International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022
www.irjet.net
e-ISSN: 2395-0056 p-ISSN: 2395-0072
DIAGNOSIS OF DIABETES MELLITUS USING ACETONE AS BIOMARKER IN HUMAN BREATH Naveen Kumar T1, Vijayakumar J2, Sruthi K3 1PG
Student, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India 2Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India 3Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India -----------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------
ABSTRACT This project is to design and develop a non-invasive method to diagnose diabetes mellitus which is commonly known as Diabetes. It is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. It is essential to monitor the blood glucose levels of a diabetic patient frequently. As of 2019, an estimated 463 million people had diabetes worldwide and it causes approximately 4.2 million deaths. It is the 7 th leading causation of death globally. Hence it is necessary to diagnose the disease earlier, so that we can prevent the patient from suffering. It can be done using a technique called breath analysis. Breath analysis is a technique in which the diseases in human beings can be diagnosed using human breath. Human breath naturally consists of over 3500 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) other than of major gases like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Each VOC is a biomarker to various diseases and metabolism of our body. Likewise, acetone is one of the 3500 VOCs and it is a biomarker to diabetes mellitus. Hence the measurement of acetone gas in our breath leads to the detection of diabetes mellitus. The normal range of acetone gas in our breath is less than 0.8 ppm. If the value exceeds the normal range, the person is affected with diabetes. The acetone level in human breath is detected using a Grove HCHO – VOC gas sensor. The sensor is connected to the microcontroller which will control the entire operation. The data collected from the sensor will be analyzed for the disease. If an abnormal change is detected in the level of acetone, it will alert the person such that the person requires immediate medication. The main advantage of this project is the non-invasive way of detecting diabetes which does not involve any pain staking invasive laboratory methods. Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Biomarker, Diagnose, Acetone, Breath Analysis.
1. INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of imperfect control of blood levels of glucose. In diabetes mellitus, human body has trouble moving glucose, which is a type of sugar, from blood into cells. This leads to the glucose level high in blood and not enough of it in cells, and the cells need glucose as a source of energy. In general, the human body controls how much glucose is in the blood relative to how much gets into the cells with the help of two hormones: insulin and glucagon. Insulin is used to reduce blood glucose levels, and glucagon is used to increase blood glucose. Insulin is secreted by beta cells in the center of the islets, and glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in the periphery of the islets. Insulin decreases the amount of glucose in the blood and glucagon does exactly the opposite, it increases the blood glucose level in blood. Diabetes mellitus is diagnosed when the blood glucose levels get too high, and this is seen among 10% of the world population. There are two dominant types of diabetes - Type 1 and Type 2 and has subclassifications – gestational diabetes, drug-induced diabetes and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). About 10% of people with diabetes have Type 1, and the remaining 90% of people with diabetes have Type 2. The Type 1 diabetes results from failure of the pancreas to produce enough insulin due to loss of beta cells. It appears as childhood or adolescence; it can also develop in adults. In diabetes Type 1, destruction of beta cells usually starts early in life, but sometimes up to 90% of the beta cells are destroyed before symptoms crop up. Four clinical © 2022, IRJET
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