Utilization of Existing Water Sources for Irrigation Purposes-Case Study of Kheware Village

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056

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Utilization of Existing Water Sources for Irrigation Purposes-Case Study of Kheware Village

1,2,3,4

Abstract Water in essential for mankind. We have been fulfilling our water needs through Surface water sources. In the recent past, we have been extracting Groundwater at a humongous rates, and not replenishing it. This is reducing the balance in the Nature and is a source for many problems. Kheware, is home to numerous farmers. Due to unavailability of required quantity of water, they cannot take more than one crop per year. The village is also a home to one Percolation tank. The water from this percolation tank is kept unused and at the same time the fields are dry. Therefore the study involves details of the new Water Management system installed at Kheware. This study includes the complete water scenario of the village including the surface sources as well as the well or bore wells and the rainfall received in the area.

Key Words: Groundwater Hydrology, Percolation Tank Management, Rainwater Harvesting, Rural Water Management, Shaft for Irrigation, Water Scenario Study.

1 INTRODUCTION

WaterUsagereferstotheuseofwaterforvariouspurposes including domestic and commercial use. It includes use of waterforDirectaswellasindirectpurposes.Useofwater foractivitieslikebathing,drinking,cooking,cleaning,etc.are considered as Direct use, whereas, use of water as a raw material in paper industry, in production of steel for automobiles, or as a coolant for cooling towers, are consideredasindirectuseofwater.

All countries depend on Rainwater as one of their major sources,butapartfromthisothersourcesarealsousedThe WorldHealthOrganization(WHO)statesthatanindividual requires around 25 litres of water daily for meeting their basic hygiene and food needs. The rest is used for non potablepurposeslikemoppingandcleaning.Thisindicates thatformostofthenon potableuses,aqualitylowerthan drinkingwaterisrequired.Thus,foreconomicefficiencyand environmental sustainability, water must be treated and supplied according to usage. Talking about the National Scenario,Indiaisfacingone ofitsmajorandmostserious crisis.Aftertwoconsecutiveyearsofweakmonsoons,330 millionpeopleareaffectedbyseveredrought.Withnearly 50% of India grappling with drought like conditions, the

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situationhasbeenparticularlygrimthisyearinwesternand southern states that received below average rainfall. According to the Composite Water Management Index (CWMI) report released by Niti Aayog in 2018, 21 major cities(Delhi,Bengaluru,Chennai,Hyderabadandothers)are racingtoreachzerogroundwaterlevelsby2020,affecting access for100 millionpeople. However, 12 % of India’s populationisalreadylivingthe‘DayZero’scenario,thanksto excessivegroundwaterpumping,aninefficientandwasteful watermanagementsystemandyearsofdeficientrains.The CWMIreportalsostatesthatby2030,thecountry’swater demand is projected to be twice the available supply, implyingseverewaterscarcityforhundredsofmillionsof people.[1]

The Union Government recently formed a new Jal Shakti ministry,whichaimsattacklingwaterissueswithaholistic andintegratedperspectiveonthesubject.Theministryhas announced an ambitious plan to provide piped water connectionstoeveryhouseholdinIndiaby2024

1.1 Need for Current Study

SituatedintheGreenlapofNature,thevillageofKhewareis blessed with fertile land and dedicated cultivators. As a village, they experiment and practice various new organic growing techniques that help in improving the quality of produceaswellastoincreasetheirincomefromthesame. AnotherfactisthattheyaremajorlydependentonRainwater fortheirWaterneeds,theyhavestructureslikeFarmPonds (Locally known Saot tLo ) in place that are rain fed. Therefore,theyareabletotakecropsonlyuptowhichthe Farm Ponds can suffice. If these cultivators are given an assured perennial water supply, they can increase their incomebytakingupto2 3cropsperannum.Byperforming thorough analysis, losses like depletion of Ground water Tablecanalsobecheckedandrechargeofgroundwatertable canbeensured.Hi techandlatesttechnologyormachines maynotalwaysserveasthebestsolution,whatiseffectiveis athoroughstudyoftheneed,areaanditscurrentcondition, future growth prospects of that area, and then curating a solutionwillbepresentitselfmostefficientandeffectforthe givenproblem,thusensuringatailor madesolution.

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This project can serve as a pilot, which can later be implemented in similar villages after some preliminary studies.Thiswillthuspavethewayforbettermanagementof waterintheAgriculturalsector.

The use of data meticulously, analysing the on ground conditions and integrating use of technology for accurate resultswillensureasustainablesolutiontoproblems.[1]

1.2 Problem Statement

“ToStudytheCurrentWaterScenarioofKhewarevillagein Murbad Taluka, including existing and upcoming systems relatedtowaterandtocheckthesustainabilityofthesame andtodigitizethesystemusingGeospatialTechniques.”

2. Data

2.1 Geography

Kheware is a village located in Murbad Taluka in Thane DistrictofStateMaharashtra.ItcomesinKonkanDivisionof Maharashtra.TheLanguagesspokenintheareaareMarathi, Hindi,andGujrathi&Sindhi.TheElevationoftheKheware with respect to mean sea level (MSL) is 18m. The Geographical area of the village is 289.44 Hectares (2.8944*10^6sq.m).Thetypeofsoilpresentinthevillageis BrownishBlack(Blackandsandmixedsoilisfoundinthane district).ThissoilisFertileandmainlysuitableforcultivation ofRiceCrop,OrchidsandVegetables.ThegeneralareainAnd aroundKhewareVillageisamostlyhillyregionwhichshows huge variation in elevation of land. The same is shown in Figurebelow.

Figure No. 2 Elevation Difference in Kheware

4.2 Climate [2] [4] [5]

Sr.No. Parameter Average Value Maximum Value

1 Temperature 26.7C 80.1F 34.3C 93.8F May

2 Relative Humidity 68.5% 89 % (July and August)

3 WindSpeed 1.58mps 3 mps (July and August)

4 Sunshine Duration 8.63hrs 10.4hrs(April)

5 Rainfall 2500mm 3500mm

Table No. 1 Climate Data

4.3 Hydrology

a) WaterLevelScenario

Ground Water Survey Development Agency, Thane periodicallymonitors45Observationwells.Fourtimesayear i.e. in January, March, May (Pre monsoon), October (Post monsoon).

b) PremonsoonDepthtoWaterLevel(May 2017)

Thepre monsoondepthtowaterlevelrangesfrom1.00to 5.00mbgl.Thedepthtowaterlevelrangingbetween2to5m bgland5to8mbglareobservedinmajorpartofthedistrict, whereas water level more than 8 m bgl are observed as patches.

c) Post monsoonDepthtoWaterLevel(Nov 2017)

Thepostmonsoonwaterlevelrangesfrom0.30to1.00mbgl. Thewaterlevelsof2 3mbglareobservedinmajorpartof thedistrict.Lessthan2mbglwaterlevelisobservedinthe easternpartofthedistrictandwaterlevelofmorethan5m

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bgloccursasisolatedpatchesinthecentralandnorthernpart ofthedistrict.

ThehydrographyforacertainRainfallandthedatausedfor thesameareasfollows: 

Areaconsidered=2,00,000cu.Ft.  TimeofStorm=20min  RunoffDepth=15inch(0.38m)  PeakFlow=61.97Cu.Ft.perSecond  RunoffVolume=246520cu.Ft. 

StormDepth=1.2Inches  Seepage=0.05inch/hr(20mm/day)

theirincome,butwilldefinitelyhelpinthebettermentand progressoftheentirevillage.

5.1 Surface Water [6]

The main source of water in the Village of Kheware is the percolation tank located in the Village of a capacity of approximately400MLinMonsoons.DuetoEvaporationand percolationlosses,thecapacityofthistankgoesdowntoup to150MLinthedriestmonthsofsummer

4.4 Depth to Water Level

a) Premonsoon(May2017)1to6.00m.bgl

b) Postmonsoon(Nov.2017)0.30to1.00m.bgl

4.5 Water level trend

a. Premonsoon(2017)1.00 5.00m

b. Postmonsoon(2017)0.30 1.00m

5. Water Problems

ItcanbeobservedthatthevillageofKhewarehasmorethan average rainfall during the monsoons, which should allow multiple crops to be taken easily throughout the year. However,itisequallytruethatthecultivatorsareabletotake onlyonecropperannum.Thisproblemarisessolelyasthe villagedoesnothavepropermeanstocollecttheabundant rain that they receive every year. All of the rain is simply allowedtoflow,convertedintosurfacerunoff,andultimately meetsthenearestriverandultimatelytheocean.

If proper systems are designed to catch the rainwater in monsoons itself and store it, either in surface storage facilitiesorrechargedintothegroundwater,thecultivators willbeabletousethisveryrainfallallthroughouttheyear, thusallowingthemtotakemultiplecropsperyearaccording to the respective seasons. This will not only help increase

Figure No. 5- Satellite Image of Percolation Tank

5.2 Groundwater [6]

The various sources of Groundwater in Kheware Village consist of the Dug Wells and the borewell situated in the Village.Atotalof21Dugwellsaresituatedinthevillage.The Averagedepthsoftheserangefrom9mtoupto12m.These provide considerable amount of water for period after monsoonbutaremostlydry,andthusincapableofproviding water in the summers starting almost from March until MonsoonarrivesinthemonthofJune.

AnothersourceofGroundwaterintheKhewareVillageare the16Borewellsituatedinthevillage.Outofthese16only4 Borewellyieldwaterthroughouttheyearsufficiently.

ThewaterlevelinboththeDugwellsandBorewellisseenat a depth of 1m from the ground surface after the monsoon

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season.Buttheselevelsgodownupto10mintheDugwells andupto100mintheborewellofthisregion.

Thedropinthegroundwaterlevelsignifiesthattheamount ofextractionofthegroundwateriswaymorethantherateof rechargeintothegroundwater.

Tomakethegroundwatersourcessustainable,groundwater recharge measures need to be carried out. If recharge of groundwatertakesplaceinsufficientquantities,theexisting sourcesofgroundwaterwillyieldsufficientandgoodquality ofwaterallyearlong.

5.3 Rainwater

The total potential of surface runoff that can be collected fromtheentirevillageiscalculatedbelow:[3][7][8]

Assumptionsmade:

Totalareaofthevillage2.8944X106 sq.m

TotalamountofRainfall 3.19m

Collection Potential 0.2 (for Surface Runoff in Rocky MaterialCatchmentfromTableNo.2,RainwaterHarvesting andConservationManual,CPWD)

No.ofRainyDaysConsidered 91

5.4 Demand of Village [10] [13] [17]

TotalpopulationofVillage 1200 Nos lpcd ofwater to be provided 70 lpcd Required Water Demand 0.084 Ml 0.1176 Ml 0.12 Ml AnnualDemand 43.92 Ml

Peak dailywater demand

Table No.3 Water Demand Calculation

Therefore,itcanbeconcludedthatthetotalwaterdemandof thevillageis0.12Ml,whichisequalto0.12X106 lperday. Whichcomesupto43.92X106 Ltsperannum

5.4 Pattern of Usage [9] [11] [12] [16]

ThetotalbreakupofPatternofUsageinsemi aridRegionsis consideredasfollows:

of Water

used Per Day (lpcd)

CollectionPotential

ApproximateArea(Sq.m) TotalRainfall(m) RunOffCoefficient 2894400 3.19 0.2 1846628cu.mperannum

No.OfRainyDays 91

CollectionPotential 20293 cu.mperDayinMosoon

Table No.2 Potential of Rain Water Harvesting

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that, if the entire area of the village is considered,waterupto2.0293X107 ltsperdayinmonsoon whichcomeupto1.85X109ltsperannum(1850X106ltsper annum)

Table No.4 Water Usage in Rural Areas

5.5

Land usage of village [14] [15]

Ingeneralterms,LandUsereferstothemethodinwhichthe givenlandinanyareaisutilized.

InthevillageofKhewaretwocropsareprominentlygrown. In the Monsoons, Rice in cultivated and in winters i.e. the RabiSeason,Okra Lady’sFingers iscultivatedinatotalare. TheOkracropgrownorganicallywhichisofthebestquality, isexportedinbulkquantities

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6. Upcoming Water Supply Systems in Kheware

ThepeopleofKhewareVillageareever evolving.Theyare readytoadapttoeachandeverysituationasandwhenthe need arises. It has been observed that the village lacks a proper system of water supply for their Irrigation (Agricultural)needs,thusthevillagerhavecometogetherin order to bring about a revolution in their village. If this problemissolved,thefarmersofthevillagearegoingtobe able to take multiple crop within one year. This alone can easilyhelpthemtomultiplytheirincometwiceoreventhree times.

Currently,theupcomingprojectsintheVillageare:

1. Rainwater fedPerennialIrrigationSystem

2. Shaft

6.1 Rainwater-fed Perennial Irrigation System

a) Installationof20newFarmPondsinthevillage.These FarmPondsarepurelyRain fed

b) GravitySystemofDistributionadoptedinthepipelineto providewaterfromPercolationtankinto8strategically placedHDPETanks,using110mmHDPEPipeline

c) Solar pump is used in the pumping System to extract waterfromthePercolationTankisusedinthepumping SystemtoextractwaterfromthePercolationTank

Figure No. 8 Schematic of Proposed Scheme

6.2 Shaft

Shaftsservethefollowingpurposes:

1.Inthelow lyingareasoftheinfluencezoneofthetank,a shaftcanbeimplementedtostopunnecessarydrainingofthe waterasitwillaffectthepressureinotherareas.Theshaft willbasicallydisconnectthehydraulicgradeline(HGL),anda newHGL canbeestablishedaspertherequirementofthe residualpressuretobemaintainedinthelow lyingarea.

2.ShaftscanavoidmultipletapingsattheheadworksofWSS (Water Supply System) as well as to the existing storage tanks.

3. When land for an elevated service reservoir is not available,atemporaryshaftcanbecreated,andwatercanbe providedintermittently.

4. Shafts can be constructed at the end of the distribution system,totaketheloadduringthepeakofwatersupply.The headavailableintheshaftwillbeusefultosatisfythepeak demand of the tail end consumers of the influence area. Appropriatevolumecanalsobeprovidedinsuchshaftsto servethepeakhourdemand.

5. In the distribution system, the shaft takes out the additional head from the upstream side and helps in achievingequalwaterdistributiononthedownstreamside by operating the appropriate threads of the valves on the multi outlets.

6.Shaftscanalsobeusedonthetransmissionline,wherethe inletistherising(pumping)mainandtheshaftworksasa separator between the upstream high pressure line and

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downstreamlow level line.The water cushion will helpin dampeningthewaterhammereffects.

7.Ashaftwillhelpinachievingautocontrolonsystemflow variations,whichisveryusefulastheschemesareexpected tofunctionformorethan30yearswithincreasingdemand.

8. As shafts have smaller diameters than the conventional storagetanks,theeffectofanyreductioninthedownstream demand will significantly increase the head in the shaft, whichhelpsinmaintainingtheoverallsystempressurefora longerdurationwiththesameflow.

a)ShaftforDistribution b)ShaftforTransmissionMains

Figure No. 9- Schematic of Shaft

TheshaftthatisinstalledintheVillageofKheware,worksas a replacement to an expensive Elevated Service Reservoir (ESR). As the percolation tank is located at a relative elevationfromtheentirevillage,thewaterinthepipelines canrunentirelyongravity.Therefore,constructionofanESR would have caused the system to be overly uneconomical considering the topography of the area, construction and maintenance of any ESR. The only requirement here is to regulatethepressureinordertoproviderequiredpressure inthedistributionsystem. TheShaftprovidesrequiredhead tothedistributionsystemandistheleast costandthemost efficient solution for the given project. Here the Shaft will provide the distribution system with a head of 1.5m. This headprovidesthewaterinthepipewithenoughmomentum inordertoovercometheminorelevationsthatthepipeline will have to pass through without any extra pumping requirement.Thisshaftisbeingconstructedusingtechnical expertisefromIITBombay.

7. Sustainability Analysis

ConsideringtheHDPETanksarerefilled15timesforallNon monsoondays,thetotalamountofwaterextractedfromthe percolationtank=120X106lts

ThisQuantityislessthanthetotalvolumeofwateravailable inthepercolationtank(inthedriestMonth)as120X106< 150X106lts

TotalvolumeofwaterfromFarmPonds=100X106lts

Astheamountofrainreceived(1850X106ltsperannum)is much greater than the volume of Farm Ponds, these Farm PondswillbecompletelyfilledwithfreshRainwaterevery year.

TheTotalamountofstoredwateravailable=220X106lts

Therefore,thetotallandthatcouldbeirrigatedbyusingthe totalstorageofwater=352acres

8. Conclusion

After completion of the Sustainability Analysis of the New Systems in Kheware Village, the following conclusionsarederived: 

Thesystemisprovedtobeexceedinglysustainable.



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IfRoofTopRainwaterHarvestingsystemisinstalled, the village will not have to depend on Public Water Supply.

Theirrigationsystemdesignedandinstallediscapable to irrigate more than 160 acres of land by using modernwater efficienttechniques.





ThenewWaterSupplySysteminstalledisprovedto beexceedingsustainableandeffective

The system is so designed that, in future, it can be adapted to expand and cater to new and increased demandeasily.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT



OnlybyadoptingDrip/SprinklersystemofIrrigation, upto352acresoflandcanbeirrigatedusingwater fromtheHDPETanksandFarmPonds. 

Byutilizingthewatermadeavailablefromthissystem, thefarmerscangrowupto4cropseveryyear,thus increasingtheirincomeconsiderably.

This successful implementation and progressing of our projectwouldremainincompleteifwefailtoexpressmy sincere thanks and affectionate acknowledgement to certain people who had given their valuable time apart fromtheirregularscheduleandhelpingusforcompletion ofthisprojectwork.



Materials of Construction is chosen ensuring the sustainabilityofthesystemforalongfunctionallife.

9. Results



Water fromthePercolationtank,can fill all 8 HDPE Tank,upto15timesadaywhenfilledforall200non monsoondays.

WethankourManagementfortheirsupportinproviding uswiththenecessaryinfrastructurefacilities.

We would like to thank Principle, Dr. Uttam D Kolekar, Principle, A.P.Shah Institute of Technology, Thane, for extendingthisopportunitytous.







WaterholdingcapacityofthePercolationtankismuch greaterthanthetotalwaterrequirementneeded.

Farmerscangrowupto4cropsinyearbyusingthe newIrrigationsysteminstalled.

Therainfallreceivedintheareaishighenoughtofill alltheFarmPondsuptothebrimandexcessrainfall canbeutilizedforuseofDomesticpurposes.

We are very much thankful to Prof. Upendra Mate HOD Civil Engineering Department, A.P.Shah Institute of Technology,Thaneforhisvaluablesupportandproviding Departmentalfacilitiesforcompletiontheprojectwork.

We would also like to thank the Team of Water Field TechnologiesPvt.Ltd.&Dr.VilasSuroseforhelpingusand providing us valuable information and important Data throughouttheprojectperiod.

REFERENCES





ThegroundwateranalysisofKhewareshowsthatthe waterissafeforconsumption.

ThewateranalysisofthePercolationTankshowsthat thewaterissafeforIrrigationpurposes.

10. Discussion



AftercommissioningofthenewWaterSupplySystem, farmers can grow multiple crops in a year thus increasetheirincomeconsiderably.

[1] “.Indian Water ScenarioDown to Earth Data” derived :India isfacing oneof its majorand most serious water crisis “ MAHREEN MATTO” “16th January” “young environmentalist” https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/water/india s water crisis the clock is ticking 65217

[2] “StudyofClimateofKhewareVillage”“casestudyof khaware village” “18th January” https://www.skymetweather.com/forecast/weathe r/india/maharashtra/thane/kheware



Afterthoroughanalysisofthesoilconditionsandthe climate pattern, the farmers can practise Crop Rotation, thus ensuring that the soildoesn’tloseits nutritionalvalue.

[3] “.Rainfall Data” “Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology” “ 20th January” “ https://mausam.imd.gov.in/



The construction of a Shaft, has proven to be advantageous,asithasmultiplebenefitsandcanbe constructed at a much lesser cost than any ESR (ElevatedServiceReservoir)

[4] ”ClimateofThaneDistrict”“ECMWFDATA”“22nd January” : https://en.climate data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/thane 5006/#climate table”

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[5] ”WindSpeedData”“OPENSTREERMAP.ORG”“24th January ““: https://en.climate data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/thane 5006/#climate table

[6] “WHO” Surface Water” “ 26th January “https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dw q/monograph42_chapter5.pdf

[7] “MRSAC”Map of Kheware” “31 JANUARY”https://mrsac.gov.in/writereaddata/MRS AC/map/15671498105d68cef295509th_THN_Murb ad.pdf

[8] ”Groundwater”“GROUNDWATERFOUNDATION”” 30th January”https://www.groundwater.org/get informed/basics/groundwater.html

[9] ”Rainfall Data” “INDIAN METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT” “1st February ” “hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/Sl1twq1qgkrcap v45qr5psa45 /districtraifall.aspx”

[10]”No.OfRainyDays”“3rdFebruary”“DATA.ORG”“ https://en.climate data.org/asia/india/maharashtra/kalyandombivili 6279/”

[11]”StorageStructures”“ENERGYEDUCATION” “5th February” https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Water_st orage#:~:text=Water%20can%20be%20stored%20 in, %2C%20the%20atmosphere%2C%20and%20river s.”

[12]”Storage in Rural Areas” “” “7th February” https://sswm.info/sswm solutions bop markets/affordable wash services and products/affordable water supply/safe storage#:~:text=In%20some%20rural%20areas%2 C%20water,CDC%20%26%20U.S.%20AID%202009 ).”

[13].”RuralWaterRequirement”“BEATSTAUFFER““8th February” https://megphed.gov.in/standards/guiderural.pdf

[14].”NBC Water Requirement “ ”CENTRAL GROUND WATER DEPARTMENT” “12th February”https://cgwa noc.gov.in/landingpage/Guidlines/NBC2016WatReq uirement.pdf

[15]RuralWaterConsumption”“NIKITAKIRAR”“14th February” Https://www.slideshare.net/deepikabharti5/water consumption pattern

[16]Rural water Supply standards in Maharashtra” “RANUSINGH,RAHULBRAHAMANDKAR,etal”“15th February ” https://iwaponline.com/wp/article/22/1/37/7108 9/Analyzing rural drinking water services for

[17]”Maximum Daily Water Demand” “WATER AND WASTE DEPARTMENT” “16th February”“ https://winnipeg.ca/waterandwaste/dept/waterde mand.stm”

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