A Review: The Success of Tesla from 2003 to
Abhinav Karthik Sirigudi
Abstract Tesla is a American based company in Austin manufacturing Electric vehicles. It is one of the most world’s reputed company in making clean energy electric cars. This Paper displays of Tesla’s journey from its early stage to present scenario and how its founder Elon Musk led the company to success, What Technology Tesla uses for automated cars, how safety the Tesla vehicles, market rate across the globe.
Words: Tesla, electric cars, automated cars, market rate.
1. INTRODUCTION
Tesla, headquartered in Austin, Texas, is an American electriccarandrenewableenergystartup.Tesladesignsand produceselectricvehicles,batteryenergystoragesystems rangingfromresidentialtogrid scale,solarpanelsandsolar rooftiles,aswellasassociatedgoodsandservices. Witha marketvaluationofoverUS$1trillion,Teslaistheworld’s mostvaluableautomaker.Teslahadthehighestworldwide salesofbatteryelectricvehiclesandplug inelectricvehicles in 2020, accounting for 23 percent of the battery electric (purely electric) market and 16 percent of the plug in market(whichincludesplug inhybrids).TeslaEnergy,the company’s subsidiary, designs and builds photo voltaic systemsintheUnitedStates.TeslaEnergyisalsooneofthe topglobalsuppliersofbatteryenergystoragesystems,with 3.99gigawatt hours(GWh)deployedin2021.
Tesla Motors was founded in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning as an homage to inventor andelectricalengineerNikolaTesla.ElonMusk,co founder of X.com, became the company’s largest shareholder and chairmaninFebruary2004witha$6.5millioninvestment. He has been CEO since 2008.Tesla’s mission, according to Musk, is to assist accelerate the transition to sustainable transportation andenergy, whichcanbeattainedthrough electric vehicles and solar power. [1]In 2009, Tesla began manufacturing of its first automobile model, the Roadster sportscar.TheModelSsedandebutedin2012,followedby theModelXSUVin2015,theModel3sedanin2017,andthe ModelYcrossoverin2020.
Tesla has been involved in a number of lawsuits and disputes stemming from CEO Elon Musk’s remarks and actions, as well as charges of creative accounting, whistle blowerretribution,labourrightsabuses,andunsolvedand
Issac Kondreddy
hazardoustechnicalflawswiththeircars.[1]TheNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) required TeslatoprovidestatisticsonallmarketedAutopilotvehicles intheUnitedStatesinSeptember2021.
This Review Paper on Tesla is patterned initially with abstract and Introduction followed by section 2 involving History of Tesla, continuing with section 3 displaying the marketofTesla,section4includesthetechnologythatTesla isusingandconcludingwithsection5withconclusionand references
2. HISTORY OF TESLA
2.2 Founding Stage
Teslawasformedin2003byacommunityofdevelopers whodecidedtoshowthatpilotingelectricvehiclesdoesn’t havetobeacompromise thattheycanbebetter,faster,and more maneuverable than gasoline vehicles. Tesla now manufactures not only all electric automobiles, but also sustainableenergyproductionandstoragesystemsthatare infinitelyscalable.Thequickertheworldmovesawayfrom fossilfuelsandtowardazero emissionfuture,Teslathinks, the better. The firm was founded by Martin Eberhard and MarcTarpenningonJuly1,2003,asTeslaMotors,Inc.CEO andCFOpositionswereheldbyEberhardandTarpenning, respectively.
Tesla automobiles are assembled in the company’s factoriesinFremont,California,andShanghai’sGigafactory. Tesla is adoptinga proactive approachtosafety,requiring production personnel to complete a multi day training programmebeforeeversettingfootonthefactoryfloor,in order to realise our aim of having the safest plants in the world.Tesla thencontinuestoconducton the jobtraining andmonitorperformanceonadailybasisinordertomake rapid changes. As a consequence, Tesla’s safety record continuestoimproveasmanufacturingrampsup.
The Roadster debuted Tesla’s cutting edge battery technologyandelectricmotorin2008.Fromandthen,Tesla created the Model S, the world’s first upscale all electric sedan,whichhasbecomethefinestcarinitsclassinevery category.Withthegreatestrangeofanyelectricvehicle,over the airsoftwareupgradesthatimproveitovertime,anda record0 60mph
accelerationtimeof2.28secondsastestedbyMotorTrend, the Model S has reset the world’s expectations for the automobileofthetwenty firstcentury.Figure1displaysthe imageofCEOofTesla.
2.2 Tesla’s Symbol
TeslaRoadstershaveanACengine.Thismotorisbasedona Tesla design that was first introduced in 1882. Tesla struggledtocompetewithotherautomobilemakersdespite contemporary technology and breakthroughs. That is, of course,whyitneeditsownimageandlogo.Thecompany’s nameisrepresentedbyabeautifulletterTonthebadge.It also has an armour shield frame, which gives the badge a highlymodernandappealingappearance.[2]Thesymbol’s major purpose was to emphasize the brand’s distinctive approach, which is focused on electric vehicles’ breakthroughincomparisontoanyothercarmaker.Tesla logoisdisplayedinfigure2.
TheTeslaCarlogoisbothsimpleandimaginativeatthe sametime.Themajorpurposewastoconveytheconceptof energy efficiency. In other words, engineers were keen to showthatelectricenginescouldbebothpowerfulandlong lasting. The badge features a huge letter T after the company’s name. It is designed in a fashionable and contemporarymanner.It’sabovethearmourshield,which represents a high level of dependability and safety when driving.Thenameofthe
companyislaidontopoftheletterT.TheTeslaemblemis madeupofblackandsilvercolors.Allofthelettersareblack and encased in a silver shield. Because these colors are connected with creativity, invention, and style, the log appearstobeappealingandeye catching.
2.3 Early Models of Tesla
TheTeslaRoadsterisabatteryelectricvehicle(BEV)sports carbasedontheLotusElisechassisthatwasmanufactured in California by Tesla Motors from 2008 to 2012. The Roadster was the first highway legal serial production all electricvehicletoemploylithium ionbatterycells,aswellas
thefirstproductionall electricvehicletogomorethan320 kilometers (200 miles) per charge. It is also the first productionautomobiletobepropelledintodeepspace,on February6,2018,byaFalconHeavyrocketinatestmission. Teslasoldaround2,450Roadstersinover30countries,with themajorityofthelastRoadsterssoldinEuropeandAsia during the fourth quarter of 2012. Tesla began producing right handdriveRoadstersinearly2010.TheRoadsterwas eligibleforgovernmentsubsidiesinanumberofcountries. Figure 3 is the first Roadster model of Tesla and Figure showsconceptcarofTesla.[3].
5.TeslaRacetowardsProfit
3. Market Statistics of Tesla from early stages
Tesla hasnotonlybeatenanalysts’projectionswitha net income attributable to shareholders of $2.3 billion this quarter and a total of $5.5 billion in 2021, but it has also reachedtheconclusionofadecade longpathtowardstrue profitabilityandcomingoutoftheredonitsownterms.As our graph indicates, the path to this aim was not without challenges.Forthefirsttime,ElonMusk’sfirm,forexample, generated net profits rather than a loss in 2020. This suggested a growing interest in battery electric vehicle adoptionthroughouttheworld,followingthefailureofthe carmanufacturer’smodelsSandX,whichwereintroduced in2012and2015,respectively,toearnsignificantincome.A deeperlookatthe$721millionin2020earningsindicates thatthemanufacturerstillneededa boosttoturnaprofit. Thecorporationwouldhavelostmoneyagainifregulatory creditsworth$1.6billionhadnotbeensold.Figure5shows theMarketrateincrementofTeslafrom2012tonow.[4].
WhileTeslaaccountedformorethanaquarterofallBEV salesgloballyfromQ1toQ32020,its marketsharefellby about5%inthesametimein2021.Oneofthereasonsfor this is the increased popularity and accessibility of automobiles manufactured by the SAIC GM Wuling conglomerate, which manufactures not just models with internalcombustionengines(ICE),butalsobattery powered and plug in hybrid alternatives. According to the China Passenger Car Association, China’s best selling BEV, the WulingHongguangMiniEV,attracted256,661newowners from January to September 2021, for a total of more than 400,000salessinceitsintroductioninJulyof2020.
Itcostsone tenththepriceofthelowestnewTeslavehicle,
Fig.6.TeslaMarketRate
withastartingpriceofaround$4,500.AccordingtoInside EVs, the Tesla Model 3 Rear Wheel Drive costs around $45,000 and has more than three times the range of the smaller and slower Hongguang Mini EV. Both models are aimedatdifferentaudiences,buttheywillalmostcertainly dominate the discourse when it comes to the number of BEVssoldinthecomingmonths.ThissuggeststhatTesla’s primary focus should be on legacy vehicle manufacturers ratherthanBEVonlymanufacturers.Figure6involvesthe MarketDentofTesla.
MartinViecha,Tesla’sHeadofInvestorRelations,appears to agree that the company is competing with established automobilemanufacturers,albeitheseestherolesofhunter andpreyinverted.”Over90%ofautomobilessold[in2021] willbeICEs,”hesaidonTwitter.”ItistheICEsthatarelosing marketsharetoall comparableEVs.”Despitethefact that ICE poweredvehiclescontinuetodominatesales,thesame major automakers are continually growing their hybrid electricvehicles(phevs hybrid and battery electricfleets. Audi,forexample,hassaidthatfrom2026,itwouldsolely producebattery poweredvehicles,whileVolvoandNissan haveseta2030deadlineforthesame.
JoiningtheranksofTeslaandRivian,Lucidisnowthe world’s third most valuable automotive company, and it’s onlyamatteroftimebeforeitsurpassesGMandleavesthe (old)”BigThree”inthedust.DespitethefactneitherLucid nor Rivian has delivered a significant number of cars to consumers, investors continue to rate them highly. The opportunitytorideinwhatmaybethenextTeslaappearsto betooappealingformanytopassup,despitethefactthat there is a significant amount of uncertainty and danger involved.Figure7shows
4. Technologies used in Tesla
Teslahasgainedaglobalbrandastheindustryleaderand pioneer in electric vehicles, but it also develops and sells innovative battery and solar panel technologies. As a tech trailblazer with a big stake in the battle to produce and commercialiseself drivingcars,itstandstoreasonthatthey are now profoundly interested in artificial intelligence. However, it was just this month that the company’s billionairefounderandCEO,ElonMusk,openlysaidthatitis developingitsownAIhardware.Heisalsoaco founderof OpenAI,aresearchorganisationdevotedtoensuringthatai systemsiscreatedandimplementedinasafeandcontrolled manner,reducinganyexistentialthreatthatrobotsmayoffer tomankindinthefuture.Teslahasbeenchastisedbysome forlookingoverlyanxioustobethefirsttointroduceself drivingvehiclesontheroad,followingwhatisthoughttobe the first tragic accident involving a self driving car. With internalandexteriorsensorsthatmaypickupinformation aboutadriver’shandplacementonthegaugesandhowthey areworkingthem,Teslaeffectivelycrowdsourcesitsdata fromallofitsvehiclesaswellastheirdrivers.Thisdatahas significant worth in and of itself, in addition to assisting Tesla in the refinement of its systems. According to McKinseyCo.,themarketforvehicle collecteddatawillbe worth$750billionperyearby2030.
Tesla’sModelSispricey(rangingfrom$70,000toover $100,000),butithasa265 milerange,whichismorethan three times that of Nissan’s Leaf (75 miles). Tesla intends
to develop considerably more cheap vehicles, such as one thatcosts$30,000to$35,000andhasarangeequivalentto theModelS,withinafewyears.Teslaalsointendstomake electric cars more practical by constructing a statewide networkofchargingstationscapableofdelivering200miles ofchargeinapproximatelyhalfanhour,asopposedtothe many hours it takes to charge an electric car at a regular stationtoday.
Tesla’s decision to use tiny lithium ion batteries is undoubtedlyoneofthecompany’smostsignificantstrategic bets.Largerbatterycellshavebeenchosenbyestablished automakersbecausetheysimplifybatterypackengineering because fewer of them are required. Larger cells, on the otherhand,aremoreharmfulsincetheycarrymoreenergy. Asaresult,manufacturersutiliselessenergy densebattery materialsthataremorefire resistant.Tocompensateforthe reduced energy density, manufacturers selected flat cells, whichpacktogethermoretightlybutcostmoretoproduce. Figure8showsthebatterypackinginTeslaModelS.
InductionmotorswereemployedintheModelSandX.A spinningmagneticfieldiscreatedinaninductionmotorby running alternating current via windings in the rotor (the motor’s stationary section). This magnetic field creates electriccurrentsintherotor’swindings,whichgeneratean opposingmagneticfield,forcingtherotortospininthesame directionasthemagneticfield.TheModel3launchedwithan alternatemotortechnologyknownasapermanentmagnet synchronous reluctance motor, which Tesla calls a permanentmagnetsynchronousreluctancemotor.Therotor of a synchronous reluctance motor is surrounded by electromagnets,buttherotorlackswindingsorpermanent magnets.Instead,therotorismadeupofveinsofmagnetic materialinterspersedwithnon magneticmaterial,organized insuchawaythatithasapreferredorientationintherotor’s magneticfield.
The motor turns the rotor by sequentially activating electromagnets,resultinginarevolvingmagneticfieldthat pushes the rotor along. Because the activation of the electromagnetsissynchronisedwiththerotationspeedof the rotor something that isn’t true for an induction motor thisdesignisknownasasynchronisedmotor.The
FSD
Model S and Model X, with an induction motor in the backandaPMSRMinthefront.Becausethetwomotortypes have differing performance characteristics, combining an inductionmotorwithaPMSRMmakessense.”Oneistuned forpoweroneisoptimisedforrange,”ElonMusk saidlast year.Inductionmotorsprovidealotoftorqueatlowspeeds, buttheyusealotofenergy.Wheninstant,rapidacceleration is required, dual motor cars can supply power to the inductionmotor,thenchangepowertothe PMSRM asthe vehicleaccelerates.
Tesla claims that the efficiency improvements in the ModelSandXhaven’tcomeatthesacrificeoftorque.Onthe contrary,thefirmclaimsthatthemostrecentmodelshave improvedby0 60speedsoverpreviousversions.
4.1 Artificial Intelligence and Auto Pilot
BuildAIinferenceprocessorstoruntheFullSelf Driving software,takingintoaccounteverysinglearchitecturaland micro architecturalenhancementwhilesqueezingthemost performance per watt out of silicon. Floor planning, scheduling, and power assessments should all be done on thedesign.Toensurefunctionalityandperformance,provide thorough tests and scoreboards. Drivers are used to programme and interact with the chip, with a focus on performanceandredundancy.Finally,testthesiliconchip before mass producing it in our automobiles FSD Chip in Figure9..[3]
TopowertheDojosystem,theyneedtobuildAItraining chips.Fromthetiniesttrainingnodestomulti dietraining tiles, use cutting edge technologies. At every granularity, design and architect for optimal speed, throughput, and bandwidth. Dictate the chip’s physical approach, floor design, and other physical features. To assure functional accuracy,developpre siliconverificationandpost silicon validation tools. Throughout the Dojo system, write compilersanddriverstomaximisepowerandperformance forourneuralnetworks.Figure10andFigure11showsthe DOJOchipandDOJOsystem.
Fromthesemiconductorfirmwareinterfacestothehigh levelsoftwareAPIsthatmanagetheDojosystem,designand develop it. Solve difficult challenges with cutting edge technologyforhigh powersupplyandcooling,aswellas
Fig.10.DOJOChip
Fig.11.DOJOSystem
scalable control loops and monitoring software. Work on everypartofsystemdesign,withonlyyourcreativityasa limit,combiningthetalentsofourmechanical,thermal,and electricalengineeringteamstodevelopthenext generation of machine learning computing for Tesla datacenters. Collaborate with Tesla fleet learning to deploy training workloads based on our enormous datasets, and create a publicfacingAPIthatwillmakeDojoaccessibletothewhole public.[3].
Trainingdeepneuralnetworksonchallengesrangingfrom perception to control using cutting edge research. To conduct semantic segmentation, object identification, and monocular depth estimation, our per camera networks evaluate raw pictures. Our birds eye view networks use footagefromallcamerastoproduceatop downimageofthe road layout, static infrastructure, and 3D objects. Our networkslearnfromtheworld’smostcomplexanddiverse scenarios,whichareiterativelygeneratedinrealtimefrom ourfleetofroughly1millioncars.Autopilotneuralnetworks require48networkstocompleteand70,000GPUhoursto train.Ateachtimestep,theygenerate1,000differenttensors (predictions).Relativeinformationregardingneuralnetwork inFigure12.[5]
large scale ground truth data by merging input from the car’ssensorsacrossspaceandtimeinordertotrainneural networks to anticipate such representations. Build a powerful planning and decision making system that can work in complex real world circumstances under uncertaintyusingcutting edgemethodologies.Evaluateyour algorithmsonalargerscalethantheTeslafleet.Figure13 showstheinterfaceofAutonomyAlgorithms.[6]
5. Conclusion
ThisReviewPaperonTeslaMotorspresentedmainaspects of Tesla includes foundation, history in which we showed Earlystages,firstcar,etc...Wepresentedthemarketstudyof Teslafrompastdecadetillnow,howTeslaiscompetingwith its comparable companies, we demonstrated the technologies used in Tesla suchthatmaking it innovative. Wegaveacleardescriptiononautomatedcarstechnology.
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Kalashnikov S. All interesting facts about Tesla ModelX,well knowntoday[Electronicresource]// MoscowTeslaClub. 2016. Accesstotheresource: http://teslamodelx.ru/obzor tesla
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[5] Drace Baer The Making Of Tesla: Invention, Betrayal,AndTheBirthOfTheRoadster[Electronic resource]//BusinessIinsider. 2014.Accesstothe resource: http://www.businessinsider.com/tesla the originstory 2014 10
[6] TechnicaldirectorofcompanyTeslaMotorsabout what’sgoingoninthecompany”underthehood” [Electronicresource]. 2014. Internet resourceof company LTD. AEnergy. Access to the resource: http://aenergy.ru/4324