Underground Cable Fault Detection Using Arduino

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Underground Cable Fault Detection Using Arduino

1 2 3

Department Of Electrical Engineering Sandip University, Nashik, India ***

Abstract - The Main objective of this project is to discover the faults And abnormalities occurring in undergroundcables mistreatment Arduino. within the urban areas, the electrical cables run in undergrounds rather than overload lines. The projected system finds the precise location of fault. this technique uses an Arduino microcontroller kit anda corrected power supply. Here the present sensing circuits made with a mix of resistors are interfaced to Arduino microcontroller kit to assist of the inner ADC device for providing digital information to the microcontroller representing the cable in kilometers. The fault creation is created by the set of switches. The relays are controlled by the relay driver. A LCD display connected to the microcontroller to display the information. This project is organized with a collection of resistors that represents the length of cable. At each renowned km fault switches are placed to induce faults manually. Finally, the fault distance may be determined

Key Words: Arduino Board, Ohms Law, LCD (Liquid Cristal Display), cable Fault, ADC (Analogue to digital converter), Digital Data.

1. INTRODUCTION

The Purpose of this project is to see the space from the bottom station’s underground cable fault in kilometer. duringthisprojectwehaveatendencytousedaneasyidea of ohm’s law. once fault happens within the system the distancesetonliquidshow(LCD).tillthelastdecade,Cables were designed to be placed above the pinnacle and, at present, there's no underground cable that's beyond the previous method. Antagonistic climate conditions, for example,storms,snow,significantrainsandcontamination doesn'timpactonundergroundlineshoweverwhenablame happensinundergroundlinesit'soneroustofindtheblame inundergroundlink.we'llfindtheprecisespaceoftheblame incomputerizedstructure.Atthattime,it'stroublesometo digoutcablethankstonotknowingthepreciselocationof thecablefault.

2. RELATED WORK

TasksmovedinArduinoUNOpackperceiveissuesfromthe undergroundconnections.Rightwhenafaultoccursinthe underground connections, we can find faults through Arduino controller pack. When a fault occur in the underground cables, we can find out the faults through Arduinocontrollerkit.LCDdisplaywhichdisplaythefaults inkilometer.Inthisprojectwecreatedfaultmanually.Cable

hasmanytypes.Everycablehasdifferentresistancewhich depends upon the material used. Every connection has differentdeterrentwhichdependsonthematerialused.The estimationofthehindranceisdependsonthelengthofthe connection.

2.1 Types of Faults

FaultshasmanytypesFrequentlyoccursthefaultsare givenbelow.

EarthFault

ShortCircuitFault

OpenCircuitFault

Earth Fault

AnEarthfaultisanunplannedcontactbetweenanengaged conductorandearthorequipmentframe.Theentrymethod forthefaultcurrentisthroughthesettingupstructureand anyworkpowerorriggingthatendsupbeingabitofthat system.

Short Circuit Fault

A short circuit fault occurs when there is an insulation failure between phaseconductoror earth or both, further short circuit fault can be categorized in two types: Symmetrical fault (LLL, LLLG) & Unsymmetrical fault (LL, LG,LLG).

Open Circuit Fault

Anopen Circuitfaulthappensifacircuitisinterruptedby some failure. If the circuit it's not closed that's known as circuitfault.

3. LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Introduction

A literature review was conducted to work out the technological and / or industrial techniques accessible or accustomedmeetthiswouldlikeforpowercorporationsas delineatedwithinthepreviouschapter.Theinvestigationis proscribedtotheUnitedStates.Patentslistedin thelast5 years; Technical journals (IEEE Transactions on instrumentationandmeasurements,IEEETransactionson CircuitsandSystemsandtransactions).Aliteraturereview was conducted to determine the technological and / or

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

industrialtechniquesavailableorusedtomeetthisneedfor powercompaniesasdescribedinthepreviouschapter.The investigation islimitedto theUnited States.Patentslisted within the last 5 years; Technical journals (IEEE Transactionsoninstrumentationandmeasurements,IEEE TransactionsonCircuitandSystemsandtransactions).The indices of the publications of the energy industry. The periodic revelation of product throughout the last seven yearsandthereforethemanufacturer’sdocumentation.Of thetwentyfiveconnectedlicensesfound,5,210,498variety isthatthemostsignificanttothecurrentendeavor.referred toasthe“locatorforperceivingundergroundconnections and goofs in this victimization the ground breaking electromagnet”. a way is pictured for locating ground impelledfaultsbysendingabanneronthewireandstudy thebannerofsurface.

2. Patents

Ofthetwentyfiveconnectedpatentsfound,5,210,498range isthatthemostapplicabletothecurrentproject.calledthe "detectorforpoliceworkundergroundcablesanderrorsin thatmistreatmentthehigh voltageelectromagnet",awayis represented for locating ground induced faults by transmissionaproofonthewireandviewingthesignalOf surface.

3. Technical Journals

Pantaloons proposes that a Gaussian estimator, of most frequency,ofmostprobabilitycandecidetheswitchfeature ofalinearsystem,ofnon stoptime,ofportswithtimedelay. Theestimatormaybeusedtodiscoveradiscontinuityina cable.Theareaofthefaultbecameprimarilybasedtotallyat thepreceptofTimeDomainReflectometry(TDR).Thecable becameinspiredwithapulseofbriefduration.Thestimulus andtheprimarymirroredimagehadbeensampledandthe primary spectral line F decided with the aid of using the short Fourier transform (FFT) became dispatched to the estimation algorithm. The propagation speed of the cable becameessentialtodecidetheverylastareaofthefault.A simplifiedanalyticalversiondefinedwiththeaidofusingA impliesthemodelingofaresistiveorcapacitivechargedline (RC) primarily based totally on locating the approximate polesoftheswitchfeature.Thisswitchversionambitionsto makeitsimplertoputinforceacomputer aidedanalysis; However, it isn't always as correct as different posted techniques

4. Murray Bridge Loop

Murray Bridge loop could be a electric circuit used for localizationofunderground orsubmarinecable faults.it's been used for over one hundred years. One finish of the defectivewireisconnectedbyacombineofresistorstothe voltage source. Also, a zero detector is connected. the

opposite end of the cable is short circuited. The bridge is balancedbymodifyingtheRB1andRB2values.

4.BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 1:BlockDiagram

4.1 Block Diagram Description

1) RESISTOR

Resistormaybeapassiveparttomanagethepresentina verycircuit.Itselectricaldeviceisgivenbythequantitative relation of the voltage applied through its terminal to the current passing through it. Therefore, a selected resistor value, for a set voltage, limits the current there through. they'reomnipresentinelectroniccircuits.

2) LED

Lightemittingdiode(LEDs)aresourcesofsemiconductor light.thesunshineemittedbythelight emittingdiodevaries visiblytotheinfraredandultravioletregions.Theyoperate atlowvoltageandpower.

Ontheideaofsemiconductordiode,theLEDsemitphotons once the electrons recombine with the holes of direct polarization.eachterminalsoftheLEDaretheanode(+)and also the cathode ( ) and may be known by their size. The longest leg is that the positive terminal or anode and a shorterterminalisnegative

3) POWER SUPPLY

A device to convert the out there power of a group of functions to fulfill specified requirements. the everyday power supply application includes changing raw input powerintoavoltageandormanagementledorstableforthe operationofcurrentelectronicequipment.Powerprovides belongtothesphereofpowerelectronic,theutilizationof electronicforthecontrolandconversionofelectricalpower.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

A diet is typically called an influence device and also the method is termed energy conversion. the aim of every elementwithinthepowerprovidestylecircuit.Poweristhat theinitialandmostvitalapartofourproject.Forourproject we'dlikearegulated+5Vwithamostratingoffivehundred mA

4) STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

The electrical device below is that the initial a part of the regulatedpowersupply.Tolowertheworld230VAC,we'd like a transformer down. Here is the main feature of the electronictransformer.

1.Powertransformeraretypicallydesignedtoworkfroma coffeeelectricalphenomenonsupplyatonefrequency.

2. it's necessary to make with adequate insulation of the requireddielectric.

3. Notice transformer are in potential units. The volt electronicequipmentofeveryofthewindingorsecondary coil is added to the secondary VA total. to the current are addedlosses.

4.Raisingthetemperatureofaelectricaldeviceisseton 2 well known factors, particularly unit losses provided by transformerdissipationandwarmthorcooling.

5) RECTIFIER UNIT

The Supply unit may be a CKT. It converts the electrical energyintoDCbypulses.Generally,thesemiconductorunit is employed because the grinding member owing to its propertytoconductinonedirection.Ingeneral,thereare2 varietiesofrectifiers.HalfwaverectifierFullwaverectifier withinthehalf waverectifier,solelythehalfcycleACofA.is correctedsoitspotencyisincrediblylow.wetendtousean entire bridge kind rectifier, within which four diodes are used.Ineveryhalfcycle,twoLEDshaveeachandthatthey wintheutmostefficiencyinO/P

6) FILTER CURRENT

Generally,arectifierisneededtoprovideaD.C.Puretobe usedinnumerousplacesoftheelectroniccircuit.However, the o/p rectifier includes a rhythmic character, i.e. if parenthetically a DC is applied to the electronic circuit a droningwilloccur,i.e.it'llstayACpartsDCcomponentsare undesirableDCandshouldbeunbrokenofffromtheload.

7) THE VOLATGE REGULATOR

Atransformerisassociateelectricalcontrollerdesignedto mechanicallymaintainacontinuingvoltagelevel.duringthis projecta5Vand12Vpowerprovideisrequired.torealize these voltage levels, voltage regulators 7805 and 7812 shouldbeused.

Specifications:

Availableo/pD.CVoltage=+5V.

LineRegulation=0.03

LoadRegulation=0.5

Vinmaximum=35V

RippleRejection=66 80(db)

RELAY

TherelaydetectsthedevicethatdetectsthefaultANdsends a visitsignal tothe breaker toisolate the faultysection. A relay is an automatic device by suggests that of that an electricalcircuitisindirectlycontrolledandcontrolledbya modificationwithinthesameoranothercircuit.Thereare completelydifferent

a) TRANSFORMER

Features

OutputCurrentupto1A

OutputVoltageof5,6,8,9,10,12,15,18,24V

ThermalOverloadProtection

ShortCircuitProtection

OutputTransistorSafeOperatingAreaProtection

Description

TheKA78XX/KA78XXAthree pinpositiveregulatorseries isofferedwithintheTO 220/D PAKhousingandanumber ofothermountedoutputvoltages,creatingthemhelpfulin anexceedinglybigselectionofapplication.everysortuses andinternalcurrentlimitation,thermalclosedownandsafe protection of the operative area, making it primarily indestructible.Ifadequateheatunharnessisprovided,they will deliver the output current 1A. though primarily designed as fixed voltage regulators, these devices will be usedwithexternalelementstoproduceadjustablevoltages andcurrents.

b) ARDUINO

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | June 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072

Arduino is an ASCII text file company, hardware and software system, project and users that style and manufacturesmicrocontrollersandmicrocontrollerkitsto make digital cameras and interactive objects that may observeandmanagementobjectswithinthephysicalworld. Projectproductaredistributedinthetypeofopensource hardware and software beneath the wildebeest Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the wildebeest General PublicLicense(GPL)forthemanufactureofArduinoboards and software distribution for any person. Arduino boards are accessible commercially in pre assembles form, or as homemade kits. Arduino table styles use a spread of microprocessorsandcontrollers.

c) WORKING

Inourprojectweareabletonoticethefaultin3sections.In everyphaseofthesystemneededgiantwire3km,4km,5km. so this can’t slot in this method so used for this internal resistanceofcable.asaresultofbecausethelengthofthe copper wire increase the resistance within the cable also increases. during this project simply connect switch to disconnect the wire in each kilometer segment. With the three phagecableonereferencecablealsoaregifttomatch withit.TheArduinoboardrequiredthereferenceresistance ofcablewiththefaultcableresistancetakeintoaccountone cable in which four resistances are connected with 4 switchesAndoncefaultoccurthesystemat2kmdistance. The2kΩresistancearegiventotheArduino.TheArduino compare it with reference resistance. unremarkably individualsaremistreatmentbusinessvoltage(230V).This voltage is journey down through development down transformer. electrical device is an device that trades electrical imperativeness between in any event 2 circuits throughelectromagnetsinduction.Generally,transformers are wont to addition or decreasing the voltages of mercantilism stream in wattage applications. These adventure down voltage goes to rectifier unit Rectifier is simplyanelectronicgizmothatusedtoamendmentoverAN ACprovideintoDCsupply.Thisendeavorwetendtowere mistreatmentlengthrectifier.12VACsupplyischangesover into12VDCsupply.Thesevoltagemovestothecontroller unit.Controllerisanelectricalgizmothatiswonttokeepup areliablevoltage.Herewewereusing2voltagecontrollers. expressly voltage controller 7812 and voltage controller 7805.7812voltagecontrollerkeepsupthe12VDCsupply. This voltage is adequate work hand off unit and 7805 voltagecontrollerkeepsupthe5VDCsupply.Thisvoltageis employedtomanagetheArduinounit.wetendtomovedthe programwithintheunit.ProgramwascreatedifAnyfault occurintheconnection,nowcanopentheexchangeterminal andisolatethattousledlineinaverymannerofspeaking. remainderofnumerouslinesworksnormally.Byandbya days embedded system modified meteorically. Arduino is that the pushed variation of embedded structure. These Arduinohasadequatetypesneverthelesswetendtopicked Arduino UNO. These Arduino UNO serves to developed

severalmotivatedvariationsofArduinoUNOmakessimple condition .it with success to urge various gizmos mistreatmentconsecutiveport.Next,wemovethehand off. Moveissimplyanelectricalcontraptionherewhichwetend regardingasaswitchifanyfaultoccurwithintheline,can isolatetheroadmistreatmenthand off.Theinstrumentation oftheexchangemovesfromunremarkablyshutdirecttothe habitually open conduct. we viably notice the fault and to isolatetheaccuseline.ShowunitispartnertheArduinopack that is employed to wherever the fault happens and to demonstratetoitself.

5. ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS

A.Advantages

1. LowMaintainsoftask 2. Improvedopenwell being 3. Lessutilizationofintensity

simpletohandle B.Limitations occur.

1.TheArduinoanddifferenthalfneed5VDCSupply.

2. Relayneeds12Vdc.

3.Typically system issues for country regions could

6. CONCLUSION

Finally, we've done this project for location of fault in underground cable within the rural areas wherever undergroundgearisused.it'stroublesometosearchoutthe faultinthecable.thusthisprojectisusefultousetoobserve the fault location. that the fault will simply find and extinguish. The Arduino has wildcat benefits over the microcontrollersouseofArduinoisalotofusefulArduino primarily based underground fault detection is more advantageousthanmicrocontrollerbasedundergroundfault detection

7. REFERNCES

[1].“Detectionandlocalizationofcablefaultsbytimeand frequencydomainmeasurements”,QinghaiShi,TroeltzschU, Kanoun O. Conf. Systems and Signals and Devices, 7th Internationalconference,Amman.2010;1 6.

[2]. “Computerized underground cable fault location expertise”, E. C. Bascom .in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc.GeneralMeeting,Apr.10 15,1994,pp.376 382.J.

[3]. E. C. Bascom, “Computerized underground cable fault location expertise, ”in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. General

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

Meeting,Apr.10 15,1994,pp.376 382.J.ClerkMaxwell,A TreatiseonElectricityandMagnetism,3rded.,vol.2.Oxford: Clarendon,1892,pp.68 73.

[4]. J. Densley, “Ageing mechanisms and diagnostics for powercables anoverview,”IEEEElectr.Insul.Mag.,vol.17, no.1,pp.

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