AIR POLLUTION IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT IN KOZHIKODE CITY

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

AIR POLLUTION IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT IN KOZHIKODE CITY

Sinam Shirin1, Harsha P2

1M. tech Environmental Engineering Student, KMCT CEW, Kerala, India

2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, KMCT CEW, Kerala, India ***

Abstract The strong demographic explosion, the production of waste from urban areas, the automobile and industries largely exploded and resulted in the increase in air pollution. The man made activities are the leading root for the damage of air quality and are the donors of anthropogenic oxides. This project studies to a greater extent, on the exit of dangerous air problems in the city of Kozhikode. This thesis with the help of Pollution Control Board (PCB) also includes the various evolution of air in Kozhikode city in the past and in the current scenario. It also comprises of an air quality assessment based on the covid19 lockdown scenario as well as arranging the data based on daily activities.

Key Words: Pollution, Air Pollutants, Air Quality Index, Vehicular Emission, Pandemic

1. INTRODUCTION

Air pollution can be explained as the presence of excess amount of chemicals, oxides, particulate matter, or other harmful materials in the wide range of atmospheres that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms and may even harm the natural environment Pollutantsaremainlyclassifiedintoprimaryandsecondary. Andagain,airpollutioncanbeclassifiedintoanthropogenic and non anthropogenic origin. World Health Organization (WHO)has a proper definition for the air pollution, “Substancesthatputintoairbytheinterestofmankindinto concentration sufficient to cause very harmful effect to human health, vegetables, properties or interfere with enjoymentofhumanproperty”.

Airqualityandpollutionisoneofthegreatestthreatstothe planet, fueled primarily by the rapid population growth, continuoushikeinenergyconsumption,deforestation,and increasesinthevehicledensity,especiallyintheurbancities. ThewaveoflockdownsinIndia,especiallyinmajorcities, following the covid19 pandemic has forced the people to stayattheirownhomes Alltransportservicessuchasroads, railwaysandairtransportweredisruptedtorunandwere not allowed to operate with an anomaly of essential and emergencysystems Thus,promotingtoadecreaseintraffic, industrialactivitiesandotherpollutiontransmittingworks. Thus,ultimatelytothedeclineintheairpollutionforasmall amount.

1.1 Scope

An air pollutant is mainly in the characteristics of a solid (largeorsmallmolecules),liquidorgas.AirPollutionmaybe setupfromanaturaloranthropogenicsourceorfromboth origins. Air pollution causes health issue to living beings, damage of materials and ecosystems, and poor visibility Climate impact or change is characterized by the lengthy alteration of the weather and the temperature in the atmosphere. The biomass and fossil fuels that cause air qualitydeteriorationcanalsohaveaffectedthewarmingof theearth’satmospheremainlybythereleaseofgreenhouse gases (GHGs). This evaluation is almost based on the air pollutantsthateffectenvironmentinthewiderange

Thisresearchinterestcomeupwithincreasingtheassessof response to air pollution in our country to address this universalproblemresponsibly.Pressuregroupscanusethis researchactivitydatatoenforcecertainenvironmentaland industrial agendas on politicians and political campaigns. Placeswithsoaringlevelsofairqualitydamageshouldget entangledinairpollutionresearchtoprovidehealthpolicy founders withbaselinedata forfutureaction.Thisproject thereforemakesitpossibletocollect,thentoassembleand issuetechnicalandstatisticaldatarelatingtoairpollution. And mainly to provide technical assistance, support and advicetothePollutionControlBoard(PCB)Committee.This projectworkthussuggestspossiblepreventionandcontrol programandabatementofairpollution.Thiscanhelpmany countries motivate academics and researchers to create researchvenuestomonitortheairqualityandlevelatthe nationallevelofairpollutionandcanbeseenastepforward thatmustbetakenbyallcountriesforanadequateclimate andstandardofliving.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Air Pollutants

Theairborneemittedfromcountlessfactoriesorindustries andarea causeofmajorconcern.These discharges are of threevitalforms,theyaresolidparticles,liquidandgaseous emissions. Thus, air pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. They can be natural or manmade. Major air pollutants discussed are particulate matter, oxides of nitrogen, oxides of Sulphur, carbon monoxide,ammoniaandgroundlevelozone.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Table 1: AirPollutants

PARAMETER ORIGIN HEALTH CONSEQUENCES

Particulate matter Industries, vehicles Eye irritation, Cancer, cardiovasculardamage

NOx Vehicular emission Respiratoryreactions

SO2 Petrol and coalfactory Respiratoryreactions

Oxides of carbon Vehicular emission Heartimpairment

Ammonia Agriculture, sewage Skindistress

Ozone vehicle lung damage, eye and throatirritation

2.2 Study Area

TherapiddevelopmentintheurbanKeralahasresultedina tremendousincreaseinthenumberofindustriesandmotor vehicles. Vehicles are the main root of urban air quality damage and are increasingly main contributors of anthropogenic oxides. Industries also contribute significantly to environmental pollution. The city of Kozhikodeistheselectedarea

Table -2:

StudyArea

District Site

Kozhikode Palayambusstand

Kozhikode Children’sHospital

Kozhikode Nallalam

2.3 Methodology

The main parameters accumulated for the air quality analysis from Pollution Control Board (PCB) are are particulate 10 (PM10), particulate 2.5 (PM2.5), SO2, NOX, NH3,COX andozone Theareachosenforthethesisincludes KozhikodePalayamBusStand,KottamChildren'sHospital andNallalam Plotdifferentgraphsanddiagrams

DatacollectionisexecutedonparametersPM2.5,PM10,SO2, NOX, COX, O3, NH3 from PCB Kozhikode during February 2022.TheinitialvisittothePCBbefellinDecember2021 Dataoftheyears2019,2020and2021arecollected.

Data collection and analyses were based on covid 19 lockdown scenario. Data is grouped into pre lockdown, lockdown and post lock down sets. Again, the data scrutinizedbasedonadiurnalbasis Theoverallanalysisis

mainlybasedonvehicledensityassumingvehicledensityis muchlargeandindustrialactivities.

Pre lockdown data 2019 will be clustered with respect to seasonstoseeimpactofseasonsonair.Theabovedata is furtherclusteredwithrespecttotimeoftheday(8am,4pm, 12am) to see the impact of vehicle density and industrial activities The same will be verified for containment and post containmentin2020and2021respectively Graphsof each parameter is made separately under each cluster heading

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Table 3: AirQualityStandardsfromCPCBsite

NATIONALAMBIENTAIRQUALITYSTANDARDS

PARA METE R

UNIT

PERMISSIBLEVALUE RESIDENTIAL AND INDUSTRIAL AREA

ECOLOGICALLY SENSISTIVEAREA

Annual 24hrs Annual 24hrs

PM2.5 µg/m3 40 60 40 60

PM10 µg/m3 60 100 60 100

SO2 µg/m3 50 80 20 80

NOX µg/m3 40 80 30 80

COX µg/m3 2 4 2 4

O3 µg/m3 100 180 100 180

NH3 µg/m3 100 400 100 400

3.

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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

4. CONCLUSION

Air pollution is a major threat in urban areas and should manage with almost as much care. From the study, Kozhikode city shown mixed results. PM10 emissions gradually decreased during lockdown and gradually increasedwithanormallifestyle.Summerseasonhadshown greater emission whencompared tootherseasons.PM2.5 showsthatthesummerseasonhadahigheremission Fewer problems during the lockdown period compared to the previousyear SO2andNOxemissionsalsodecreasedduring thelockdown.Thus,concludedthatvehiclesandindustries haveagreathandoncleanandfreshair. 

Encouragetheuseofelectricandecologicalvehicles 

Industries should reduce their reliance on coal power 

Switchtorenewablesourceofenergy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to give gratitude to Pollution Control Board(PCB),Kozhikodeforprovidingdata.

REFERENCES

[1] AyushTripathi(2021)AirpollutioninfourIndian citiesduringtheCovid 19pandemicinternational journalofenvironmentalstudiesvolume78

[2] ElisavetStavropoulou, IoannisManisalidis(2020) EnvironmentalandHealthImpactsofAirPollution: Anenvironmentandhealthreview

[3] Md Shahjada Alam, Dr. Arif Khan (2020) The ImpactStudyofVehicularPollutiononEnvironment IJSART Volume6Issue12

[4] Zirui Wang,Huixin Zhou,Yang Si, andYahui Li (2020) Role of Traffic Emission on temporal and spatialcharacteristicsofpollutantconcentrationon the urban road network: a case from the Beijing JournalofAdvancedTransportation

[5] LuLiang,PengGong(2020)Urbanandairpollution: a multi city study of long term effects of urban landscapepatternsonairqualitytrends Scientific Reports

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal