Time, Cost, and Quality Trade-off Analysis in Construction Projects

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Time, Cost, and Quality Trade-off Analysis in Construction Projects

Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Indira Gandhi Institute of Polytechnic and Engineering, Kerala, India ***

Abstract In a building project, the three most critical objectives are time, cost, and quality. It's crucial to strike a balance between these limits. Quality is a qualitative parameter, whereas time and cost are quantitative parameters. The TCQT model isexaminedinthisstudyinorder to develop a Time Cost Quality Trade off. The assumptionsand conditions are based on a study of the industry. SPSS software is used to extensively analyse the survey data. Finally, this project includes a case study of a buildingconstructionproject that is scheduled using Primavera.

Key Words: TCQT,Construction,Trade off,SPSS

1. INTRODUCTION

Theprimarygoalofconstructionistoaccomplishtheproject on time, on budget, and according to the scope of work. Thesecharacteristicsofeachactivityinstilconfidenceinthe likelihoodoftheactivity'sworkbeingdone.Itisnecessaryto deviseamethodfordetermininganidealornearlyoptimum setofexecutionselectionsfortheproject'sactivitiesinorder toreducetheproject'stotalworthandtotalquantitywhile maximisingitsoverallquality.

Accordingtothecharacteristicsoftheoptimizationproblem, aneffectiveapproachbasedonthemodifiedparticleswarm optimization algorithm and critical path method (CPM) is employedtoprovidetheoptimaldecisionresult.Finally,a case study on extensive repair of an instrument control systemforahotblastburnerispresentedtodemonstrate the model's viability and applicability. When it comes to projecttimetableswhereresourcesplayabigrole,however, CPM has a lot of limitations. Apart from when we concentrate on another important component, such as Quality,itdoesnotmeetallofourcriteria.

A construction project must deal with a variety of constraints, including time, financial, and scope limits. Dependenciesandlimitationsarebothcriticalcomponents ofeveryproject.Projectsarefundamentallyacollectionof interconnectedtaskswithapriorityorderandrelationship to one another, resulting in dependencies. Constraints, on the other hand, occur when a project has a set of requirements,adeadlineforcompletion,andotherfeatures that limit how you can approach the project. Simply expressed,aprojectconstraintisanythingthatpreventsor limits your implementation techniques. All of these constraintswillhaveanimpactontheproject'squality.

Inabuildingconstructionproject,therearethreesignificant butopposingobjectives:time,quality,andcost.Becausethey areseparateparameters,optimisingthemisadifficulttask forprojectmanagers.

Becauseofthelinearrelationshipbetweenthesetwopoints, anyintermediatedurationmightbechosen.It'slikelythat some position in the middle represents the perfect or optimaltime costtrade offforthisjob.Thecostslopeofan activityistheslopeofthelineconnectingthenormalpoint (lowerpoint)andthecrashpoint(higherpoint).Byknowing thecoordinatesofthenormalandcrashlocations,theslope ofthislinemaybecomputednumerically.

1.1 Project Time Cost Relationship:

ProjectTime CostThetotalprojectexpensescompriseboth direct and indirect costs associated with completing the project's activities. Materials, labour, equipment, and subcontractors are all included in the project's direct expenses.Indirectcosts,ontheotherhand,arethecostsof doingworkthatarenotdirectlytiedtoacertainactivityor, insomesituations,aspecificproject.

1.2 THE PROJECT'S SCOPE

Identifying and evaluating the different elements thatinfluencethetime,cost,andqualitytrade offin constructionprojects.

Recognizethelimitationsofcurrentortraditional approaches and introduce new industry developments.

Developamethodologyforuseinbuildingprojects andconductacasestudytoverifytheoutcomes.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

To discover common and relevant elements that affect constructionprojecttime,cost,andquality.

A questionnaire survey of consultants, contractors, and engineerswillbeconducted.

To create statistical models using a variety of analysis methodologiesandindustry standardsoftware.

To ensure that the outputs of the statistical models are accurate.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

2. Methodology

Time costtrade offanalysis,ingeneral,incorporatesfaster activitydurationsgainedbyassigningadditionalresources, which result in a shorter project duration and reduced indirectcostattheexpenseofahigherdirectcost.However, therearenomeasurementstodeterminewhetherithasan impactonquality.Itmaybeeffectiveforshuttingdowntasks such as projects. However, additional caution should be exercisedinundertakingsinvolvingconstruction.Asaresult, theprojectislookingatthetrade offbetweentime,cost,and quality.Thefollowingisthemethodologyused:

Literature survey: Athoroughreviewoftheliteratureon this topic is undertaken through numerous journals. The project'snatureisinfluencedbyaliteratureevaluationthat aidsinidentifyingthemajortactics.Aliteraturereviewwas undertakenusingjournals,textbooks,andconferencepapers assources.Blogsetc.

Questionnairepreparation: Prepareaquestionnairewith questions about fast track construction and delay management. Technology selection and resource management

Identification of the company: Determine which constructionprojectsareappropriatefordatacollectionand questionnaire surveys. The majority of people prefer Kerala'son goingfast trackprojects.

Questionnaire survey: A questionnaire survey that comprisesthemostpertinentdatacollectionquestions.The strategy related questions are also included in the survey questionnaire.

Datacollection: Dataisgatheredbyaquestionnairesurvey, a field visit, and data from other sources, which is then sorted.

2.1 SPSS software was used to check for reliability.

SPSSisacommonlyusedstatisticalanalysisapplicationin the social sciences. Marketers, health researchers, survey firms, government and education researchers, marketing groups, data miners, and others use it. The original SPSS Manual (Nie, Bent, & Hull, 1970) was hailed as one of "sociology's most influential texts" for enabling ordinary researchers to conduct their own statistical analysis. The base Software includes statistical analysis, data administration (case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data), and data documentation in addition to statistical analysis.The data was examined using the RRI (Relative Rank Index) method. The RRI Technique is developedfromLikerscales,whichmeasurethedegreeof significanceofvariableschosenbyparticipantsandmustbe turnedintoaRelativeRankIndexwithavalueofoneorless, andisusedtocomparetheimportantlevelsofvariables.The followingequationcanbeusedtocomputetheRRI:

Where,

RRI=1(������������=1)

RRI stands for Relative Rank Index, and n stands for the maximumLikertscalescore(here5)

N=totalnumberofanswers,i=1,2,n

Likert scale (Li) (The least important is l1, and the most significantisin)

ThefrequencyoftheIthresponseisdenotedbyxi.

Chart -1:Graphshowingriskinpriorityorder

The volume, cost, and quality of a project's activities determineitsoverallperformanceintermsoftime,cost,and quality. These characteristics of every activity create confidence in the likelihood of the activity's work being completed. It is necessary to build a strategy capable of identifying an optimal or nearly optimal set of execution selectionsfortheproject'sactivitiesinordertoreducethe project'stotalworthandtotalquantitywhilemaximisingits overall quality. As a result, a Time Cost Quality Tradeoff (TCQT)modelisrequired.

2.2 Utilizing the TCQ model

We'vealreadyexaminedtheaspectsoftheTCQTmodelsto useineacharea,suchasprojectduration,projectbudget,and qualityrequirements.Wemaynowmoveontotheanalytical model'stimecosttrade.

2.3 Activity Time Cost Relationship

Cost slope = (crash cost normal cost) / (normal duration crash duration)

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

based on skills (known as ROLES), such as all procedures completedanddeviationsfound.

2.5 Baseline for projects

Fig 1:ActivityTime CostRelationship

2.3 Analysis of Time Cost Trade off observations

Because we're using the Critical Path Method to solve the problem,wecancharacterizeitasfollows: 

It'simpossibletopredicthowlonganactivitywill taketocomplete. 

InCPM,thecriticalpathisn'talwaysobvious. 

CPMnetworkscanbechallengingforlargerprojects.

InthecaseofCostAnalysis,wecanseethatthesamecostof thenetworksiscompletedatvarioustimesinthehighlighted columns. It emphasises that the traditional critical path methodmaynotbeappropriateforthistypeofstudy.Inthis case,wecanapplyCCPMtoreducecyclingtimeandimprove costanalysisefficiency.

2.4 Oracle primavera case study analysis

PrimaveraP6EPPMfromOracleisacloud based,software as a servicesolutionbackedbya global network ofOracle Project Portfolio Management experts and the security, scalability,performance,andsupportofoneoftheworld's largest cloud suppliers. It's a web based solution for managingprojectsofanysizethatadaptstovariouslevelsof complexityacrossprojectsandautomaticallyscalestomeet the needs of all roles, functions, and skill levels in your businessandonyourprojectteam.

Amulti storybuildingprojectisthesubjectofthecasestudy. Oracle Primavera is used to create the schedule, which dividestheprojectintoWorkBreakdownStructures(WBS) andactivitieswithdurations.AsaPredecessorDiagramming method,activityrelationsareoffered(PDM).Activitieswith direct and indirect costs are assigned resources. The CPM approachisusedforscheduling.Weareincorporatingour topic Time Cost into the same schedule. Trade off analysis andkeepaneyeontheresults.Intermsoftimeandmoney, thecostofmakingmodificationsfromtheestablishedscope (i.e.,Quality)iscalculated.Allresourceanalysisandresource levelling techniques were applied to the new CCPM based schedule.Asweallknow,theCPMSchedulehasconstraints when it comes to managing resources and sharing them

A baseline is a clearly defined beginning point for your projectplaninprojectmanagement.It'saconstantagainst which you may assess and compare the progress of your project.Thisenablesyoutoevaluatetheeffectivenessofyour project's adjustments, length changes, and cost changes, among other things. As a result, Baseline will aid in the graphic tracking of activity, while tabular changes such as date,duration,andcostwillbepresentedintableform.

We'veestablishedabaselineforourscheduleandattachedit toit.Afterthat,wemayputourmodificationsinplace,such as avoiding simultaneous activities. We can keep track of whereweareintheprocessofimplementingCCPMonthe CPMtimeline.

Fig 2:Relationshipb/wactivitydurationandbaseline

As a result, Baseline will aid in the graphic tracking of activity,while tabularchangessuch asdate,duration,and costwillbepresentedintableform.

Table 1: Comparisonb/wCPMBaseProject&CCPMNew Project

CPMBASEPROJECT NEWCCPMPROJECT

The project lasted 426 daysintotal.

The project will begin on March1,2022,andendon October17,2023.

LaborCostsBudgeted:Rs. 8,503,800.0/

Indirect Costs Budgeted: Rs. 94,500/ (Rs. 100/ peractivityperday)

Total Budgeted Cost: Rs. 8,598,300/

Theprojectlasted396days intotal.

Start and end dates for the project are March 1, 2022, andSeptember5,2023.

Labor Costs Budgeted: Rs. 8,503,800.0/

IndirectCostsBudgeted:Rs. 94,500/ (Rs. 100/ per activityperday)

Total Budgeted Cost: Rs. 8,598,300/

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

We can cut the entire period by 30 days and get ahead of schedule by using CCPM. It never entails a reduction in activitytimeorcost.

2.6 Crashing

Wecannowapplythecrashingtoanewproject,namelythe CCPM project, and calculate the modifications. The CCPM projectwasdesignatedasthebaseline.



Crashingreducesthetimeofactivitiesandprojects dramatically.



Costchangeswillbetrackedaswell.

Createaschedulebaselineandtieittotheschedule.Onthe CCPM timetable, we can see where we are in terms of applyingcrashandcosttrade off.

Fig 5:TabularreportfromPrimavera

3. CONCLUSION

Fig 3:TimeCostTrade OffwithCrashingSchedule

ThemaingoalofTCQTistoachieveabalancebetweenthe competinggoalsoftime,cost,andquality.Thatisdependent ontheorganization'sattitudetowardtheproject'snature. Themaingoalofsuchmodelsistodetermineanoptimalor near optimal set of execution options for a project's activitiesinordertoreducethetotalcost,length,andquality oftheproject.Thegeneratedmodelswereappliedtocase studies presented in the literature to validate and verify their usefulness. The generated models produced satisfactory results when compared to those found in the literature. Theapproachdescribedhereisnotconfined to constructionprojectplanningissues. Itcouldbebeneficial for a variety of problems involving the comparison of unknown outcomes. It can also be used. For example, inventorymodels,investmentprojectappraisal,production processcontrol,andavarietyofotherindustries.

REFERENCES

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Fig 4:GraphicalRepresentation

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

[4] Liu, D., Li, H., Wang, H., Qi, C. and Rose, T. (2020). Discretesymbioticorganismssearchmethodforsolving large scaletime costtrade offprobleminconstruction scheduling. Expert Systems with Applications, 148, p.113230.doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2020.113230.

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