International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 05 | May 2022
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Review Paper on Lathe Machine Components and It’s Application Piyush Sharma1, Gaurav Aher2, Tejal Jaiswal3, Shrutika Thorat4 1234Students,
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, JSPMs Rajarshi Shahu College Of Engineering, Pune, Maharashtra, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The lathe, probably one of the earliest machine
tools, is one of the most versatile and widely used machine tool, so also known as mother machine tool [1]. It is the most essential machine tool in an engineering workshop for performing various operations on workpieces as required by the machinist. In this research paper, we have explained the working parts such as Spindle, Tailstock, Carriage, Chuck and Jaws of lathe machine as well as our study on concept of workholding accuracy and applications of lathe machine in industry. Key Words: Lathe, Carriage, Chuck, Tools, Spindle, Jaws, Work-Holding
1. INTRODUCTION Fig -1: Basic Structure Of A Lathe
A lathe is a machine commonly used to cut metal or wood. It works by rotating the workpiece against a stationary tool which provides cutting action. The primary application of the lathe is to get rid of undesirable parts of material and form the required shape and size. The job to be machined is held and rotated in a lathe chuck; a cutting tool is advanced which is stationary against the rotating job. Since the cutting tool material is harder than the work piece, the metal is easily removed from the job[1]. A feed refers to the tool's motion in one direction. People have used lathes to make components for different machinery, in addition to forte gadgets like bowls and musical instruments. Whatever the sort and function, all of them perform the use of this simple hold and rotating mechanism. Some of the common operations performed on a lathe are facing, turning, drilling, threading, knurling, and boring etc. [1]
1.1 History Since the Egyptians, lathes have existed in some form. Consider the similarities to the pottery wheel: thrown pottery has been around for thousands of years, so it's only natural that lathes, which operate on the same principle but with a workpiece moving against a stationary cutting tool, would follow. The most basic lathes permitted workers to remove materials by hand. Metal and wood lathes became more technologically advanced throughout time, eventually evolving into machine tools with integral heads. Each head was mounted on cross-slides that ran the length of the lathe bed and were used to rotate the workpiece.
The basic structure of a machine tool consists of base and column arrangement which serves as a balancing support for the entire machine. Here, depending on the machining process, the tool is fixed in the tool post and the work piece is held on the chuck of a typical lathe structure. The relative motion is achieved by movements parallel to the three spatial axes. This is achieved by means of linear guide ways and bearings, axial movements along the screws, rack and pinion arrangements etc. The machine is built of heavy steel and iron parts. The base of the machine is rigid and usually is of cast iron.[5].
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Basic lathes were used for precision metalworking until the introduction of the engine lathe, which used an automated feed to the cutting tool. Even back then, each lathe was different, but the process was the same. Engine lathes aided in the birth of the Industrial Revolution, which saw the introduction of steam-powered lathes capable of higher rotation rates and torque, allowing for the spinning of heavier parts. Lathes had evolved into heavy-duty machining machines. The lathe machine, like the milling machine, simplified the machining process as they became more advanced. With the introduction of Computer Numerical Control in the second half of the twentieth century, the next significant leap forward was made (CNC). Operators might programme a set of instructions for each machine tool using
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