MANUFACTURED SAND CONCRETE: A REVIEW by IRJET Journal

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

MANUFACTURED SAND CONCRETE: A REVIEW

Batham Geeta1, Akhtar Saleem2, Rajesh Bhargava3

1PhD Scholar, UIT RGPV, Bhopal, India, 2 Professor, UIT RGPV, Bhopal, India, 3 Professor, RGPV, Bhopal, India ***

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a review on performance of cement concrete containing manufacturing sand as an alternativematerial tonatural sand Theprimary objectiveofthisstudy istounderstandthe effectof manufacturedsandon the fresh, hardened and durability properties of concrete. Several papers have been studied to take an overview of recent innovationsinconcretecontaining manufacturedsandwith andwithout variousmineral admixturesandthispaperisaimed to review the application of concrete containing manufactured sand and its performance to set a benchmark for future researchworkinthisfield.

Key Words: Manufacturedsand,mineraladmixture,concrete,fresh,hardenedanddurabilityproperties

1. INTRODUCTION

Now a day’s, sustainable infrastructural growth demands the alternative material that should satisfy technical requisites of fine aggregate as well as it should be available abundantly. The promotional use of manufactured sand (M Sand), which is purpose made fine aggregate produced by crushing and screening, will conserve the natural resources for the sustainable development of the concrete in construction industry. By using appropriate impact crushing technology, it is possible to produce cubical particle shapes with uniform grading, consistently under controlled conditions [Bhikshma, 2012]1. Manufactured sands contain high fines content [Jawahar and Mounika, 2016]2 and [Anuradha et. al., 2012]3. Generally, the finesarecomposedof rock dustratherthanthesiltsandclays inthecaseofnatural sands.Duetothepresence ofhighfines content, the M sand has a significant influence on the water demand and the workability of the mortar and [Sujata T., et. al., 2012]4and[Davidovits,1999]5

Fineandcoarseaggregateconstituteabout75% oftotal ofvolume. The mostcommonlyusedfineaggregateisnatural river sand.Nowadaysdemandforriversandisincreasingduetoitslesseravailability.Sandquarryinghasresultedinscarcityand poses environmental problem such as loosing water retaining sand strata, deepening of the river courses and causing bank slides,lossofvegetationonthebankofrivers,disturbstheaquaticlifeaswellasaffectsagriculture.Sothereisanimmediate need to control the sand quarrying and provide a sustainable development of river sand. Properties of aggregate affect the durabilityandperformance ofconcrete,sofineaggregateisessential componentofconcrete.Manufacturedsandinconcrete notonlyactasreplacementforconcretebutalsoleadstothedevelopmentofeco friendlyconstructionaswellasreductionin cost of construction. Manufactured sand offers a viable alternative to natural sand and it is purposely made fine aggregate produced by crushing and screening or further processing [Lokeshwaran and Natrajan, 2015]6. One possible source of constructionaggregateissandthathasbeenmanufacturedfromthesurplusmaterial(crusherdust)thatresultswhencoarse aggregate is produced in hard rock quarries. Coarse aggregate production typically yields 25 % to 45 % crusher dust dependingonparentrock,crushingequipmentandcrushingconditions[Kayaet.al,2009]7

General requirements of manufactured sand are: a. all the particles should have higher crushing strength. b. the surface texture of the particles should be smooth. c. the edges of the particles should be grounded. d. the ratio of fines below 600 micronsinsandshouldnotbelessthan30%.e.thereshouldnotbeanyimpurities.f.siltinsandshouldnotbemorethan2% for crushed sand. G. in manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below 75 microns shall not exceed 15 %. [Shyam Prakash, 2007]8 concluded that manufactured sand satisfies the requirements of fine aggregate such as strength, gradation and shape angularity. It is possible to produce manufactured sand falling into the desired grade. Mechanical properties of manufactured sand depend upon the source of its parent rock material. Hence the selection of quarry is very important to quality fine aggregate. [Saravanan and Jagdeesh, 2016]9 concluded manufactured sand qualifies and proved the physical properties as per Indian standards and specifications and cost of manufactured sand is cheaper than the natural sand.

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[Vijyaraghvan and Wayal, 2013]10 found concrete with manufactured sand shows higher compressive strength when comparedtoconcretewithnaturalriversand.[SureshbabuandThomas,2013]11observedbondstrengthofconcretewithM sandismoreandhencedevelopmentlengthofre barcanbereduced,leadingtoeconomyinconstruction.

ManufacturedsandisutilizedinmanynationssuchasNorway,SouthAfrica,IndiaandAustralia.InUSAlimestoneandgranite record for 86% of the rock used to produce manufactured sand, while the rest are from basalt, dolomite, sandstone and quartzite [Ahn and Fowler, 2001]12. The scarcity of river sand is forcing the builders to look for an alternative material and manyhavestartedusingmanufacturedsandasasubstituteforconstructionactivity.Withtheriversandsupplydroppingby over 80%, the necessity for the use of manufactured sand is increasing. This M sand has been well defined in IS 383 1970 clause2[IS:3831970,Reaffirmed:2002]13.

2. MANUFACTURED SAND CONCRETE WITHOUT MINERAL ADMIXTURES

Fresh properties

[Reddy et. al., 2015]14 carried out study to investigate workability of concrete using manufactured sand for partial replacement of natural sand for grade M20 and M30. Replacement percentage were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. It was foundthatconcretecontaining60%manufacturedsand reducesworkability. [Mane et.al.,2017]15 conducted experimental studytoinvestigatetheeffectofpercentagereplacementofmanufacturedsandbynaturalsandas0%,20%,40%,60%,80% and100%respectivelyonworkabilityofconcrete. M30gradeofconcretewithW/Cratio0.45wereusedforinvestigation.It was observed that incorporation of manufactured sand to any replacement percentage reduces workability due to angular shapeandroughsurfacetexturesofmanufacturedsandparticles.[SaravananandJagdeesh,2016]9investigatedpropertiesof concrete using manufactured sand by replacement of natural sand for grade M40 and M50. Replacement percentage for manufactured sand were 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% and 100%. High range water reducing admixtures CERAPLAST 300 RS (G) were used to improve workability of concrete. It was found that incorporation of manufactured sand in concrete for replacement of natural sand reduces water absorption, water binder ratio. [U. Dilek, 2015]16 carried out study to investigate the effects of particle angularity, particle size, and fine particle content of manufactured sand with a wide range of particle angularities and fines contents on water demand of mortar and concrete. Resultindicatedthat particleangularity and finenessof thesandgradationas quantifiedby fineness modulus influenced the water demand of mortars. Testing performed on a paired comparison basis on individual sizes with substantially different angularities indicated that, as the particle size decreased, the exponential increase in surface area overshadowed any difference caused by particle angularity between particles of comparable size. Author developed a statistically based water demandmodel forconventionalstrengthconcrete.The regression basedmodel enabledtheevaluationofthecontributionof eachattributeandtherelativeimportanceandstatisticalsignificanceofeachcontribution.Particleangularitywasfoundtobe the dominant contributor to water demand with the secondary contribution from fineness of the overall sand gradation, as quantified by the fineness modulus and quantity of very fine particles. The influence of these factors was statistically significant. Effects caused by well graded particle distributions were not found to be significant, contrary to initial expectations.

Hardened Properties

[Reddy et. al., 2015]14 carried out study to investigate strength properties of concrete using manufactured sand for partial replacement of natural sand for grade M20 and M30. Replacement percentage were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. Study revealsthatthereisanincreaseincompressive,splittensileandflexuralstrengthofabout20%at60%replacementofnatural sand by manufactured sand for both grades. [Mane et. al., 2017]15 conducted experimental study to investigate the effect of percentage replacement of manufactured sand by natural sand as 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% respectively on compressive strength and shear strength properties of concrete. M30 grade of concrete with W/C ratio 0.45 were used for investigation. It was observed that compressive strength and shear strength continues to increase up to 60 % replacement after that compressive strength and shear strength starts decreasing. [Radhakrishna and Kumar, 2018]17 investigated flow and strength characteristics of 1:3 and 1:4 cement mortar using manufactured sand. Replacement percentage for manufactured sand were 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. Flow test of mortar, compressive strength of mortar cube and modulusofelasticityofmortarprismsweretestedinthelaboratory. Compressivestrengthweretestedattheageof7,14, 28, 56daysofcuring.Resultindicatedthatcompressivestrengthandmodulusofelasticityofmanufacturedsandmortarincreases

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ascomparedtoconventionalmortar.[Corteset.al.,2008]18conductedresearchprogramtoidentifyshape relateddifferences of round natural sand and angular manufactured sand on the mechanical performance of mortars. Author used two natural and two manufactured sands with different water cement ratios and fine aggregate to cement ratios to test flow ability, stiffness and strength for the same standard gradation. Study revealed that adequate compressive strength were attained whenthevolumeofpasteexceededthevolumeofvoidsinthelooselypackedaggregate.

Durability properties

[Reddyet.al.,2015]14carriedoutstudytoinvestigatedurabilityofconcreteusingmanufacturedsandforpartialreplacement of natural sand for grade M20 and M30. Replacement percentage were 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. It was found that concrete containing 60 % manufactured sand offer good durable properties. [Saravanan and Jagdeesh, 2016]9 investigated durability properties of concrete using manufactured sand by replacement of natural sand for grade M40 and M50. Replacementpercentageformanufacturedsandwere0%,10%,20%,30%,40%,50%,60%,70%,80%,90%and100%.High rangewaterreducingadmixturesCERAPLAST300RS(G)wereusedtoimproveworkabilityanddurabilityofconcrete.Itwas found that incorporation of manufactured sand in concrete for replacement of natural sand reduces chloride iron permeability, loss of weight due to acid and alkaline attack, increases acid resistance, alkaline resistance, impact resistance, and abrasion resistance than the conventional sand concrete. Optimum percentage for durability was found at 70 % and at 100% replacement manufactured sand concrete shows better durability than conventional concrete. [Cortes et. al., 2008]18 conducted research program to identify shape related differences of round natural sand and angular manufactured sand on the mechanical performance of mortars. Author used two natural and two manufactured sands with different water cement ratios and fine aggregate to cement ratios to test flow ability, stiffness and strength for the same standard gradation. Study revealedthatadequateflowattainedwhenthevolumeofpasteexceededthevolumeofvoidsinthelooselypackedaggregate.

3. MANUFACTURED SAND CONCRETE WITH MINERAL ADMIXTURES

Theoveruselevelofcementandnaturalsandforcivilindustryhasseveralundesirablesocialandecologicalconsequences.As an answer for this, industrial wastes called by products like fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume and metakaolin can be used to interchange partially cement and natural fine aggregate by manufacturing sand. So this will solve two problems simultaneously,viz.thebulkutilizationofpozzolanicmaterialsandsavingthenaturalquarriesofsand[Maneet.al.,2021]19.

Fresh properties

[Subramaniana, and Solaiyan, 2020]20 investigated effect of GGBS and M sand impact on workability properties of G 30 fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Natural sand replaced by manufactured sand in varying percentages like 0%, 25%, 50%, 100% and GGBS by 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% of the total binder of fly ash. Study reveals that workability decreases with higher GGBS & M sand content. [Dammika et. al., 2021]21 investigated the fresh properties of high strength concrete using three differenttypesofrocks,namelygranophyre,basalt,andgraniteforreplacementofnaturalfineaggregate.Itwasobservedthat 40 % replacement of natural sand decreases slump and bleeding of concrete. Decrease in slump and bleeding was approximately15%and50%respectively.

Hardened properties

[Muralikrishnanet.al.,2018]22 conductedexperimentalprogramtoinvestigatecharacteristicsofhighperformanceconcrete M60gradewithpartialreplacementofcementbyGGBSandfineaggregatebymanufacturedsand.Replacementpercentagefor GGBSandmanufacturedsandwere0%,5%,10%,15%and0%,25%,50%,75%respectively.Thedosageofsuperplasticizer usedinthestudywere 0%, 1%and 1.3% by weight ofcement. Studyrevealsthatincorporation of 50% manufacturedsand increases flexural strength as compared to normal concrete. [Sudha et. al., 2016]23 used 100 % manufactured sand for replacementofnaturalsandand0%,10%,20%,30%,40%bagasseashforreplacementofcementinhighstrengthconcreteof M60grade.M sandhasbeenfullyreplacedbyvolumeoffineaggregate.EffectofM sandonmechanicalpropertiesofconcrete with and without partial replacement of bagasse ash were studied. Study reveals that M sand with 20% to 30% bagasse ash can be used effectively for high strength concrete of M 60 grade. [Hidayawanti et. al., 2020]24 conducted experimental program to investigate compressive strength and water absorption content of concrete with partial replacement of natural sandbymanufacturedsandandcoarseaggregatebywastemarble.Replacementpercentageformanufacturedsandandwaste

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marblewere40%and0%,25%,50%,75%and100%respectively.Optimumpercentageforcompressivestrengthwasfound at 40% manufactured sand and 50% waste marble whereas the optimum percentage for water absorption obtained at 40% manufactured sand with 0% waste marble. [Dammika et. al., 2021]21 investigated the hardened properties of high strength concreteusingthreedifferenttypesofrocks,namelygranophyre,basalt,andgraniteforreplacementofnaturalfineaggregate. It was observed that 40 % replacement of natural sand decreases marginally tensile strength of concrete. Decrease in the compressive strength and drying shrinkage was 50 MPa at 28 days of curing, 520 micro strains at 56 days of curing respectively.[Liet.al,2009]25investigatedtheeffectoflimestonefinescontentinmanufacturedsandonabrasionresistance ofconcretes.Highestabrasionresistancefoundat7%to10%limestonecontent. [Liet.al.,2011]26investigatedinfluenceof manufactured sand characteristics, such as rock micro fines (particles smaller than 75μm) content, surface roughness, crushing value and rock types of manufactured sand particles, on the strength and abrasion resistance of pavement cement concrete. Study reveals that increment of limestone micro fines in manufactured sand from 4.3% to 20% increases the compressive and flexural strengths and improves the abrasion resistance of the manufactured sand pavement cement concrete.TheMS PCChashighercompressiveandflexuralstrengthswhenthesurfaceroughnessofthesandparticlesislarger and the crushing value is lower. The abrasion resistance of MS PCC is improved with the increment of surface roughness, decrementofcrushingvalueandLosAngelesabrasionvalueofsandparticles,whileithasnotevidentrelationwiththesilicon contentofsand.[MagudeaswaranandEswaramoorthi,2016]27investigatedstrengthpropertiesofhighperformanceconcrete withsilicafumeby100%replacementofnaturalsandwithmanufacturedsand.Studyrevealsthatcompressivestrength,split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity increased with increase in silica fume in the concrete mix up to 10% replacement. Optimum percentage for silica fume found to be 10 %. Maximum increase in compressive strength, split tensilestrengthandflexuralstrengthwith10%silicafumewerefound32%,30%and22%ascomparedtocontrolconcrete. ThemodulusofelasticityofHPCmixesincreasedwiththeadditionofM Sand.Thehighestmodulusofelasticityfoundat10% silicafumewith100%M Sand,whichis17%morethanthecontrolconcrete.

Durability properties

[Mane et. al., 2021]19 conducted experimental program to investigate the durability properties of concrete produced by replacing natural sand by manufactured sand in varying percentages like 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% 70%, 80%, 90%100%and20%cementreplacingwithpozzolanicmaterials.M30concretegradewaspreparedwithw/cratio0.45.Study revealsthat60%replacementofnaturalfineaggregatebymanufacturedsandand20%replacementofcementbysilicafume yields minimum water absorption, sorptivity, chloride permeability and denser microstructure than conventional concrete. [Subramaniana, and Solaiyan, 2020]20 investigated effect of GGBS and M sand impact on strength properties of G 30 fly ash based geopolymer concrete. Natural sand replaced by manufactured sand in varying percentages like 0%, 25%, 50%, 100% andGGBSby0%,10%,20%,30%ofthetotal binderof flyash.StudyrevealsthatstrengthincreaseswithhigherGGBS&M sand content. Maximum increase in compressive, split tensile & flexural strengths were found about 44%, 44% & 19% respectively.Itwasobservedthatoptimumpercentagereplacementof20% ofGGBS&50%ofM sandhasbeenyieldedG30 grade geopolymer concrete easily. Author achieved better strength by full replacement of natural sand with M sand. [Dammika et. al., 2021]21 investigated properties of high strength concrete using three different types of rocks, namely granophyre, basalt, and granite for replacement of natural fine aggregate. The lowest void contents of the combined fine aggregates were found at 40% to 60% replacement. [Li et. al, 2009]25 investigated the effect of limestone fines content in manufactured sand on chloride ion permeability and freeze thaw resistance of low and high strength concrete. Author also tested sulfate attack of mortars. Results indicated that limestone fines from 0% to 20% improves resistance to chloride ion penetrationanddecreaseresistancetofreezingforlowstrengthconcrete.Whereaslimestonefinesfrom0%to15%haveno influence on chloride ion penetration and freezing for high strength concrete. Further it was found that sulfate resistance increases with the increase in limestone percentage. Author concluded that the durable concretes can be made from manufacturedsandwithatleast10%limestonefines.

4. CONCLUSION

On the basis of study reviewed here it can be concluded that incorporation of manufactured sand in concrete for partial replacementofnaturalsandenhancespropertiesofconcretewhetheritisfresh,hardenedordurabilityproperties. Utilisation of manufactured sand not only reduced environmental pollution but also results in reduced construction cost, possibility of achievinggreenconstruction,suitableapplicationofwastesratherthandumping,optimumuseofconventionalmaterialetc.

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Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page2085

Impact

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