardingtheselectionofmineraladmixtureanditscontentinconcreteforimprovingthecharacteristicsofconcreteaswell as reducing the cement content. In this study, literature review has been conducted to investigate the effect of mineral admixturessuchasflyash, ultra fineflyash,silicafume,nanosilica,metakaolinand ground granulatedblastfurnaceslag on fresh, hardened and durability properties of concrete. Review of work done by various researchers on use of mineral admixtureinconcretearestudiedandcompiledhere.Studyrevealsthatmineraladmixturesflyash,ultra fineflyash,ground granulatedblastfurnaceslag,increasesworkability,settingtimewhereassilicafume,andmetakolinreducesworkabilityand setting time. Fly ash, ultra fine fly ash, metakolin, nano silica and ground granulated blast furnace slag increases strength properties such as compressive strength, flexural strength and tensile strength of concrete. Fly ash, ultra fine fly ash, silica fume, nanosilica, GGBS,metakaolinincreasesresistance tochloridepermeability,aggressivechemicalsandcorrosion. It was alsofoundthatconcreteshowsincreasedresistancetofresh,hardenedanddurabilitypropertieswhenmineraladmixturesare usedwithfineandultrafinematerials.

Keywords: Fly ash, ultra fine fly ash, silica fume, nano silica, metakaolin, ground granulated blast furnace slags, fresh, hardenedanddurabilityproperties

1. INTRODUCTION

Mineraladmixturearewidelyusedinconcreteforvariousreasonsespeciallyforreducingtheamountofcementrequiredfor making concrete which shows to a reduction in construction cost. Moreover most pozzolanic materials are byproduct materials. The use of these materials shows the reduction in waste, freeing up valuable land, save in energy consumption to producecementandsavetheenvironment.DurabilityofPortlandcementconcreteisdefinedasitsabilitytoresistweathering action, chemical attack, abrasion, fire or another process of deterioration. In other words, cement concrete will be termed durable, when it keeps its form and shape within the allowable limits, while exposed to different environmental conditions. Durabilityofconcretehasbeen a majorconcernofcivil engineering professionals.Also,ithasbeenofconsiderablescientific andtechnologicalinterestoverthelastfewdecades[ParkY.S.et.al.,1999]1and[NehdiM.,2005]2

Concrete is the most common durable material used in construction industry. Durability is an important parameter when structuralreinforcedconcreteisusedinharshenvironments.Theenvironmentalfactorssuchasweatheringaction,chemical attack,abrasionandotherdeteriorationprocessmaychangethepropertiesofreinforcedconcretewithtime. Thedegreesof deterioration occurs is mainly due to the presence of pore size in the concrete. Concrete with Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) like Metakaolin (MK) and Nano Silica (NS) will help in producing the concrete with a dense microstructure, whichwilldecreasethevoidsinconcrete[Prabakar,2019]3.

The presence of high workability, durability and strength, are what qualifies concrete to be termed as high performance concrete. The rising need for high performance concrete in the construction industry, globally, has necessitated the explorationofdifferentmeanstoenhanceconcretetothislevelofoptimumperformance.Durabilitycanbeimprovedthrough the use of supplementary cementitious materials. High volume fly ash is known to improve the durability of high strength concrete and nano silica efficiently improves the strength [Shashikumar and Keshavamurthy, 2019]4 High Performance Concrete (HPC) is the latest development in concrete. It has become more popular these days and is being used in many prestigiousprojects.Mineraladmixturessuchasflyash,ricehuskash,metakaolin,silicafumeetcaremorecommonlyusedin

Certified

| Page2357

2022, IRJET

Impact Factor value: 7.529

ISO 9001:2008

Journal

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

the development of HPC mixes. Addition of such materials has indicated the improvements in the strength and durability properties of concrete. The utilization of calcined clay, in the form of high reactivity metakaolin (HRM) in concrete has received considerable attention in recent years [BB patil and PD kumbhar, 2012]5 Mineral admixtures such as fly ash, rice huskash,metakaolin,silicafumeetc aremorecommonlyusedinthedevelopmentofhighperformanceconcretemixes.They help in obtaining both higher performance and economy. These materials increase the long term performance of the high performanceconcretethroughreducedpermeabilityresultinginimproveddurability[K.A.Gruberet.al.,2001]6

2. BACKGROUND AND MANUFACTURING OF MINERAL ADMIXTURES

Fly ash

McMillanandpowerswerethefirstwhousedcoalFAinconcretein[Thomaset.al.,1934]7.Afterthem,basedontheresearch work conducted during the 1950s by [ Fulton and Marshall, 1956]8 Lednock, Clatworthy and Lubreoch Dams had been constructed in the UK using FA as a partial cementitious material, and since then, these structures have been reported in excellentconditions[Newman,2003]9 Flyashparticlesarealmosttotallysphericalinshape,allowingthemtoflowandblend freelyinmixtures.Thatcapabilityisoneofthepropertiesmakingflyashadesirableadmixtureforconcrete.Thesematerials greatly improve the durability of concrete through control of high thermal gradients, pore refinement, depletion of cement alkalis, resistance to chloride and sulphate penetration, and continued micro structural development through a long term hydration and pozzolanic reaction. The utilization of by products as the partial replacement of cement has important economical, environmental and technical benefits such as the reduced amount of waste materials, cleaner environment, reduced energy requirement, durable service performance during service life and cost effective structures [Patil S. L. et. al., 2012]10.

FAisproducedwhencoalisburntduringpowergenerationabout1600∘C(2912∘F)[ACICommittee,2003]11 Thisburning also results in some incombustible materials which amalgamate to form spherical glassy droplets of silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3),ironoxide(Fe2O3),andotherminorconstituents.AccordingtoASTMC618 05,therearetwoclassesofFAbasedon the types of coal from which it originates. The Class F is produced by burning anthracites which is mainly a siliceous and possessespozzolaniccharacteristics.TheClassCcontainslimeandhigherMgOcontentanditisproduced byburninglignite andsubbituminouscoal.ClassCflyashislighterincolourincomparisonwithotherashesandmaycauseexpansionandtheir strengthbehaviourathightemperatureisnotapparent[ACICommittee,1984]12and[Nevilleandbrooks,2010]13

Ultra fine fly ash

The ultra fine fly ash isobtained by post processing of coal 104 combustion fly ashes by the Dusty Plasma Separation (DPS) technology. A proprietary 0.2 105 tonne/h prototype DPS was used [Loots, 2017]14 [Boonen, 2018]15. UFFA is being commercially manufactured with a mean particle diameter of approximately 3 microns. The high silica content and sum of oxides (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) are similar to what would be expected for a Class F FA as per ASTM C 618 designation. Processing FA into an ultra fine material with a refined particle size distribution clearly improves its performance as a durability enhancingadmixture[Oblaet.al.,2003]16

In the device fly ashes are separated based on particle 106 size in a dry, closed system. The principle of separation uses a combinationofairdragand107chargingforcestoseparatetheparticles.ComparedtoconventionalairclassifierstheDPS108 devicehasalowerpertonneenergyconsumptionofabout15kWh/tandexperienceless109 abrasionduringoperation.The DPSdevicesclassifiesflyashinfourmainsizefractions:fine110flyash(FA1),ultra fineflyash(FA2),andmediumandcoarse flyashfractions[Maeijeraet.al.,2020]17.

Silica fume

In1947, SFwasfirst obtained in Norway, during filtrationofthe exhaust gasesfromfurnacesas fumes.The large portion of thesefumescontainedveryfinepowderofhighpercentageofsilicondioxide.Sincethe1970s,filtrationofgaseshasstartedat large scale and, in 1976, first standard NS 3050 was granted to use SF in factory produced cement, extensive literature is available on SF and SF concrete [Newman, 2003]9. Silica fume is an amorphous polymorph of silicon dioxide, silica. It is collectedasabyproductofproducingsiliconmetalorferrosiliconalloys.Oneoftheuniquepropertiesofsilicafumeisitshigh

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

surfacearea.Itisa very goodpozzolanicmaterial andhencefindsitsuseinhigh performance concrete.Concretecontaining silica fume can have very high strength and can be very durable. Silica fume is often added to the concrete as admixtures or partialreplacementofcement.[A.LahriandDr.SavitaDixit,2015]20.

SFisaby productobtainedafterreducinghigh purityquartzwithcoalinelectricarcfurnacebyheatingupto2000∘C(3632∘ F) during the production of silicon. By oxidation and condensation of exhaust gas SiO, very fine spherical particles of SF are obtained which are highly reactive with the Ca(OH)2 produced during hydration of cement [Newman, 2003]9 It is a high quality material used in the cement and concrete industry. It has been reported that if a typical dosage of SF of 8 10% by weight of cement is added in concrete, then its effect is between 50,000 and 100,000 microspheres percent particle; that is, concretemixwillbedenserandcohesiveduetofineparticlesofSF[Thomaset.al.,1934]7

Nano-silica

Nano SiO2isawhitefluffypowdercomposedofhighpurityamorphoussilicapowder.Becauseofitssmallparticlesize,nano SiO2 had the advantages of large specific surface area, strong surface adsorption, large surface energy, high chemical purity and good dispersion. Nano materials [Alkhatib, 2020]18 enhance the particle size distribution in concrete leading to an efficientparticlepackingandimproveddensenessand strength.Theuseofnano materialswillalsodecreasethediffusionof aggressivespecies,suchaschloride,sulfate,carbondioxide,etc.,therebyincreasingthedurabilityofconcrete.

Metakaolin

Kaolin is naturally occurring material; the chemical and mineralogical compositions are highly dependent on the rock from whichitisformed[Baioumi]23.Kaoliniswidelyoccurringwhiteclayresultingfromnaturaldecompositionoffeldsparandis mainly used in the manufacturing of porcelain, as a filler in the paper and textiles, and as absorbent in medicines [Newman, 2003]9 Metakaolinisadehydroxylatedformoftheclaymineralkaolinite.Itisanamorphousnoncrystallizedmaterialwhich consists of lamellar particles. Research on Metakaolin shows that it is an excellent pozzolanic material which can improve strength,durabilityandothermechanicalpropertiesofconcrete.[A.LahriandDr.SavitaDixit,2015]20

KaolinisconvertedintoMKwhenitisheatedtothetemperaturebetween600and850∘C(1112to1562∘F)[Shavarzmanet. al., 2003]19. The temperature of calcination and duration depended on the mineralogical composition of raw kaolin. It has been reported that higher alunite content in kaolin requires higher temperature of calcination and low alunite content gives goodcalcinedkaolinonlowtemperature[Badogianniset.al,2005]21and[Guneyisi,2012]22.MKisaveryreactivepozzolan, butitsphysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsgreatlydependontherawmaterialused,thetemperatureduringcalcinationand finishingprocess[Newman,2003]9

Ground granulated blast furnace slag

In1862,GGBSwasfirstdiscoveredinGermanybyEmilLangen;however,commercialproductionof lime activatedGGBSwas started in 1865 in Germany. Around 1880, GGBS was first used with Portland cement (PC). Since then it has been used extensively in many European countries. In the UK, the first British standard for Portland blast furnace cement (PBFC) was introducedin1923[Newman,2003]9.

Ground granulatedblast furnaceslagalsoknownasGGBSisobtainedfrommoltenironslagwhichisaby productofironand steel making.Theprocessinvolvesquenchingofironslagfromablastfurnaceinwaterorsteam,toproduceaglassy,granular productthatisthendriedandgroundintoafinepowder.ThisfinepowderisthencalledasGround granulatedblast furnace slag.[A.LahriandDr.SavitaDixit,2015]20.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Anoofstudieshavebeenconductedonuseofmineraladmixtureinconcrete.Theliteraturereviewofthelateststudiesareas follows.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

3.1 Fresh properties of concrete containing mineral admixtures

[Wankhede P. R. and Fulari V. A., 2014] 9 observed that the slump loss of concrete kept on increasing with the increase of quantityofflyash.[YashShrivastavaandKetanBajaj,2012]12producedHVFAconcretegradesM20,M50andM70usingclass cflyashwithtargetmeanstrengthof26.25MPa,56.36MPaand78.69MPa.Replacementofcementbyflyashwasfoundtobe 20%, 35%, 50% and 70%. Author reported increase in workability and found optimum percentage of fly ash content for workability 50 % and 55%. The results showed that up to 50% replacement of cement can be used for construction with in addition reduces 12% overall cost. [P. Sravana, and P. Srinivasa Rao, 2006]13 conducted test on M20, M30, M40, and M50 grades of concrete containing fly ash as mineral admixture and found reduction in workability, therefore super plasticizer dosage was used to maintain the workability. [Sarath Chandra Kumar and Bendapudi P. Saha, 2011] 17 prepared detailed literature on contribution of high volume fly ash to the properties of mortar and concrete and found fly ash is an effective pozzolan which contributes to the properties of concrete. Fly ash blended concrete improve the workability of concrete comparedtoOPC.Italsoincreasetheinitialandfinalsettingtimeofcementpastes.[VanitaAggrawalet.al.,2010]18reviewed concretepropertiesofhighvolumeflyashconcreteandfoundthatpercentageofreplacementofcementisincreasedthewith decrease in water/ binder ratio. [J. Hoppe Filho et. al. 2013]22 observed that lower w/c ratio results in increase in binding materialconsumptionwhichwas24%and18%for concretecontaining50%flyashand50%flyashwith20%additional hydrated lime respectively as compared to control concrete. Although corresponding decrease in Portland cement were also observedwhichwas38%and41%forbothconcreterespectively.

[Maeijeret.al.,2020]23conductedexperimentalstudytoinvestigatetheeffectoftwotypesultrafineflyashonewithparticle size d90 < 9.3 7 μm (FA1) second with d90 < 4.6 μm (FA2) for replacement of two types cement Portland cement and slag cement for concrete and mortar. Percentage replacement of cement for mortar were 0%, 15%, 25%, 35%, 50% and for concrete 0%, 15% , 25% for both type ultra fine fly ash. Study reveals that incorporation of ultrafine fly ash (d90 < 4.6 μm) resultsinincreasedfineness,betterworkability. [Obla et.al.,2003]24 investigatedandcomparedpropertiesofsilicafume concreteandultra fineflyashconcrete. Itwasfoundthatatagivenworkabilityandwatercontent,concretecontainingUFFA couldbeproducedwithonly50%ofthehigh range water reducerdosagerequired forcomparablesilica fume concrete. [Hu Jinetal.,2014]29investigatedpropertiesofhighstrengthconcretebyreplacingcementbysuper fineflyash(25%)andlime stone powder (10%). Result showed concrete containing super fine FA and lime stone powder can get a larger initial slump lossthancontrolmixwithsameamountofplasticizercontent.

[GhutkeV.S.andBhandariP.S.,2014]30investigatedthatworkabilityofconcretedecreaseswiththeincreaseinpercentageof silicafume.[RoyD.K.S.andSilA.,2012]31concludedthatsilicafumehelpsinachievinglowerwater cementratioandbetter hydration of cement particles. [Amudhavalli N. K. and Mathew J., 2012]33 performed experiments on M35 grade concrete, partiallyreplacingcementbysilicafumeby0%,5%,10%,15%,20%andfoundconsistencyofcementincreasesuponaddition of silica fume to the concrete. [Pradhan D. and Dutta D, 2013]34 found compacting factor ranged from 0.82 to 0.88 and the slumpvaluefrom20to50mmwhensilicafumewasaddedindifferentproportiontotheconcrete.

[Zhuang and Chen, 2019]38 prepared a literature summary on influence of nano SiO2 on concrete properties. Study reveals thatthesettingtimeofnano SiO2concreteisshortened,theslumpisreduced.

[Arivalagan S., 2014]47 found addition of GGBS up to 40% cement gave normal workability of M 35 concrete as compare to OPC concrete. [Tamilarasan V. S. et. al., 2012]49 prepared M20 and M25 grade concrete with partial replacement of cement from0to100%byGGBS.Itwasfoundthattheworkabilityofconcreteimprovedupto45%replacementforgradeM20grade andupto50%replacementforgradeM25gradeofconcrete.AuthorfoundworkabilityofM25gradebetterthanthatofM20 gradeofconcrete.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

3.2 Fresh properties of concrete in containing mineral admixtures with fine and ultrafine materials

[NochaiyaT.et.al.,2010]52examinedtheeffectsofaddingsilicafumeinPortlandcementconcreteincorporatedwithflyash. Thepercentagesofflyashusedwere5%,10%,20%and30%andpercentagesofsilicafumeusedwere2.5%,5%,and10..It was found that on increasing the silica fume content in concrete, the water requirement for normal consistency increases, initialsettingtimedecreasesandworkabilityreducesbutremainedhigherthanthatofPortlandcementconcrete. [NazeerM. andKumarR.A.,2014]55preparedhigh volumeflyashconcreteblendedwithmetakaolin.Flyashusedaspartialreplacement ofcementinPortlandcementconcretewas50%byweight.Metakaolinwasusedtoreplacetheremainingcementby5%,10%, 15% and 20%. The concrete mix was formed for grade M30 with water binder ratio as 0.44 and two curing conditions i.e. boiling and normal curing were used. It was observed that the workability of concrete blended with fly ash and metakaolin waslowerthanthatofcontrolledPortlandcementconcrete. [Patil et.al.,2015]56 evaluatedworkabilityofhighperformance self compacting concrete incorporated with a combination of fly ash and metakaolin. The fly ash was used in proportions of 5%, 15% and 25% and metakaolin was used in proportions of 3%, 6% and 9%. It was observed that fly ash increases the workabilityofconcrete.[MuthupriyaP.et.al.,2011]57studiedthebehaviorofhighperformancereinforcedconcretecolumn madewithmetakaolinandflyashasapartialreplacementofordinaryPortlandcement.Concretemixeswereformedbyusing 10% fly ash and different percentages of metakaolin for long and short columns. Less segregation, less rate of water absorptionandmorecohesionwereobservedinconcretecontainingflyashandmetakaolinascomparedtonormalconcrete mix. [Tilo Proske et. al. ,2014]61 investigated the effect of mineral addition such as fly ash, GGBS and limestone powder on fresh concrete properties with low cement and water content. It was found that concretes with cement contents lower than 125kg/m3 were able to meet the usual required workability. [S. Abbas et. al., 2016]65 studied various research papers and preparedadatabaseonthematerialcharacterizationofUHPCanditspotentialforlarge scaleﬁeldapplicability.Authorfound Flyashactsasaperfectwaterreducerwithimprovedworkabilityandincreasedsettingtime.SrivastavaV.etal,2012]66used a combination ofsilica fume andmetakaolininPortland cement concreteand found additionof metakaolinalsoreduced the slumpinconcrete.[DaleP.Bentz,2012]70preparedHVFAmortarusingthreelimestonepowders,nano limestone(5%),lime stone having median particle diameters of 4.4 µm (5 10 %) and 16.4 μm using class C fly ash (5 %) and silica fume 5 %. Author found 5% replacement of nano limestone for cement on a volume basis, accelerates the early age reactions and reduces initial and final setting time. Particle sizes of the limestone powders influences reaction and setting time. Nano limestonefoundhighlyefficient.

3.3 Hardened properties of concrete containing mineral admixtures

[WankhedeP.R.andFulariV.A.,2014]24foundincrementincompressivestrengthat10%and20%replacementofcement whereas decrement in strength at 30 %. [Patil S. L. et. al. 2012]10 replaced cement with fly ash from 5% to 25% and found increment in compressive strength at 5 % and 10 % at 21 days curing 90 days curing respectively and maximum rate of compressivestrengthdevelopmentismaximumat60daysforconcretewithnoreplacement. [BremsethS.K.,2010]25found greatest disadvantage of using fly ash in concrete as lower rate of strength gain. [P. Sravana, and P. Srinivasa Rao, 2006]26 conductedtestonM20,M30,M40,andM50gradesofconcretecontainingOPCandstudiedtheeffectof thermalcycles(7,28, 45 and 90) to the concrete produced at different temperatures. Author found that concrete containing fly ash addition was more effective in resisting the effect of thermal cycles than ordinary and fly ash replace cement concrete. [Soni D. K. and J. Saini,2014]27investigatedeffectof30%,40%and50%mineraladditioninconcreteonstrengthathightemperatures80˚C, 100˚C, and 120˚C at 28 and 56 days of curing. Test results showed that the compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulusofelasticityofconcretehavingcementreplacementupto30%wascomparabletothereferenceconcretewithoutfly ash.Withtheincreaseintemperature,compressivestrengthofconcretemixeswith30%,40%and50%offlyashascement replacement decreases by 11.4%, 30.1%, 28.9% and 27.5% at 120˚C when compared to room temperature. [Sarath Chandra KumarandBendapudiP.Saha,2011]28prepareddetailedliteratureoncontributionofhighvolumeflyashtothepropertiesof mortar and concrete and found the higher is the compressive strength of concrete, the lower is the ratio of splitting tensile strengthtocompressivestrength.[T.P.Singh,2007]29sharedexperienceinfieldperformanceofhighvolumeflyashconcrete and found that HVFAC has superior compressive strength, flexural strength, elastic modulus, abrasion resistance [Vanita Aggrawalet.al.,2010]30reviewedconcretepropertiesofhighvolumeflyashconcreteandfoundthatincorporationofflyash resultsindecrementincompressivestrengthatinitialdaysofcuringanddrasticincrementincompressivestrengthathigher daysofcuring. Itwasobservedthatat40%replacementofcement28dayscompressivestrengthwaslowerbutat90daysof curingstrengthgainwashigher. [RafatSiddiue,2013]31replaced 35%,45%,55%fineaggregate usinghighvolumeclassF

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

fly ash and found all three mixes shows improved resistance for compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength modulus of elasticity and abrasion test than control mix at all days of curing. [Zaldiwar et.al., 2013]32 conducted research program to study the effect of grinding time on 10 %, 20% and 30% ground fly ash and found milling time has an effectiveincreaseoncompressivestrengthofconcrete.

[QiangWanget.al.,2013]33incorporatedblendedsteelslagsuperfineflyashasmineraladmixtureinconcreteandcompared theperformancewithconcretecontainingordinaryflyash.Resultindicatedthatincorporationofblendedsteelslagsuperfine fly ash in concrete has higher ability to improve the late strength of concrete than ordinary fly ash. [Luigi Coppola et al., 2018]34 used five different types of cement with siliceous fly ash (FA) or ultrafine fly ash (UFFA) to produce mortar. Replacementpercentagewere5%,15%,25%,35%,and50%ofcementmass. Resultsindicatedthatcompressivestrengthof mortarswithUFFAisconsiderablyhigherthan thatofmixturescontainingtraditionalFlyAsh,bothatearlyandlaterdaysof curing. Moreover, experimental data reveal that replacement of cement with up to 25% of UFFA determines higher compressivestrengthat7, 28,and84days thanplain mortars, regardlessofthetypeofcementused.Mortarsmanufactured with35%or50%ofUFFAshowslightlylowerorsimilarcompressivestrengthcomparedtothereferencemortar. [Roychand et.al.,2016]35investigatedpropertiesofclassFhighvolumeultra fineflyash(HV UFFAofsize8.1µm)cementcomposites, replacing80%ofopccementbysilicafumeandnanosilicaindividuallyandincombinationofwithadditives(setaccelerator and/or hydrated lime). Study reveals that compressive strength of HV UFFA cement mortar improves with silica fume in combined with additives however with nano silica compressive strength improves without additives as compared to OPC mortar.Theimprovementincompressivestrengthofsilicafumeandnanosilicawasfoundby273%,413%and918%,567% at 7 days and 28 days of curing respectively. Nano silica with additives results in micro cracking and therefor hindering development of compressive strength. [Faiz U.A. Shaikh and Steve W.M. Supit, 2015]36. [Ghutke V. S. and Bhandari P. S., 2014]37investigatedtheoptimumreplacementpercentageforcompressivestrengthvariesbetween10to15%,after15%the compressivestrengthdecreases.[RoyD.K.S.andSilA.,2012]38found10%replacementofcementwithsilicafumegavethe maximum compressive strength and also gave significant increase in tensile and flexural strength. High early strength is achieved in silica fume concrete. [Srivastava V., 2013 ]39 reviewed the effects of silica fume in concrete and concluded that incorporation of silica fume increases the compressive strength and bond strength of concrete and other properties such as tensilestrength,flexuralstrengthandmodulusofelasticityofsilicafumeconcretearecomparabletothatofPortlandcement concrete. [Amudhavalli N. K. and Mathew J., 2012]40 performed experiments on M35 grade concrete, partially replacing cementbysilicafumeby0%,5%,10%,15%and20%.Theincreaseinflexuralstrengthwasobservedupto15%replacement of cement by silica fume. The gain in split tensile strength was significant upto 10 % silica fume. The optimum compressive andflexuralstrengthwasobtainedintherangeof10 15%replacementofcementbysilica.[PradhanD.andDuttaD,2013]41 foundoptimumcompressivestrengthat20%replacementofcementbysilicafume.[ShanmugapriyaTandUmaR.N.,2013]42 carriedoutexperimentsonconcretewithmeanstrengthof60Mpahavingawaterbinderratioas0.32andusingCONPLASTSP 430superplasticizer.Thepercentageincrementwerefound15%,20% and23%forcompressivestrength,tensilestrength and flexural strength respectively. Optimum dosage was found 7.5 % for maximum performance of concrete.ed the effect of ultrafineflyashoncompressivestrengthofconcretescontaininghighvolumeclass Fflyashaspartialreplacementofcement. The compressive strengths are measured at 3, 7, 28, 56 and 90days. Results show high volume fly ash concrete containing 32%flyashand8%ultra fineflyashexhibitedsuperiorcompressivestrength.[L.KrishnarajandP.T.Ravichandran,2020]43 conductedexperimentalprogramtounderstandthestrengthimprovementofultra fineflyashparticles. Itwasfoundthatthe ultra fineflyashmasonryblockshowshighercompressivestrength,higherresistancetoshear,higherbonding betweentwo bricks compare to conventional masonry blocks. [Hu Jin et al., 2014]44 Investigated properties of high strength concrete by replacingcementbysuper fineflyash(25%)andlimestonepowder(10%)andfound earlystrengthlower butlatestrength showedalmostsamelevelofperformance.

[GhutkeV. S. andBhandari P.S., 2014]37 investigatedtheoptimumreplacement percentage for compressivestrengthvaries between10to15%,after15%thecompressivestrengthdecreases.[RoyD.K.S.andSilA.,2012]38found10%replacementof cement with silica fume gave the maximum compressive strength and also gave significant increase in tensile and flexural strength.Highearlystrengthisachievedinsilicafumeconcrete.[SrivastavaV.,2013]39reviewedtheeffectsofsilicafumein concrete and concluded that incorporation of silica fume increases the compressive strength and bond strength of concrete and other properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity of silica fume concrete are comparable tothatofPortlandcementconcrete.[AmudhavalliN.K.andMathew J., 2012]40 performedexperimentsonM35 gradeconcrete,partiallyreplacingcementbysilicafumeby0%,5%,10%,15%and20%.Theincreaseinflexuralstrengthwas

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

observed upto 15% replacement of cement by silica fume. The gain in split tensile strength was significant upto 10 % silica fume.Theoptimumcompressiveandflexuralstrengthwasobtainedintherangeof10 15%replacementofcementbysilica. [Pradhan D. and Dutta D, 2013]41 found optimum compressive strength at 20% replacement of cement by silica fume. [ShanmugapriyaTandUmaR.N.,2013]42carriedoutexperimentsonconcretewithmeanstrengthof60Mpahavinga water binderratioas0.32andusingCONPLASTSP430superplasticizer.Thepercentageincrementwerefound15%,20%and23% forcompressivestrength,tensilestrengthandflexuralstrengthrespectively.Optimumdosagewasfound7.5%formaximum performanceofconcrete.

[Isfahani,2016]37et.al.investigatedstrengthpropertiesofconcreteusing0.5%,1%,1.5% nanosilicaforwater/binderratios 0.65,0.55,and0.5.Studyrevealsthatincorporationof1.5%nanosilicaresultsinincreasedcompressivestrengthby41%and 6.5%forconcretewith w/b raio0.65and0.55.The effectivenessofa certainnanosilica dosageadditionintolowerstrength mixes was more noticeable, while, for the higher strength mix, the effectiveness was less. [Zhuang and Chen, 2019]38 prepared a literature summary on influence of nano SiO2 on concrete properties and found that nano SiO2 shows limited improvementinthemechanicalpropertiesofconcrete.[Andradeetal.,2020]40studiedtheeffectofnano silicaontheternary systemofricehuskash,silicafumeandPortlandcement.Itwasreportedthatthequaternarymixturescontainingnano silica exhibited maximum compressive strength. [Madhusudan et al., 2019]41 prepared concrete containing micro silica upto 7% andnano silica2%andpropertieswerecomparedwithconventionalconcrete.Studyindicatedthatthecombinationofmicro silicaandnano silicaincreasedboththecompressiveandflexuralstrengthofconcrete, culminatingfromtheporerefinement causedduetotheadditionofMSandNS.

[SuryawanshiY.R.etal.,2015]42investigatedtheeffectsofmetakaolinandsuperplasticizeronconcreteforgradeM 35.The replacement percentage were 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20%. The water cement ratio was taken as 0.43 for all cases and compressive strength at 3, 7 and 28 days was determined. The compressive strength increased up to cement replacement of 12% after which a decrease in compressive strength was observed. [Patil B. B. and Kumbhar P. D., 2012]5 investigated the effect of metakaolin on concrete for M60 grade. Optimum percentage for compressive strength was found 7.5%. In this particular research, the high reactivity metakaolin samples have silica and alumina content of 81%. It is considered that the high reactivitymetakaolinhasahighpurityandhighkaolinitecontent.Asa result,7.5% additionattainsthehighest compressive strength in 28 days. [Prabakar, 2019]1 carried out experimental investigation to study the effect of metakaolin in M25 and M50.Nanosilicawereaddedtoenhancethepropertiesofconcrete.Replacementpercentage formetakaolinandnanosilicaby weight of cementitious materials were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2% respectively. Study indicated that maximum increase in compressive strength were found at 10 % metakaolin which was 44.4% and 26 % higher than the controlconcreteforgradeM25andM50respectively.Additionof1.5%nanosilicainM25gradeconcreteand2%nanosilica in M50 grade concrete showed 74 % and 48% higher strength than the control concrete. Author found combination of the optimum percentage of metakolin and nano silica addition show good enhancement in the mechanical properties when compared to control concrete. [Badogiannis E. et. al., 2002]43 used two categories of metakaolin first produced metakaolin and second commercially available high purity metakaolin to replace cement in the concrete. It was observed that both metakaolinexhibitedhigher28daysand90daysstrength,butstrengthdevelopmentwassimilartothoseofPortlandcement concrete.[Devi,2015]44usedmetakaolinfrom5%to20%forpartialreplacementofcementandfoundoptimumpercentage 15%whichenhancedthestrengths.

[Awasare V. and Nagendra M. V., 2014]46 analyzed the strength characteristics of a M20 grade concrete using natural sand and crushed sand. Replacement percentage of cement with GGBS were 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. It was observed that incorporation of GGBS in concrete improves flexural strength and tensile strength performance. The optimum strength of concrete for both natural and crushed sand is achieved at 30% replacement of cement with GGBS. [Arivalagan S., 2014]47 observed that the strength at 28days of the concrete increases for 20% replacement of cement with GGBS for M 35 grade. [Ramezanianpouret.al.A.A.,2013]48replacedGGBS35%,42.5%and50.Itisalsoobservedthatalowerw/cratioindicatesa highercompressiveresistance.

3.4 Hardened properties of concrete containing mineral admixtures with fine and ultrafine materials

[Mohamed H. A., 2011]51 prepared self compacting concrete incorporated with different percentages of fly ash, silica fume and combination of fly ash and silica fume. Cylinder specimens were used for slump and V funnel test. The experiment

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

involved different curing conditions for different specimens. Concrete having 15 % fly ash and cured in water for 28 days achievedthemaximumcompressivestrength. 10%flyashand10%silica fumewerefoundto beoptimum. [Nochaiya T.et. al.,2010]52examinedtheeffectsofaddingsilicafumeinPortlandcementconcreteincorporatedwithflyash.Thepercentages offlyashusedwere5%,10%,20%and30%andpercentagesofsilicafumeusedwere2.5%,5%,and10%.Anoverallincrease incompressivestrengthwasobservedinconcreteonutilizationofsilicafumeinconcreteincorporatedwithflyash.[Wongkeo W. et. al., 2014]53 evaluates the influence of high calcium fly ash and silica fume on self compacting concrete (SCC). The percentages of fly ash used ranges from 40 to 70% where as that of silica fume ranges from 0 to 10%. The optimum percentage of fly ash was found to be 40% when used with 10% silica fume at water cement ration of 0.3. [S. Lokesh et. al., 2013]54 use fly ash aggregate to replace natural aggregates with combination of cement and silica fume. Author prepared threetrialmixesforM25gradeofconcreteusinglightweightflyashaggregate,naturalaggregates,flyashandsilicafumewith watercementratio0.3. Compressivestrengthofall threetrial werefoundmorethan25MPa,Similarlyflexural strengthand splittensilestrengthwerefoundsatisfactory. Authorconcludedlightweightaggregateconcretemadewithcementmortarin combined use of fly ash with silica fume, has improved strength development in initial days of curing. Author recommended useofmixcontaining40%flyashaggregates,60naturalaggregatesand40%cementreplacedby30%flyash+10%silica fume for structural components. [Nazeer M. and Kumar R. A., 2014]55 prepared high volume fly ash concrete blended with metakaolin. Fly ash used aspartial replacement of cement in Portland cement concrete was 50% by weight. Metakaolin was used to replace the remaining cement by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. The concrete mix was formed for grade M30 with water binder ratio as 0.44 and two curing conditions i.e. boiling and normal curing were used. Test for determining workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and impact strength of concrete were carried out. It was observed that the impact resistance of concrete blended with fly ash and metakaolin was higher but compressive strength, tensilestrengthandmodulusof elasticitywaslower thanthat ofcontrolledPolrtlandcementconcrete. [Patil et. al.,2015]56 evaluated the strength of high performance self compacting concrete incorporated with a combination of fly ash and metakaolin.Theflyashwasusedinproportionsof5%,15%and25%andMetakaolinwasusedinproportionsof3%,6%and 9%. The optimum percentages of metakaolin and fly ash for strength properties of concrete were found 9% and 15% respectively. [MuthupriyaP.et.al.,2011]57studiedthebehaviorofhighperformancereinforcedconcretecolumnmadewith metakaolin and fly ash as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement. Concrete mixes were formed by using 10% fly ashanddifferentpercentagesofmetakaolinforlongandshortcolumns.Higherstrengthdevelopmentandincreasedductility wereobservedinconcretecontainingflyashandmetakaolinascomparedtonormal concretemix.Metakaolin whenusedas 7.5 % by weight of concrete gave the maximum strength which was 12% higher than normal concrete. The brittleness of concrete was observed to be increased which causes sudden failure of columns with explosive sound. [Li G. and Zhao X., 2003]58investigatedtheeffectofcombinationofflyashandgranulatedblastfurnaceslaginhighstrengthconcretepartially replacingthecementinit.Itwasobservedthatthiscombinationcanbeusedtoimproveearlycompressivestrength.[Pratap K.V.et.al.,2014]59observedthataconcretemixofM60gradeincorporatedwithflyashandGGBShadahighercompressive strength,flexuralstrengthandsplittensilestrengthascomparedtonormalmixconcrete.Thecompressivestrengthwasfound tobeincreased by11.13%, flexural strength by11.74% andsplittensilestrengthby23.01%at28 days aswell aslongterm properties of the concrete. [Ali S. A. and Abdullah S., 2013]60 partially replaced cement in concrete by fly ash and GGBS. Fly ash was added in percentages of 20%, 40% and 60% and GGBS was added in percentages ranging from 5 10%. The compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength increased up to 40% of fly ash and 9 % of GGBS. Alaa M. Rashadet.al.,2014]62conductedstudy toproducehighvolumeflyashconcreteusingportlandcementsilicafume,GGBSand ClassFflyash.Authorfoundincreaseincompressivestrength5.8%at7daysofcuringand40%at28daysofcuring.Further investigation shows that increase in dosage of silica fume from 10 and 20 % alongwith 50 % fly ash results in increment of compressivestrengthatalldaysofcuring.TheincreasesincompressivestrengthsformixF70were107.6%,191.4%,127.4% and 105.1 % at 7, 28, and 90 and 180 days of curing respectively. Author also found higher abrasion resistance of HVFA blended concrete found with silica fume and combination of silica fume and GGBS with class F fly ash. Lower abrasion resistance found with GGBS in HVFA concrete. [Jeong Eun Kim et. al., 2016]63 conducted experimental study to investigate mechanical properties of energy efficient concrete with binary, ternary and quaternary admixture at different curing ages. Investigationshoweduseofsilicafumeincreasedthecompressivestrengths,splittingtensilestrengths,modulus ofelasticity andPoisson’sratios.Ontheotherhand,thecompressivestrengthandsplittingtensilestrengthdecreasedwithincreasingfly ash.[InduLidooet.al.,2017]64preparedanexperimentalprogramtodesignhighperformanceconcreteM100usingmineral admixture alccofine 1203 and fly ash. Various combinations of trial mixes were prepared with alccofine and fly ash. Replacement percentage were 8%, 10%, 12%, 14% for alccofine and 10 % for fly ash. Author found lower the value of w/ binderratiothehigheristhecompressivestrengthofconcrete.28dayscompressivestrengthofconcretewasfound89.2MPa,

2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page2364

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

95MPa,93MPa,90MPawithalccofine8%,10%,12%,14%respectivelyatconstantFAcontent10%.Additionof10%silica fumeprovidebetterresults.[S.Abbaset.al.,2016]65studiedvariousresearchpapersandpreparedadatabaseonthematerial characterization of UHPC and its potential for large scale ﬁeld applicability. Investigation indicated fly ash improves compressive strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength and bond strength. Effect on UHPC under dynamic and impact loading was also found. Investigation shows that UHPC provides a viable and long term solution for improved sustainable construction owing to its ultrahigh strength properties, improved fatigue behavior. The Author revealed that the curing regimes and ﬁber dosage are the main factors that control the mechanical properties of UHPC. [Srivastava V. et al, 2012]66 usedacombinationofsilicafumeandmetakaolininPortlandcementconcretetostudyitseffecton7and28daycompressive strength.Theoptimumdoseofsilicafumeandmetakaolinformaximumcompressivestrengthwas6%and15%respectively. [AnbarasanA.andVenkatesanM.,2015]67carriedoutcompressivestrengthtest,splittensiletestonconcretemadebysilica fumeandmetakaolinaspartialreplacementofcement.Theoptimumpercentagereplacementofcementwithsilicafumeand metakaolinis35 %and 15 %respectively.Atthispercentage,thestrength wasobservedto behigher thantheconventional concrete. [Shirke A. H. et. al., 2014]68 studied the performance of concrete incorporating metakaolin, silica fume and a combinationofthem.Replacingcementby5%Silicafumeand15%metakaolinbyweightgavethehigheststrength. [Shaikh, 2019]69carriedoutstudytoinvestigate effectsofsupplementarycementitiousmaterialsflyash,slag,silicafume,nanosilica and ultra fine fly ash for partial replacement of cement on mechanical properties of recycled coarse aggregate concrete. Various trial mixes were prepared and compared with control mixes. Firstly concrete containing 50 % recycled coarse aggregate for replacement of coarse aggregate and 50 % slag or fly ash for replacement of cement were prepared. Secondly 5%,10%and15%silicafumewereaddedtoprevious mix.Thirdly, concretecontaining50%recycledcoarseaggregate,2% nanosilicaand10%ultrafineflyashwereprepared.Resultswerecomparedwithcontrolconcretecontaining100%and50% natural coarse aggregate. Water to binder ratios of all concrete were kept constant, however, superplasticizer was added in the mixes containing silica fume, nano silica and ultra fine fly ash to improve the workability. Study reveals that addition of high volume fly ash and high volume slag reduces compressive strength whereas the reduction in high volume fly ash was moreatalldaysofcuring.Theadditionofsilicafumeis,however,recoveredthecompressivestrengthreductionofbothhigh volume fly ash and slag concretes containing 50% RCA. The addition of nano silica and ultrafine fly ash also improved the compressivestrengthofrecycledaggregateconcrete.Authorfoundsimilarresultsincaseofindirecttensilestrength. [DaleP. Bentz,2014]71conductedexperimentalprogramtostudyhighvolumeflyashconcretewith limestone powderof1.6µmand 16 μm median particle size. Concrete were prepared using 10 % of both limestone powder with limestone aggregates and siliceous aggregates. It was investigated that 1.6 µm median particle size limestone powder provided an improved performance in comparison to 16 μm median particle size limestone powder. The physical and chemical interaction of limestone with the cement hydrates also likely contributes to the superior mechanical properties of concretes containing limestoneaggregatesincomparisontoconcreteusingsiliceousaggregates.

3.5 Durability properties of concrete containing mineral admixtures

[BremsethS.K.,2010]10discussedthevariousadvantagesanddisadvantagesofusingflyashinconcrete.Themostimportant advantage of fly ash concrete is the ability to resist alkali aggregate reaction whereas the greatest disadvantage of using Fly ashinconcreteisAirentraining.[BargaheiserK.andButalia T.S.2007]11 reviewedtheadvantagesofusinghigh volumefly ashconcretetoresistcorrosiondamageinstructures.Carbondioxideandchloridepenetratingtheconcretearemainreasons for corrosion of concrete. Use of Fly ash in concrete helps in reducing Carbon dioxide emission, provides sustainable design and longer service life of its infrastructure, slows down the ingress of moisture, oxygen, chlorides, Carbon Dioxide and aggressivechemicalsintheconcreteandpreventsthedeleteriouseffectofcorrosioninreinforcedconcretestructures.[Sarath Chandra Kumar and Bendapudi P. Saha, 2011] 17 prepared detailed literature on contribution of high volume fly ash to the properties of mortar and concrete and found fly ash replacement of cement is effective for improving the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack expansion. . [T.P. Singh, 2007]16 shared experience in field performance of high volume fly ash concrete and found that HVFAC has superior permeability properties at higher curing days to conventional concrete. Therefore,itisastronglyviablesustainablebuildingmaterialintheyearsahead.[Zaldiwaret.al.,2013]21conductedresearch programtostudytheeffectofgrindingtimeon10%,20%and30%groundflyash. SEManalysisshowedincreaseinfineness of fly ash with ball milling treatment. BET surface area found greater with longer grinding time 5 hrs. [J. Hoppe Filho et. al. 2013]22 found high volume fly ash concrete containing 50 % fly ash and 20 % additional hydrated lime presented a lower accumulatedchargedensityandcoefficientofchloridediffusionthancontrolconcrete.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

[QiangWanget.al.,2013]20Incorporatedblendedsteelslagsuperfineflyashasmineraladmixtureinconcreteandcompared the performance with concrete containing ordinary fly ash. Result indicated Paste and concrete containing blended mineral admixturehavesmallerporositiesthanconcretecontainingordinaryflyash.[Maeijeret.al.,2020]23conductedexperimental studytoinvestigatetheeffectoftwotypesultrafineflyashonewithparticlesized90<9.37μm(FA1)secondwithd90< 4.6 μm (FA2) for replacement of two types cement Portland cement and slag cement for concrete and mortar. Percentage replacementofcementformortarwere0%,15%,25%,35%,50%andforconcrete0%,15%,25%forbothtypeultra finefly ash. Study reveals that incorporation of ultrafine fly ash (d90 < 4.6 μm) has positive influence on the resistivity, chloride migrationcoefficientandalkali silicareaction(ASR)andnegativeinfluenceonthecarbonationresistance.[Oblaet.al.,2003]24 investigatedandcomparedpropertiesofsilicafumeconcreteandultra fineflyashconcrete.StudyrevealsthatUFFAconcrete shows higher resistance to rapid chloride permeability, almost equal resistance to electrical resistivity, chloride diffusivity, freezing and thawing than silica fume concrete but higher than the control concrete. [Faiz U.A. Shaikh and Steve W.M. Supit, 2015]27 investigatedtheeffectultrafineflyashondurabilitypropertiesofconcretescontaininghighvolumeclassFflyashas partial replacement of cement. Properties were measured at 28 and 90days. Results show high volume fly ash concrete containing32%flyashand8%ultra fineflyashexhibitedsuperiordurabilityproperties. [HuJinetal.,2014]29 investigated propertiesofhighstrengthconcretebyreplacingcementbysuper fineflyash(25%)andlimestonepowder(10%)andfound thathighstrengthconcretecontainingsuper fineFAandlimestonepowderexhibitloweradiabatictemperaturerise,alower permeabilityandalargercarbonationdepth.

[RoyD.K. S.andSil A.,2012]31 investigated silica fumecanalsobe usedinconstructionplaces wherechemical attack,frost actionetc.arecommon.[PradhanD.andDuttaD,2013]34foundimprovedporestructuresatthetransitionzoneofsilicafume concrete.

[Isfahani et. al., 2016]37 investigated durability properties of concrete using 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% nano silica for water/binder ratios 0.65, 0.55, and 0.5. Durability properties of concrete with different w/b ratios showed highly varying tendency by increasingNSdosage.Theadditionof0.5%nanosilicadecreasedtheapparentchloridediffusioncoefficientforw/b0.65and 0.55; however, higher nano silica dosages did not decrease it with respect to reference value. It was found that nano silica increases electrical resistivity, changes marginally sorptivity and water absorbtion. The carbonation coefficient was not noticeablyaffectedbyincreasingnanosilicadosages.[ZhuangandChen,2019]38preparedaliteraturesummaryoninfluence of nano SiO2 on concrete properties and found remarkable improvement on effect of nano SiO2, especially in the aspect of enhancing the durability of concrete. [Andrade et al., 2020]40 studied the effect of nano silica on the ternary system of rice huskash,silicafumeandPortlandcement.Itwasreportedthatthequaternarymixturescontainingnano silicaexhibitedleast meanporediameter.Thesynergisticeffectofnano silicawasreportedtobebeneficialinthequaternarysystem.Shashikumar and Keshavamurthy, 2019 ]4 carried out study to check the efficiency of high volume fly ash and nano silica in reducing the voidsinconcretethroughwetpackingdensitytest.Firstly,optimumpackingdensity ofconcretecontaining13%,15%,17%, 19%, 21% cement content with varying w/c ratios were determined. And secondly optimum packing density of concrete containingcementreplacementbyhighvolumeflyashforaparticularw/cratioweredeterminedwhichproducedmaximum reduction in void ratio with 50 % high volume fly ash. Nano silica 1 % to 4 % were also added to the high volume fly ash concrete.Thetestindicatedapositiveoutcomeintermsofreductioninvoidsbyhighvolumeflyashandnanosilicatoalarge extent.[Liuet.al.,2020]Surfaceprotectionhasbeenacceptedasaneffectivewaytoimprovethedurabilityofconcrete.Inthis study, nanosilica (NS) was used to improve the impermeability of cement fly ash system and this kind of material was expectedtobeappliedassurfaceprotectionmaterial(SPM)forconcrete.Binderscomposedof70%cement and30%flyash (FA)weredesignedandnanosilica(NS,0 4%ofthebinder)wasadded.Porestructureofthepastesampleswasevaluatedby MIPandthefractaldimensionoftheporestructurewasalsodiscussed.HydrateswereinvestigatedbyXRD,SEM,andTG;the microstructure of hydrates was analyzed with SEM EDS., e results showed that in the C FA NS system, NS accelerated the whole hydration of the cement FA system. Cement hydration was accelerated by adding NS, and probably, the pozzolanic reaction of FA was slightlyhastened because NS not only consumed calcium hydroxide by the pozzolanic reaction to induce the cement hydration but also acted as nucleation seed to induce the formation of C S H gel. NS obviously refined the pore structure, increased the complexity of the pore structure, and improved the microstructure, thereby significantly improving the impermeability of the cement FA system. , is kind of materials would be expected to be used as SPM; the interface performance between SPM and matrix, such as shrinkage and bond strength, and how to cast it onto the surface of matrix shouldbecarefullyconsidered.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

[Patil B. B. and Kumbhar P. D., 2012]5 investigated the effect of metakaolin on concrete for M60 grade. The concrete was subjectedtochlorideandsulphateattackanditwasinferredthatadditionofmetakaolinenhancesthechemicalresistanceof concrete. In this particular research, the high reactivity metakaolin samples have silica and alumina content of 81%. It is considered that the high reactivity metakaolin has a high purity and high kaolinite content. As a result, 7.5% addition is sufficient to reduce the calcium hydroxide to the minimum level. [Badogiannis E. et. al., 2002]43 used two categories of metakaolin first produced metakaolin and second commercially available high purity metakaolin to replace cement in the concrete.Itwasobservedthatbothmetakaolinreduceschloridepermeability,gaspermeability,sorptivityandporesizewhen comparedtoordinaryPortlandcementconcrete.[Devi,2015]44usedmetakaolinfrom5%to20%asapartialreplacementof cement and found corrosion resistance at all days of curing of concrete. Metakaolin is also found to react with calcium hydroxide which improves the pore structure of the concrete. [Babu and Kondraivendhan et. al., 2019]45 conducted experimental study to examine the effectof admixed chloride, sulphate and chloride sulphate solutionson the corrosion performanceofrebarofmetakaolinandredmudblendedconcrete.Theperformanceoftherebarwasmonitoredbycorrosion currentdensityvaluesusinglinearpolarizationresistancetechnique.Thechangesinelectricalresistivityduetothepresence of salts and different binder type reflects thecorrosion behavior of rebar. The results indicated that the presence of magnesium sulphateincreases the corrosion rate in both OPC and MK blendedconcrete. It was observed that once the corrosioninitiated, thecorrosion rateof rebarishighinconcrete admixed with compositesolution ofchloride sulphateions than that of admixed with pure chlorides. The concrete blended with metakaolin performed better as comparedto OPC concrete in terms of higher electrical resistivity and lowerchloride induced corrosion current density with and withoutpresenceofsulphateions.

[Ramezanianpour et. al. A. A., 2013]48 found concrete with 50% replacement of cement by GGBS showed an increase in resistance to sodium sulphate solution after 270 days where as concrete with 35% replacement levels show a decrease in resistance after 270 days of exposure. [Pavia E. and Condren S. 2008]50 examined the durability of GGBS concrete when exposed to silage effluent solution and magnesium sulfate solution properties like permeability, porosity, water absorption, capillary suction, compressive strength and mass loss were evaluated for different amounts of GGBS incorporated in the concrete. Author observed that the durability of concrete when subjected to silage effluent cycles and salt crystallization increaseswiththeincrease in GGBScontent.Therewasa decreaseinpermeability, waterabsorption,capillarysuction,mass lossandcompressivestrengthlossinGGBSconcreteexposedtosilageeffluentandsaltcyclingascomparedtoOPCconcrete. Therefore,concretemixwithpartialreplacementofcementwithGGBScanbeefficientlyusedforagriculturaluseinsilos

3.6 Durability properties of concrete containing mineral admixture with fine and ultrafine materials

[WongkeoW.et.al.,2014]53evaluatestheinfluenceofhigh calciumflyashandsilicafumeonself compactingconcrete(SCC). The percentages of fly ash used ranges from 40 to 70% where as that of silica fume ranges from 0 to 10%. The optimum percentageofflyashwasfoundtobe40%whenusedwith10%silicafumeatwater cementrationof0.3.[Patilet.al.,2015]56 evaluateddurabilityofhighperformanceself compactingconcreteincorporatedwithacombinationofflyashandmetakaolin. Theflyashwasusedinproportionsof5%,15%and25%andmetakaolinwasusedinproportionsof3%,6%and9%.Itwas found that use of metakaolin and fly ash resulted in changes in the chemical composition of the pore solution phase of the hydrated material and increased the chloride resistance of concrete. The optimum percentages of metakaolin and fly ash for durability of concrete were found 9% and 15% respectively. [Muthupriya P. et. al., 2011]57 studied the behavior of high performance reinforced concrete column made with metakaolin and fly ash as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement.Concretemixeswereformedbyusing10%flyashanddifferentpercentagesofmetakaolinforlongandshortcolumns. Enhanceddurabilitywereobservedinconcretecontainingflyashandmetakaolinascomparedtonormalconcretemix. [Tilo Proskeet.al.,2014]61investigatedtheeffectofmineraladditionsuchasflyash,GGBSandlimestonepowderondurabilityof concretewithlowcementandwatercontent.Thecarbonationdepthofconcreteswith150 175kg/m3 ofcementwasequalor lowerthanthedepthoftheconventionalreferenceconcretesforexteriorstructures. [S.Abbaset.al.,2016]65studiedvarious research papers and prepared a database on the material characterization of UHPC and its potential for large scale ﬁeld applicability. Investigation shows that UHPC provides a viable and long term solution for improved sustainable construction owingtoitsverylowporosity,leadingtoexcellentresistanceagainstaggressiveenvironments.The Authorrevealedthatthe curing regimes and ﬁber dosage are the main factors that durability properties of UHPC. [Anbarasan A. and Venkatesan M., 2015]67 carried sorptivity test on concrete made by silica fume and metakaolin as partial replacement of cement. The optimum percentage replacement of cement with silica fume and metakaolin is 35 % and 15 % respectively. At this

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

percentage, durability was observed to be higher than the conventional concrete. [Shirke A. H. et. al., 2014]68 studied the performance of concrete incorporating metakaolin, silica fume and a combination of them. Concrete which was ternary blendedwithmetakaolinandsilicafumeshowedtheleastmasslossonexposuretoHClsolution.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The present study aimed at reviewing the literature on various mineral admixture used in concrete. These include effect of mineraladmixturessuchasflyash,ultra fineflyash,silicafume,nanosilica,metakaolin,groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag onfresh,hardenedanddurabilitypropertiesofconcrete.Theliteraturereviewrevealedthefollowingconclusions

1. Fly ash increases workability, setting time, and reduces heat of hydration. Incorporation of fly ash in concrete results in increased compressive strength, tensile strength and flexural strength. It also increases resistance to alkali aggregate reactions,slowsdowningressofmoisture,oxygen,chloride,carbondioxideandaggressivechemicalsandpreventscorrosion. Themaindisadvantagesofusingflyasharelowerrateofstrengthgain,increasedairentrainingandincreasedslumploss

2.Ultra fineflyashincreasesslump,settingtime,reactivityandreducesheatofhydrationofconcrete.Ultra fineflyashwith fly ash exhibited superior durability properties such as chloride induced corrosion, water sorptivity, volume of permeable voids,chlorideionpenetration,chloridediffusivity,electricalresistivity,alkali silicareactionandporosity.

3. Addition of silica fume helps in increasing the strength of concrete by 10 15 % and also gives high early strength. Other advantagesofaddingsilica fumearelowerwater cementratio,resistancetofrostactionandchemical effect.However,silica fume reduces workability of concrete and increases the consistency. Silica fume with fly ash content in concrete, increases compressive strength, water requirement for normal consistency decreases setting time and reduces workability but remainedhigherthanthatofPortlandcementconcrete.

4.Nanosilicawithhighvolumeflyashefficientlyimprovesthestrength.Nanosilicareducessettingtime,slump,andimproves electrical resistivity shrinkage, sorptivity and water absorbtion. Nano silica addition shows good enhancement in the mechanical properties, nano silica with metakaolin produces concrete with a dense microstructure, which will decrease the voidsinconcrete.

5. Metakaolin increases the compressive strength up to 12 %, gives higher resistance to chemical effect, reduces chloride permeability, sorptivity and pore size and enhances corrosion resistance of concrete. The main disadvantage of using metakaolin as partial replacement of cement in concrete is that it reduces workability of concrete. Metakaolin with fly ash increases, workability, chloride resistance of concrete, increases compressive strength, tensile strength and modulus of elasticity.Metakaolinwithsilicafumeincreasesstrength,reducesslumploss,exposuretoHClsolution.

6.Groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslaghelpsinincreasingcompressivestrength,flexuralstrengthandtensilestrengthupto 30%. Incorporation of GGBS in concrete increases workability, enhances sodium sulphate resistance, provides better durability against silage effluent cycles and salt crystallization, and decreases permeability, water absorption and capillary suction.However,GGBSslowsdownthesettingtimeofconcrete,whichcancausedelayintheconstructionprocess. GGBSand fly ash in combination increases compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength. GGBS and silica fume in combinationincreasescompressivestrengths,splitting tensilestrengths, modulus ofelasticity,Poisson’sratios, andabrasion resistance.

REFRENCES

1.ParkY.S.,SuhJ.K.,LeeJ.H.andShinY.S.(1999),CementandConcreteResearch,Vol.29(1397).

2.NehdiM.andHayekM.(2005),CementandConcreteResearch,Vol.35(731).

3. J. Prabakar (2019), “Influence of nano silica and metakaolin admixed concretes of different grades on mechanical properties”,IndianConcreteJournal.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

4. Shashikumar C.S. and M. Keshavamurthy (2019), “Influence of high volume fly ash and nano silica on particle packing of concrete”,IndianConcreteJournal.

5.Patil B.B.andKumbhar P.D.(2012),“Strengthanddurabilitypropertiesofhigh performanceconcreteincorporatinghigh reactivitymetakaolin”,InternationalJournalofModernEngineeringResearch(IJMER),Vol.2(3),pp1099 1104.

6. K. A. Gruber, Terry Ramlochan, Andrea Boddy, R. D. Hooton and M. D. A. Thomas (2001), “Increasing concrete durability withhighreactivitymetakaolin”,Cement&ConcreteComposites,Vol.23,pp.479 484.

7 M.Thomas,R.D.Hooton,C.Rogers,andB.Fournier,“50yearsoldandstillgoingstrong”,ConcreteInternational,vol.34,p. 35,2012.

8.A.FultonandW.Marshall,“Theuseofflyashandsimilarmaterialsinconcrete” ,inICEProceedIngs,pp.714 730,1956.

9.J.B.Newman,AdvancedConcreteTechnology:ConstituentMaterials,Butterworth Heinemann,2003.

10.R.F.Blanks,“Theuseofportland pozzolancementbythebureauofreclamation” ,inACIJournalProceedIngs,1949.

11.ACICommittee232,“Useofflyashinconcrete”,Tech.Rep.ACI232.2R 03,2003.

12.ACICommittee363,“Stateoftheartreportonhigh strengthconcrete”,inACIJournalProceedings,1984.

13 A.M.NevilleandJ.J.Brooks,ConcreteTechnology,LongmanScientific&Technical,2010

14 M.Loots,R.Snellings,A.Maul,L.VandenAbeele,FeasibilitystudyreportFLAME,2017.

15.K.Boonen,K.Breemersch,I.Vanderreydt,VASH:ValueAsh screeningLCAandLCCreport,VITO,p.29,2018.

16 Properties of Concrete Containing Ultra Fine Fly Ash by Karthik H. Obla, Russell L. Hill, Michael D. A. Thomas, Surali G. Shashiprakash,andOlgaPerebatova,ACIMaterialsJournal,Vol.100(3),2003.

17. Effect of ultra fine fly ash on concrete performance and durability Patricia Kara De Maeijera*, Bart Craeyea,b , Ruben Snellingsc , Hadi Kazemi Kamyabc , Michel Lootsd , Koen Janssense and Gert Nuytse, Construction and Building Materials, 2020,263(120493).

18. AnasAlKhatib, Mohammed Maslehuddin∗, Salah Uthman Al Dulaijan (2020), “Development of high performance concrete usingindustrialwastematerialsandnano silica”,JournalofmaterialsResearchandTechnology,vol.9(3),pp.6696 6711.

19. A. Shvarzman, K. Kovler, G. S. Grader and G. E. Shter,“The effect of dehydroxylation/amorphization degree on pozzolanic activityofkaolinite” ,CementandConcreteResearch,vol.33,no.3,pp.405 416,2003.

20.C.Bich,J.Ambroise,andJ.Pera,“Influenceofdegreeof´dehydroxylationonthepozzolanicactivityofmetakaolin”,Applied ClayScience,vol.44,no.3 4,pp.194 200,2009.

21. E. Badogiannis, G. Kakali and S. Tsivilis, “Metakaolin as supplementary cementitious material: optimization of kaolin to metakaolinconversion” ,JournalofThermalAnalysisandCalorimetry,vol.81,no.2,pp.457 462,2005.

22. E. Guneyisi, M. Geso ¨ glu, T. ˇ Ozturan and K. Mermerdas ¨ , “Microstructural properties and pozzolanic activity of calcinedkaolinsassupplementarycementingmaterials” ,CanadianJournalofCivilEngineering,vol.39,no.12,pp.1274 1284, 2012.

23.H.BaioumyandA.R.Ibrahim,MineralogicalVariationsamongtheKaolinDepositsinMalaysia.

24. M. N. A. Saad, W. P. De Andrade and V. A. Paulon, “Properties of mass concrete containing an active pozzolan made from clay” ,ConcreteInternational,vol.4,pp.59 65,1982.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

25.J.A.Larbi,Thecementpaste aggregateinterfacialzoneinconcrete[Ph.D.dissertation],TechnischeUniversiteitDelft,1991.

26. M. A. Halliwell, “Preliminary assessment of the performance of portland cement concrete containing metakaolin” , Tech. Rep.TCR48/92,BRE,1992.

27.P.C.Hewlett,Ed.,Lea’sChemistryofCementandConcrete,ElsevierScience&Technology,2004.

28. S. J. Martin, “The use of metakaolin in high strength concrete” , Tech. Rep. Laboratory Report 78, RMC Readymix Limited, 1995.

29. S. Wild, J. M. Khatib, and A. Jones, “Relative strength, pozzolanic activity and cement hydration in superplasticised metakaolinconcrete” ,CementandConcreteResearch,vol.26,no.10,pp.1537 1544,1996.

30. Patil S. L., Kale J. N. and Suman S. (2012), “Fly ash concrete: a technical analysisfor compressive strength”, International JournalofAdvancedEngineeringResearchandStudies,Vol.2,(1),pp.128 129.

.WankhedeP.R.andFulhariV.A.(2014),“Flyashinconcrete aliteraturestudyoftheadvantagesanddisadvantages”,COIN projectreport,Number18.

. Bremseth S.K. (2010). “Effect of fly ash on properties of concrete”, International Journal of Emerging Technology and AdvancedEngineering,Vol.4(7),pp.284 289.

33. Bargaheiser K. and Butalia T.S. (2007), “Prevention of corrosion in concrete using fly ash concrete mixes”, Concrete TechnologyForum,Dallas,Texas,pp.1 16.

34.YashShrivastavaandKetanBajaj(2012),“PerformanceofFlyAshandHighVolumeFlyAshConcreteinPavementDesign”, IACSITCoimbatoreConferences,IPCSITvol.28,Singapore.

35. P. Sravana and P. Srinivasa Rao, (2006),“ Effect of Thermal Cycles on Compressive strength of High Volume Fly ash Concrete”,31stConferenceonOurWorldinConcrete&Structures,Singapore.

36.Gunavant.KateandPraneshB.Murnal(2013),“EffectofAdditionofFlyashonshrinkage characteristicsinhighstrength concrete”,InternationalJournalofAdvancedTechnologyinCivilEngineering,Volume2,Issue1.

37.SoniD.K.andSainiJ.(2014),“MechanicalPropertiesofHighVolumeFlyAsh(HVFA)andConcreteSubjectedtoEvaluated 1200CTemperature”,InternationalJournalofCivilEngineeringResearch,Vol.5,Issue3,pp.241 248.

38.T.P.Singh(2007),“Fieldperformanceofhighvolumeflyashconcrete”, TheIndianExperienceby,MCDRoadProject,New Delhi.

39.SarathChandraKumar,BendapudiandP.Saha,(2011)“ContributionofFlyashtothepropertiesofMortarandConcrete”, InternationalJournalofEarthSciencesandEngineering,Volume04,pp1017 1023.

40. VanitaAggrawal, S. M. Gupta and S. N. Sachdeva, (2010), “Concrete Durability through High Volume Fly ash Concrete (HVFC)ALiteraturereview”,InternationalJournalofEngineeringScienceandTechnologyVol.2(9),4473 4477.

41 Rafat Siddiue, (2013), “Properties of fine aggregate replaced high volume class F fly ash concrete”, Leonardo Journal of science,Vol.22pp79 90.

42. Zaldiwar Cadena A. A., Diaz Pena I., Gonzalez lopez J. R. Vazquez Acosta F., Cruz Lopez A., Vazquez Cuchillo O., Vazquez Rodriguez F. and Serrato Arias L. M. (2013),“ Effect of milling time on mechanical properties of fly ash incorporated cement mortars”,AdvanceMaterialResearch,Vol.787pp286 290,Switzerland.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

43.J.HoppeFilho,M.H.F.Medeiros,EPereira,PHeleneM.ASCEandG.C.Isaia,(2013)“Highvolumeflyashconcretewithand withouthydratedlime:Chloridediffusioncoefficientfromacceleratedtest”,ASCEJournalofMaterialsinCivilEngineering vol. 25pp411 418.

44.QiangWang,PeiyuandRengguangLiu(2013),“EffectofSteelSlag SuperFineFlyMineralAdmixtureashandOrdinaryFly ashonthepropertiesofconcrete”,MaterialScienceForum,Vol.743 744pp926 930,Switzerland.

45 Maeijer,BartCraeyea b, RubenSnellingsc ,Hadi Kazemi Kamyabc ,Michel Lootsd,KoenJanssense,Patricia Kara Deand GertNuytse,(2020),“Effectofultra fineflyashonconcreteperformanceanddurability”ConstructionandBuildingMaterials, 2020,Vol.263(120493).

46.KarthikH.Obla,RussellL.Hill,MichaelD.A.Thomas,SuraliG.Shashiprakash,andOlgaPerebatova(2003),“ Propertiesof ConcreteContainingUltra FineFlyAsh”, ACIMaterialsJournal,pp.426 433.

47.LuigiCoppola,DennyCoffettiandElenaCrotti,(2018)“PlainandUltraﬁneFlyAshesMortarsforEnvironmentallyFriendly ConstructionMaterials”,JournalSustainability.

48.R.Roychand,S.DeSilva,D.LawandS.Setunge(2016),“MicroandNanoEngineeredHighVolumeUltrafineFlyAshCement CompositewithandwithoutAdditives”,InternationalJournalofConcreteStructuresandMaterials,Vol.,10,pp.113 124.

49. FaizU.A.Shaikh and Steve W.M.Supit (2015), “Compressive strength and durability properties of high volume fly ash (HVFA)concretescontainingultrafineflyash(UFFA)”,constructionandbuildingmaterial,volume82,pp192 205.

50.L.KrishnarajandP.T.Ravichandran,(2020)“Characterisationofultra ﬁneﬂyashassustainablecementitiousmaterialfor masonryconstruction”.

51.Hu Jin, Li Mengyuan, (2014) “The properties of high strength concrete containing super fine fly ash and lime stone powder”,AppliedMechanicsandMaterials, Vol.477 478pp926 930,Switzerland.

. Ghutke V.S. and Bhandari P.S. (2014), “Influence of silica fume on concrete”, IOSR Journal of mechanical and civil engineering(IOSR JMCE),pp.44 47.

53. Roy D.K.S. and Sil A. (2012), “Effect of partial replacement of cement by silica fume on hardened concrete”, International journalofemergingtechnologyandadvancedengineering,Vol.2,Issue8,pp.472 475.

54 SrivastavaV.,HarisonA.,MehtaP.K.,AtulandKumarR.(2013),“EffectofSilicaFumeinConcrete”,InternationalJournalof InnovativeResearchinScience,EngineeringandTechnology,Vol.3,Issue4,pp.254 259.

55. Amudhavalli N.K. and Mathew J. (2012), “Effect of silica fume on strength and durability parameters of concrete”, Internationaljournalofengineeringsciences&emergingtechnologies,Vol.3,Issue1,pp.28 35.

. Pradhan D. and Dutta D. (2013), “Effects of Silica Fume in Conventional Concrete”, International Journal of Engineering ResearchandApplications,Vol.3,Issue5,pp.1307 1310.

57.Shanmugapriya T.andUma R.N.(2013),“Experimental Investigation on Silica Fumeas partial Replacement ofCement in HighPerformanceConcrete”,TheInternationalJournalOfEngineeringAndScience(IJES),Vol.2,Issue5,pp.40 45.

58.ForoodTorabianIsfahani,1ElenaRedaelli,1FedericaLollini,1WeiwenLi,2andLucaBertolini(2016),“EffectsofNanosilica onCompressiveStrengthandDurabilityPropertiesofConcretewithDifferentWatertoBinderRatios”,AdvancesinMaterials ScienceandEngineering.

59.ChenglongZhuangandYuChen(2019),“Theeffectofnano SiO2onconcretepropertiesAreview”, NanotechnolRev Vol. 8,562 572.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

60. Seifan M, Mendoza S, Berenjian A (2020), “Mechanical properties and durability performance of fly ash based mortar containingnano andmicro silicaadditives”,ConstructionBuildingMaterialVol.252,(August):11912.

61. daSilvaAndradeD,daSilvaRêgoJH,RojasMF,MoraisPC,deSouzaSerafimMJandLopesAN2020,“Propertiesofternary cementpasteswithnanosilicaandricehuskash”,ACIMaterJVol.117(1):233 42.

62.MadhusudananS,AmirthamLR,NallusamyS(2019),“Symbioticoutcomesofpotencyandmicrostrureonnanocomposite withmicrosilicaandnanosilicaadditives”,JNanoResVol.57:105 16.

63.HuaqingLiu,1YanZhang,1RuimingTong,1ZhaoqingZhu,1andYangLv2(2020),“EffectofNanosilicaonImpermeability ofCement FlyAshSystem”,HindawiAdvancesinCivilEngineeringVolume2020.

.SuryawanshiY.R.,KadamA.G.,GhogareS.S.,IngaleR.G.andPatilP.L.(2015),“ExperimentalStudyonCompressiveStrength of Concrete by Using Metakaolin”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 235 239

65. Badogiannis E., Tsivilis S., Papadakis V. and Chainiotakis E. (2002), “The effect of metakaolin on concrete properties”, International congress:Challengesof concreteconstruction,Dundee,Scotland,In Innovationsand DevelopmentsinConcrete MaterialsandConstruction,pp.1 9

. Devi M. (2015), “Implication of metakaolin in quarry dust concrete”, International journal of structural and civil engineeringResearch,Vol.4,Issue2,pp.171 174.

67 U.RaghuBabu,B.Kondraivendhan(2019),“Impactofsulphateonchloride inducedcorrosionofsteelinconcrete”,Indian ConcreteJournal.

68. Awasare V. and Nagendra M.V. (2014), “Analysis of strength characteristics of GGBS concrete”, International Journal of AdvancedEngineeringTechnology,Vol.5,Issue2,pp.82 84.

69.ArivalaganS.(2014),“SustainablestudiesonconcretewithGGBSasareplacementmaterialincement”,Jordanjournalof civilengineering,Vol.8,Issue3,pp.263 270.

70.RamezanianpourA.A.,AtarodiS.andSamiM.(2013),“Durabilityofconcretescontaininggroundgranulatedblastfurnace GGBSagainstsulfateattack”,Thirdinternationalconferenceonsustainableconstructionmaterialsandtechnologies.

71. Tamilarasan V.S., Perumal P. and Maheswaran J. (2012), “Workability studies on concrete with GGBS as a replacement material for cement with and without superplasticiser”, International journal of advanced research in engineering and technology(IJARET),Vol.3,Issue2,pp.11 21.

72. Pavia S. and Condren E. (2008), “Study of the durability of OPC versus GGBS concrete on exposure to silage effluent”, Journalofmaterialsincivilengineering,Vol.20,Issue4,pp.313 320.

73. Mohamed H.A. (2011), “Effect of fly ash and silica fume on compressive strength of self compacting concrete under differentcuringconditions”,Ainshamsengineeringjournal,Vol.2,pp.79 86.

. Nochaiya T., Wongkeo W. and Chaipanich A. (2010), “Utilization of fly ash with silica fume and properties of Portland cement flyash silicafumeconcrete”,Fuel89,pp.768 774.

75. Wongkeo W., Thongsanitgarn P, Ngamjarurojana A. and Chaipanich A. (2014), “Compressive strength and chloride resistanceofself compactingconcretecontaininghighlevelflyashandsilicafume”,Materialsanddesign64,pp.261 269.

76. S. Lokesh, M. G. Ranjith Kumar, S. Loganathan (2013), “Effective Utilization of High Volume Fly ash with Light Weight AggregateinConcreteforConstructionIndustry”,InternationalJournalof AdvancedStructuresandGeotechnicalEngineering, Vol.02,No.04.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

77.NazeerM.andKumarR.A.(2014),“StrengthStudiesonMetakaolinBlendedHigh VolumeFlyAshConcrete”,International JournalofEngineeringandAdvancedTechnology,Vol.3,Issue6,pp.176 179.

78. Patil S., Mahalingasharma S.J., Prakash P. and Jawali V. (2015), “Characteristics of high performance self compacting concreteincorporatingfly ashandmetakaolin”,InternationalJournalofResearchinEngineeringandTechnology,Vol.4,Issue 6,pp.264 269.

79. Muthupriya P., Subramanian K. and Vishnuram B.G. (2011), “Investigation on behaviour of high performance reinforced concretecolumnswithmetakaolinandflyashasadmixture”,InternationalJournalofAdvancedEngineeringTechnology,Vol. 2,Issue1,pp.190 2.

.LiG.andZhaoX.(2003),“Propertiesofconcreteincorporatingflyashandgroundgranulatedblast furnace slag”,Cement andconcretecomposites,Vol.25,Issue3,pp.293 299.

81.PratapK.V.,BhaskerM.andTejaP.S.S.R.(2014),“TripleBlendingofCementConcreteWithFlyAshandGroundGranulated BlastFurnaceSlag”,InternationalJournalofEducationandappliedresearch,Vol.4,Issue2,pp.54 58.

.AliS.A.andAbdullahS.(2014),“ExperimentalstudyonpartialreplacementofcementbyflyashandGGBS”,International journalforscientificresearchanddevelopment,Vol.2,Issue7,pp.304 308.

83.TiloProske,StefanHainer,MoienRezvaniandCarl AlexanderGraubner,(2014)“Eco friendlyconcreteswithreducedwater andcementcontent Mixdesignprinciplesandapplicationinpractice” ,Volume67,pp413 421.

84. Alaa M. Rashad, Hosam El Din H. Seleem, and Amr F. Shaheen, (2014) “Effect of Silica Fume and Slag on Compressive Strength and Abrasion Resistance of HVFA Concrete”, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.8, No.1, pp.69 81.

85. Jeong Eun Kim, Wan Shin Park, Young Il Jang, Sun Woo Kim, Sun Woong Kim, Yi Hyun Nam, Do Gyeum Kim, and KeitetsuRokugo, (2016) “Mechanical Properties of Energy Efﬁcient Concretes Made with Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Cementitious Blends of Fly Ash, Blast Furnace Slag, and Silica Fume”, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials,Volume10,Number3,pp.S97 S108.

. InduLidoo, Sanjeev Naval, Rajeev Sharda, (2017) “Design of High Performance Concrete (HPC) M100 Using Mineral Admixture (Alccofine 1203) and Fly Ash”, International Interdisciplinary Conference on Science Technology Engineering ManagementPharmacyandHumanities,Singapore.

. S. Abbas, M. L. Nehdi, and M. A. Saleem, (2016) “Ultra High Performance Concrete: Mechanical Performance, Durability, Sustainability and Implementation Challenges”, International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.10, No.3, pp.271 295.

. Srivastava V., Kumar R., Agarwal V.C. and Mehta P.K. (2012), “Effect of silica fume and metakaolin combination on concrete”,Internationaljournal ofcivilandstructuralengineering,Vol.2,Issue3,pp.893 900.

. Anbarasan A. and Venkatesan M. (2015), “Strength characteristics and durability characteristics of silica fume and metakaolinbasedconcrete”,Internationaljournalofinnovationsinengineeringandtechnology(IJIET),Vol.5,Issue1,pp.1 7.

90. Shirke A.H., Sengupta A.A. and Bhandari P.K. (2014), “Performance characteristics of blended cement”, International journalofinnovativeresearchinscience,engineeringandtechnology.

91.FaizUddinAhmedShaikh(2019),“EffectsofSCMsandnano andultrafine materialsonmechanicalpropertiesandcarbon footprintofrecycledaggregateconcretes”,IndianConcreteJournal.

93.DaleP.Bentz,TaijiroSato,IgordelaVarga,andW.JasonWeiss,(2012)“Finelimestoneadditionstoregulatesettinginhigh volumeflyashmixtures”,Cement&ConcreteComposites,34pp11 17.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN:2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN:2395 0072

94. Dale P. Bentz, Ahmad Ardani, Tim Barrett, Scott Z. Jones, Didier Lootens, Max A. Peltz, Taijiro Sato, Paul E. Stutzman, JussaraTanesi , and W. Jason Weiss, (2014) “Multi Scale Investigation of the Performance of Limestone in Concrete”, ConstructionandBuildingMaterials,2014.

95. Imène Joudi Bahri, A. Lecomte, Taoufik Achour (2012), “Use of limestone sands and fillers in concrete without superplasticizer”,MaterialsScience,Cement&ConcreteComposites.