FEASIBILITY OF INTRODUCING A CNC MACHINE TO FRESHMEN AND INCOMING COLLEGE STUDENTS

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

Volume: 09 Issue: 04 | Apr 2022 www.irjet.net

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FEASIBILITY OF INTRODUCING A CNC MACHINE TO FRESHMEN AND INCOMING COLLEGE STUDENTS

1Assistant professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Holy Angel University, Pampanga, Philippines

2345Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Holy Angel University, Pampanga, Philippines

***

Abstract Having proper equipment and materials is the best way to ensure that students have all the necessary information and skills they need to be competent and promising future members of the professional field [11, 13]. Thus, the researchers conducted a study on the feasibility of introducing an alternate version of a Computer Numerical Control machine [15] to the students earlier than usual. To do this, a proposal for a portable CNC machine was made. And as evidenced by previous studies, it is possible to make smaller versions [22, 35] of machines and students are receptive to being introduced to new and novel equipment [22, 37, 38]. With the problems listed, the researchers went on with the research while keeping the objective and scope of the limitation in mind. Thus, after making a proposed model for the device and conducting the market surveyresearch,several conclusions were made.

Key Words: CNCMillingMachine,Lathing,MarketSurvey, MillingMachine,WorkPiece

1. INTRODUCTION

Having proper equipment and materials has always been associatedwithbetterlearningandimmersiontothesubject matter students need to understand. As with working on appliance repair, familiarization with the working tools necessaryforeachactivityisasvitalasknowingthetheory behindrepairingtheapplianceitself.Thisstandstoreason thatprovidingstudentswiththeappropriateequipmentis important.However,amajorissuewiththisconceptisthat someofthisequipmentandmaterialsarefartooexpensive andacquiringthemwillbeeitherbeamassiveinvestment fromtheeducatorspartorahugefinancialburdenforthe studentswhowilluseit.

Inthisregard,usingcheaperalternativesisagreatwayto bridgethegapbetweentheissuesoffinanceandlearning.As forMechanicalEngineeringstudents,amongtheplethoraof themostimportantmachinery,theyneedtofullyunderstand theCNCmachine.Thisismillingequipmentoftenusedtocut metal, wood, and other solid materials that may be too difficulttolathefortheinexperienced.

This machine's unique advantages will be necessary for a students' learning. More than this, understanding the

mechanisms behind how it works is a great introductory coursetolearninghowtodesign,build,andoperatemore complicated machinery. Having this machine at an institution's disposal is desirable for the student and any othercompanythatwillhiretheminthefuture.

However,aspreviouslystated,thismachinesharesthesame problemwithalmostanyother;itisexpensive.Thisiswhy theresearchersproposedesigningaportableCNCmachine thatismuchlessexpensivethanconventionalversionsofthe machine. In turn, the success of the product could well benefitacademiaimmensely.Oncetheproposedmachineis fullyfunctioning,itcanbeintroducedtomorestudents,in this case, general engineering and senior high school students,withouttheneedtoburdenanyoftheinstitutions stockholdersfinancially.

In this research paper, the group will discuss the history, importance,uses,andfutureoftheCNCmachinetoprove the need to expose more people to this equipment. The proposeddesignwillalsobepresentedandthefeasibilityof having this equipment compared to conventional CNC machines. Moreover, the possibility of introducing this machine to students outside mechanical engineering will alsobeexplored.Lastly,theresearcherswillalsosurveythe reception of different students from different fields to be givenachancetolearnhowtouseasimplifiedversionofthe machineinquestion.

1.1 Statement of the Problem

Technology has undergone consistent and continuous developmentsinmakingiteasierforbillionsofpeopletolive amoreconvenientandcomfortablelife.Andthishasgoneon for thousands of years. Among the results of these developments is the technological revolution that brought abouttheinventionoftheCNCmachine.Theyarebecoming anincreasinglyprevalentpartofthemanufacturingindustry and have effectively reduced the need for manual human laboranditserrors.Thismachineistheidealequipmentin manufacturing for several reasons, and its benefits easily extendtowardsacademia.

However,thecurrentversionsoftheCNCmachinearenot well suited for being put inside a learning institution for

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several reasons. Alone, this factor is enough to make the accessibilityratingforthismachinelow,butanotherreason is that its compatibility is also limited to large industries. Together, these further prove the need for a portable and affordableversionoftheCNCmachine.

Table 1:

CNC MACHINE SIZE COMPARISON

Model Brand Weight(kg) Height(mm)

GX1600 Hardinge 9800 2878

VMX50i Hurco 8136 2959

AJMCV300 Ajax 2,500 2,400

KTM 3VSF Kent Industrial 1270 1828.4

Tofurtheremphasizetheissuewithaffordability,aboveisa table(Table1)itdisplaysthemanufactureranddimensions of the CNC milling machines currently sold in the market. Readingthetableshowsthatthemachineismuchlargerthan whatanormalpersoncanreasonablyhandle.Still,another issueisthatthereisnotransparencyregardingthepriceof theseitems,whichareusuallysoldtocompaniesdirectlyand with contracts that may or may not stop them from announcinghowmuchthemachinewas.

The major challenge of manufacturing is producing more products with less material, less energy, and less labor involvement. This reasoning makes it difficult for smaller developersandcompaniestofullyuseaCNCmillingmachine sincethesemachinesaregenerallytoolarge,tooheavy,and toodifficulttohandleandmaintainforsuchcompanies[1]. Tosummarize,herearethethreepointsthattheresearchers currently view as the most important and the ones they intendtotackle:

a. Lack of a smaller, easier to handle, and less expansiveversionoftheCNCmillingmachineforacademic purposes.

b. FindingoutthefeasibilityofusingtheportableCNC millingmachinedesignedbytheresearchersforsmall to mid rangescalecompaniesandacademia.

c. Findoutstudents'reactionstobeingintroducedtoa pieceofnewequipmentaspartoftheircurriculum.

Toanswerthesequestions,theresearchersareproposingto makeadesignforaportableCNCmachinethathasreduced accuracyandfunctionbutwillbemuchsmallerandeasierto setupandremoveafteruse.Theresearchersexpecttohave

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the previously stated question through a methodology discussedfurtherinthepaper.

1.2 Objective of the Study

Havingstatedtheproblemscurrentlyexperiencedbythe industryandthesignificanceofsolvingthem,thegoalsfor the research are set. Other than the main objective of designingaportableCNCmillingmachine,thisresearchhas severalgoalsthatseektoreach.

Thestudyaimstoidentifythepropertiesthatmakefora functioning CNC milling machine that resembles the conventional versions of the machine. The principles that makethemachineworkwillalsobeexplored.Furthermore, giventheinformationgatheredthroughtheformergoals,the research aims to establish that it is possible to design a portable CNC milling machine with this information as a guide.

Withthatbeingsaidanddone,theresearchwillmoveon andstarttacklingthenextproblemstheresearchseeksto solve.Thisportionoftheresearchwillbemoretheoretical andsubjective.Thereasoningforitwillbediscussedfurther inthepaper.

As a general outline, this is the general outline the researcherswillaimforastheyprogressthroughthestudy:

a. Tounderstand the current CNCmillingmachines' properties,principles,andmechanisms.

b. To design a machine that functions as a portable CNCmillingmachinethatcanbebuiltforamorereasonable price.

c. Todeterminewhetherornotthedesigncanactasa precedentformakingmid scaleCNCmillingmachines.

d. To establish that students want to learn how to operateaportableCNCmillingmachine.

1.3 Significance of the Study

As with any industry, the manufacturing business also continues to expand at a breakneck speed. And, as the demandfordifferentproductsgrows,thetechnologyneeded tomaketheseproductsshouldalsoimprove.Unfortunately, as time makes these machines better, they are also made more expensive, effectively making them less and less accessibletosmall to mediumbusinessesandintroducing these machines to students less and less attractive for academicinstitutions.

As previously stated, the absence of an affordable CNC millingmachineisahugefactorthatstopsitfrombeingused in more industries. Despite the availability of traditional

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machinery, they are incapable of meeting the demands needed for higher productions and are also much less precise.TheexistingCNCmillingmachinesalsouseawider rangeofmodelsandtypesthatcanworkwithdifficultpieces inafractionofthetimeittakesfortraditionalequipmentto complete.

Thisiswhytheresearchersproposeintroducingaversionof theCNCmachinethatisportable,easilysetupandremoved, easierfortheworkerstooperate,andtimeandspace saving. The successful launch of such a machine will amplify the benefitsofknowinghowtooperatethismachine.Thiswill bedonebymakingiteasiertounderstandandoperate.

a. Creating a working design for a portable CNC milling machine will make it more accessible for usersfromdifferentfields.

CreatingaportableCNCmillingmachineisanidealsolution fortheneedtobridgethestudent'seducationalneedsand theissueoffindingthefinancesforacquiringoneofthese machines.Furthermore,theimplicationsofhavingmadea successfulportableCNCmillingmachinedesignwillactasan ampleprecedentfordesigningasmallerandmoreaffordable versionoftheconventionalCNCmillingmachinescurrently used by the industry. This version of the CNC milling machinewillbemoreaffordableforeducationalinstitutions andmakeacquiringitamoreattractiveprospectthanever before. With this in mind, it stands to reason that adding learning how to operate this machine to a student's curriculumcanimprovetheirchancesoffindingworkinthe real world and may also inspire them to be a part of the mechanical engineering field if the machine is introduced earlierintheirlife.

b. Making a precedent for the design and manufacturingofamid scaleCNCmillingmachine that is more affordable for small to mid sized companiesintheindustry.

The success of designing a working portable CNC milling machinewillbeagreatbasisfordesigningaslightlylarger version of the machine. After this research, the group is willingtoallowotherresearcherstomakethispapertheir basisforwhentheyconsidermakingamid scaleversionof themachineinquestion.Ifsuccessful,themachinewillbe soldtosmallercompaniesthatdonotrequireaCNCmilling machineaslargeasconventionalones.Themanufacturingof preciselymilledproductsshouldgrowexponentiallyasthe numberofcompaniesusingthenewmid scaleCNCmilling machine increases. Furthermore, with it being more affordable, the creation of new businesses that use this equipment is expected to be the next logical progression aftertheseimprovementsinthetechnology.

c. Provideaclearreferencestatingthatstudentsare willing to learn about new equipment as part of theireducationalcurriculum.

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Other than this proof acting as a reference as to how students will react to having to learn how to operate new equipment,inthiscase,theportableCNCmillingmachine,it will also act as a preliminary survey that educational institutionscanusewhenconsideringtoaddthismachineto their repertoire of educational materials. As this is the secondaryaimoftheresearch,thedesignofthemachinewill becloselybasedonthefeasibilityofthishappening.

1.4 Scope and Limitation

This study will focus on designing a portable CNC milling machineandthefeasibilityofintroducingitasanalternative toolforhelpingstudentslearnabouttheprecisionmillingof different materials. A detailed scope of the research is providedbelow.Theselimitationswillserveasaguidelineto help streamline the dataset, interpretation, analysis, and conclusionsthatwillbetakenaftertheresearch.

a. The study will design a portable CNC milling machineinsteadofbuildingone.

Theestimatedtimefortheproducttobecompletedislonger than the time allotted to make this paper. Hence, the research will be limited to only designing the intended productinsteadofprovingthatthedesignworks.

b. Thebasisforprovingthatthedesigncanworkwill becomparedwithexistingCNCmillingmachines.

Astheresearchisonlylimitedtodesigningtheproduct,itis impossibletoproveitsaccuracy.Therefore,thefinaldesign willbecomparedtoexistingCNCmillingmachinesandother smallerversionsofdifferentequipment.

c. Theconclusionregardingthefeasibilityofmaking thedesignwillbebasedsolelyontheoreticaldata.

With the previously stated limitations, it stands to reason that the conclusion regarding the designed CNC milling machinewillbepurelytheoretical.

d. Theresearchonthepossibilityofdesigningamid scaleversionoftheproductwillbepurelyanalyticalandwill notbebasedontesteddata.

The study will only deal with analysing the feasibility of usingthedesignasa precedentforabiggerversionofthe design. This will be done through market analysis and by pulling conclusions from historical data that are already available.Itwillnotincludehowtointroducetheportable CNCmachinetothemarkettointroduceittogroupsthatwill useitasabasisforanewdesign.

e. The study will only include General Engineering students and Senior High School students for the market survey.

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Theresearcherswillonlyincludeselectstudentsfromthese two age groups for their research. The students do not necessarilyneedtocomefromthesameinstitution.

f. Thestudywillnotinvolvethedesignofthesoftware onwhichtheCNCmillingmachinewilloperateon.

Giventhetimeandresource limitationsthatarecurrently present,theresearcherswillnotbedevelopingsoftwarethat willguidethemachineasitmills.Neitherwilltheydelveinto thetopicofdesigning,coding,ormaintainingsoftware.This study will assume that the machine will operate with a functioningoperatingsystem,albeitlimitedincapability.

1.5 Hypothesis

Theresearchershypothesizethatitispossibletodesigna workingportableCNCmachinebybasingontheoryandthe principlesthatmakeupconventionalmachines.Moreover, the group also hypothesizes that a reliable comparison betweentheproposeddesignandothersuccessfulportable designs is possible, and that this can be done through correlationalmethods.

Asforthefirsttargetoftheresearch,makingaprecedentfor the design of a mid scale version of the machine, the researchers hypothesize that it is feasible to make the proposed design as a basis. Moving on, as for the second target of the research, the group hypothesizes that the participants of the study will have a positive reaction to beingintroducednewmachinesaspartoftheircurriculum.

Overall,theresearchhypothesisthatisalsothemostideal result would be to make a working portable CNC milling machine design that can be feasibly built. However, realistically,theresearchershypothesizethatthisproposed designwillnotbeusedasabasisforfutureresearcheson thematter.

2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Oneofthemostinfluentialandflexibletypesofmachineryin the manufacturing business is the milling machine. It is a machiningoperationwherethematerialisremovedfroma workitemusingacutterwithnumerouscuttingedges.This machine tool is responsible for around 85% of the total materialremovalprocess[2].CNCmachininghasbecomea standardpartofmanyindustries'manufacturingprocesses. This is since CNC machines improve output. Compared to manuallyoperatedgear,italsoprovidesforagreaterrangeof applications[3].

Milling machines were created to make hand filing more efficient.Theyfirstappearedintheearly1800s(1814 1818), thoughtheexacthistoryisdifficulttofollowbecausethere was so much development in tiny stores at the time. For decades,millingmachineshavehadasignificantimpacton theworldofproductionandindustry.Countlessideaswould

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haveneverseenthelightofdayifithadn'tbeenforthem.At its most basic level, a milling machine employs revolving cutterstoremovematerialfromasolidblockbyfeedingthe cutteralongtheblock[4].

For operating directives, controllers switched from punch cards to software. From punch card indicated coordinates thatshowedthestartandfinishlocationsalongtwoaxesto today'stechnologythatcanproducehighlycomplexthree dimensionalcomponentsbymovingtoolsalongfiveaxes,the usefulness of the machine has also grown. While the manufacturing sector prefers to stick to tried and true technology,CNCmachineshavebecomeamoderninvention that many firms are now adopting. CNC devices are a far superior option to previous NC machines or manual machiningduetoimprovedprecision,quickerspeeds,and higheroutputcapacitiesprovidedbycomputerizedcontrol [5].

CNC machining has several advantages for today's organizations.Withahighrateofoutputandfewererrorsin theresultantcomponents,CNCmachinesmorethanmakeup fortheirinitialexpenses.Operatorsalsorequirelesstraining and may learn how to run a CNC machines in a virtual environment, reducing the requirement for training work pieces [6].Anengineerdoesnotneedtobe a construction specialisttoproduceaperfectdesign;instead,sheneedsonly copyherconceptonthecomputerandhavetheCNCmachine makeit.Becausetheblueprintisstillonthecomputer,any shape changes may be made rapidly simply by repeatedly performingthemachiningprocessforanewmodelanddoing itrepeatedlyafter[5].

CNCmachining,atypeofprecisionmachining,differsfrom other types of precision machining in that it isautomated, allowingforhighCNCaccuracyandextremeprecision.CNC machining not only allows for a level of complexity and intricacy that traditional precision machining technology cannot cutting to 0.001" or roughly 1/4 the width of a human hair but it also saves money when making complicatedproducts[6].

TosupervisetheoutputofnumerousCNCmachines,justone skilledpersonisrequired.Thetechnologyunderlyingthese robotshasprogressedtothepointwhereonepersoncansit and watch them work for hours after they've been programmed.Companiesthatemploythesedevicesmaypass onthecostsavingsfromfewerpersonneltotheircustomers [7].TheG code basedsoftwarewillupdateitselfasneeded. CNC machines don't require much maintenance beyond changingthecuttingimplementsattheappropriateintervals and minor cleaning. Regular maintenance does not need expertassistance,savingmoney[8].

On the contrary, there are some negatives to switchingon today's technology. Although CNC machines are more expensivethanmanuallycontrolledmachines,thecostsare graduallydecreasing.ACNCmachineoperatorjustrequires

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basic training andabilities,which aresufficient to oversee numerous machines. Compared to manually operated equipment, CNC machines require fewer personnel to operate. As a result, CNC machines can cause a lot of unemployment[9].

Manymechanicalengineersareconcernedthatstudentsmay losetheirmanualmachiningabilitiesbyemphasizingtheuse ofCNCmachinesintheclassroom.Thesephysicalabilities, suchasfacing,turning,grooving,andpolishingusingalathe, giveimportantmathematicsandtechnicalknowledge[10].

Withtheglobaleconomycontinuingtoexpand,machinetool consumption will increase by more than 3.0% in 2019, propellingtheworldwideCNCmachinetoolindustry,which hadanoutputvalueof$70billionin2018,tocontinuetorise gradually. China, being the world's top manufacturer and userofCNCmachinetools,hadaCNCrateof29.7%in2018, much lower than Europe, America, Japan, and other industrialized nations (Japan: over 90 percent; Germany: above 75 percent; the United States: beyond 80 percent ). MetalcuttingmachinetoolshadaCNClevelof39.0percent, whichwasgreaterthanmetalformingmachinetools(only 9.9percent)[11].

MESCO was the first company in the Philippines tolaunch numerousimportantmachiningtechnologies.Infact,in1973, thebusinessintroducedthePhilippines'firstCNCmachine tool.MESCOwasalsoincorporatedintoMESCOInc.atthis time[12].

Duetothehighcostoftrainingforhighlyspecializedskills suchasCNCMachining,CNCProgramming,manufacturing engineering, and CNC machine repair and maintenance, whichareatthehigher leveltechnologyandstillrelatively uncommon in the Philippines, there are only a few skilled CNCMachinistsavailable.Hence,makinglearningitaviable path towards a more in demand profession in the future. Especiallyconsideringthatthereisahugelackinpeoplein thecountrywhoareabletousethismachineeffectively[13].

InastudyconductedbyGuiming,hefoundthatwhilemany machinetoolmanufacturerspayattentiontotheproduction ofmachinetools,theyarelosingthegenuinebeautyofhow theycanproduceatoolwithagreatstructure.Inthemethod of CNC machine tool industrial intelligent production, the significanceofindustrialdesignintelligencetoCNCmachine tool should acknowledge by the designers, the traditional conceptmustbeamended,andeventhebalancesinfunctions andformsshouldbetransformed[14].

Thenumericalcontrolmachinetoolmanufacturingindustry isthriving,andthemainproducingcountrieswithabsolute advantagesareAsia,America,andtheEuropeanUnion.China, Japan,andGermany.In2019,31.5%wasrecordedinChina for the scale of CNC Machine tool while 0.6% in Japan. Effective integration in automatic control intelligent technology and traditional manufacturing technology will

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turntheconstructionintohigherefficiency,operateseasily, andsupportstheoperatingsystemwithlowerdifficulty[14].

Throughapreparedprograminvolvingcodedalphanumeric data,theComputerNumericalControlwasbeingcontrolled. Manufacturingwithhighaccuracy,shorttimeinproduction, manufacturing with greater flexibility, simplex fixturing, contour machining and decreasing human errors. The drawbacks are expensive cost, maintenance, and the necessityofskilledpartprogrammers.CNChasawiderange ofbenefitsinthemachinetoolcategory,includinglathe,drill press,millingmachine,grindingunit,laser,sheet metalpress working machine, tube bending machine, and many more. Turningcentersandmachiningcentersarehighlyautomated machinetoolsthatcanchangethecuttingtoolsautomatically. Ontheotherhand,CNCinthenon machinetoolcategoryalso hasotherfunctions,weldingmachines,coordinatemeasuring machines, tape laying and filament winding machines for compositesandmanymoreareincludedinCNCapplications [15].

The core manufacturing equipment is the Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools, wherein the important part of intelligent manufacturing workshops is collectedandmonitored.Refinementofproductionwiththe competencyofenterprisesandremoveinformationislands thatservedasgreatimportance[16].

Milling machines are developing, the machine is built to becomeevenbetter,andthedesiredoutcomeisamachine capableofworkingwithstockmaterialsthatincludeplastic, wood, and light materials such as aluminum and bronze. Whenyouuseitwithmetals,itwillmaketheCNCmachine benefitted over 3D printers. Metals are intended to create durablepartswhenusingplasticin3Dprinters[17].

Withtheuseofshelf componentsteppermotorswithdrivers, Arduino open source, microcontroller, and open source motorcontrolsoftwarelow costthree axisCNCmachinewas developed. The author developed the low cost of the CNC Machine,andthepurposeisforeducation[18].

Manymanufacturingprocessesarenowusingcomputerized machinesthatleadtohighproduction.Unfortunately,itisnot aproblemwhenitcomestoinspection.Tohaveanadvanced swiftly that can produce in fast processing, CNC must use, whereitisableinmanufacturingpartsthatspeedishighand canmakemanualinspectionintoabottleneck[19].

CNCpricechartdatawasobtainedin2018todeterminelow, high,average,andbrandpricingbasedonCNCtype(TableII). Supplierssawhowmanymanufacturersandmachinistswere lookingforpricesanddecidedtocompilestatisticsbasedon ourinventoryandsalesfromthepreviousyear.

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Table 2:

CNC MACHINE PRICE BY CNC TYPE (ROUNDED DATA FROM CNCMACHINES.NET AS OF 12/2018)

CNC DESCRIPTION

CNC

PRICEUSD$ Lowest Highest Average

Lathe Lathe 10,000 430,000 80,000

CNC Mill Mill 6,000 300,000 60,000

CNC VMC

CNC HMC

Vertical Machining Center 6,000 275,000 50,000

Horizontal Machining Center 15,000 350,000 89,000

CNC HBM Horizontal BoringMill 50,000 300,000 125,000

CNC VTL Vertical TurretLathe 25,000 385,000 166,000

MaterialmillingCNCmillmachinesareavailableintwobasic configurations: vertical and horizontal. The milling tool descendsandcollideswiththematerialonthetable.Milling tools are positioned horizontally on horizontal machining centers,andtheworkpieceisimpactedtoaverticalsurface. Thecostofatransactionrisesasthenumberofalternative movesincreases[20].

Due to the investment costs of machine tools, a direct purchaseonlymakessenseiftheworkloadishigh.Therefore, forsmallercompaniestogetthemaximumbenefitfromthese technologies, they will likely need to develop a strong outsourcingpolicy.SMEsshouldnotseethesepracticessolely as the domain of large organizations; they are good at adoptingandadaptingsuchstrategiestogivethemselvesa competitiveadvantage[21].

Smallandmedium sizedenterprises(SMEs)locatedatthe third or lower level of a supply chain in manufacturing remain more labor intensive and focus on short term operations rather than long term strategic issues, as they don't have many resources. This continuous improvement process can last a long time, at least until the market is saturatedoruntilaninnovationwithacompetitiveadvantage entersthemarket:cheaper,easiertouse,morereliable,and better. Most mature, everyday products arecheaper today thanwhentheywerefirstintroducedandareundoubtedly morereliable.[22].

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Oneoftheseveralfactorssmall mediumenterprises(SMEs) andlargecompanieswhenpurchasingCNCMachinesisthe sizeofthemachine.Theproductionareaisdifferentinalarge manufacturingcompanyandSMEsmanufacturer.However, foramachinistwhoperformstheirjobattheirworkstation mostofthetime,asmallspacebroughtbythemachinemay creatediscomfortduetofeelingsofconfinement[23].CNC machineshavedifferenttypesofaxesavailableinthemarket. 3to5 axismachinescentersand2to8 axisturningcenters arethemachinesyoucanfindinamanufacturingcompany. Selecting CNC Machines is important in manufacturing companies.Businessownerswillsavemoneywhentheycan choosethecorrectmachineneededintheirbusinessproject [24].

In2020,CampbellwroteanarticleaboutCNCmachinesand came to think that one factor that should be consideredis your budget. Machining services and equipment are expensive yet do not meet your company's requirements. However, with a well thought out strategy and sufficient expertise, you may select a service that meets all of your requirements while remaining within your budgetary constraints. As a result, when choosing a provider, be as precise as possible about your expectations. Also, because VMC(verticalmachiningcenter)machinesarelessexpensive than HMC (horizontal machining center) equipment, they maybelessexpensivetohire.Notethatpricingdifferences shouldnotbethesolefactortoconsider[25].

AdecentCNCmachinecandoalotofwork.Youneedanas littledowntimeandmaintenanceaspossibletogetmaximum output. DMS machines, with a few exceptions, lubricate themselvesautomatically.Eventhefewpiecesofequipment that need manual lubrication maybe maintainedat oneof threesites.Whilesomemachinesmayrequirehoursofrest eachday,weproposeasimplemonthlycheckuptoguarantee optimalperformance.DMSdevicesrequirelessmaintenance anddowntime[26].

Performance testing of CNC units and mechanical components is becoming more significant; nevertheless, testingofmerelyCNCunitscannotimprovetheperformance of full systems since they interact with other mechanical components like ball screws and bearings. The CNC units mustalsobetestedaftertheentiremachinetoolisproduced, which is expensive and time consuming. Furthermore, the performance test would be harmed by too many noises emittedbyeachcomponent[27].

© The interpolation and speed (acceleration/deceleration) control methods used by the CNC significantly impact the machinetool'sspeedandaccuracy.Furthermore,theCNC's interpolation and speed control technology is a black box basedonprocessinguniquetoeachCNCmaker[28].

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Page1453 The key to bearing safety is a design that incorporates excellentthermalmanagement,ensuringheatgenerationand dissipation are balanced within the system [29]. There is

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certainlythatrollingbearingsplayakeyroleinthespindle system of a CNC vertical milling machine since their mechanicalqualitieshaveasignificantimpactonthespindle system'sdynamic behaviorandstability.Furthermore, the bearing clearance is an important design parameter to compensate for the thermal deformation of the spindle systeminCNCverticalmillingmachinestoavoidthebearing fromjamming[30].

Choosing the proper material is the first step in having an ideal completed item. The most appropriate and cost effective material can be chosen by limiting the sorts of machiningmaterialsthatarebestsuitedfortheitem.When choosingamaterial,makesurethatitsmeltingpointislower than the machining process's working temperature. Furthermore,anyvariationsinoperationtemperaturemust beconsidered.Thematerialmustsustainthetemperatures for an extended period without warping, distorting, or breakingdown[31].

Thisisoneofthemostimportantfactorstoconsiderwhen choosing a material for CNC manufacturing. Different materials are required for different applications. An aeronauticalpartmustbelightweightcomparedtoapartfor structural support in a building. Aluminum 3.3211, for example,iswidelyutilizedintheaerospacesectorduetoits high strength to weight ratio. The application area will determine the physical qualities of the material, such as tensile strength, strength toweight ratio, crack resistance, stiffness,andflexibility[32].

Temperature deformations occur due to this temperature effect,resultinginachangeinthepositionoftheworkpiece relativetothetooland,asaresult,errors.EveryCNCmachine tool is subjected to temperature impacts during operation and in sleep mode, both uniform and uneven. This will be particularlynoticeableifweconcentrateonthestabilityof themachineddimensioninthecaseofasmallernumberof work pieces while keeping the shape and position faults definedonthemachinedpartsinmind[33].

Fromastructuralstandpoint,thepositioningaccuracyofCNC machineequipmentcausesmachiningmistakes.Themachine tool'sfeedsystemisthemostimportantfactoraffectingits positioningprecision.Themechanicaltransmissionsystemin thestructuraldesignislinkedtopositioningprecision.Using position sensing devices, CNC machine tools can typically preventpositionalvariationsintheprimarycomponentsof thefeedsystem,suchasballscrews,inaclosed loopsystem. Positioning and monitoring are impossible in open loop systems due to the numerous influencing factors and the intricateenvironment[34].

3. METHODOLOGY

Given the scopes and limitations of the research, other research design types cannot be used for the research. However, it also presents two clear alternatives. The

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researchers will utilize a quantitative and correlational researchdesignforthestudy.

Theresearcherswilluseaquantitativeresearchdesignfor themarketsurveyportionoftheresearch.Thisallowsthe researchers to transform data gathered into easily understandablestatsandnumbers.Thiswillalsomakeway foracasual comparativesub researchusingthesamedata set.

As for the feasibility of making the product as a basis for designing a mid scale version of conventional CNC milling machines,acorrelationalresearchdesignwillbeused.This willbeachievedbycomparingthedesignandtheprinciples used in proposing previously made machines. This will ensurethatlittletonoresourcesarewastedinmakingthis research.

Asfortheoverallprocessoftheresearch,thedatacollection tomakethedatawillbebasedsolelyonobservationaland correlationalmethodstomakethemostoptimaldesignfor theproposal.Theproposalwillgounderafeasibilitystudy that will quantify the statistical grade of the designed machine.Movingon,theotherdatathatwillberequiredto drawouttheconclusionwillalsoistreatedsimilarlytothe otherdatacollectedinotherpartsoftheresearch.

Thismethodshouldallowforareliablesupplyofdataand informationthatwillprovesufficientfortheinterpretation aspect of the study. This should provide a reliable and systematicpatternthatotherresearcherscanfollowifthey wanttoimprovethedesignproposedbythegroup.

3.1 Data Gathering and Collection

Asdiscussedintheconceptualframeworkoftheresearch,the processthatwillbefollowedtocompletethisresearchwillbe basedonthatdiagram.Insummary,theresearcherswilluse different existing references to maketheirdesigns. Thena seriesoftrialsforthedesign'sfeasibilitywillbeconducted untilanoptimaldesignthatmeetsallthecriteriatheylaidout ismet.Theproposeddesignwillthenbecomparedtoother existingdesignstoensurethatitisuptoparwithstandards andcanbeusedasabasisforfuturedesigns.Furthermore, theresearcherswillalsosurveytoensurethattheproposalof teaching operating this machine will be well received by studentsandotherpossibleusersoftheexpectedproduct.

Given the limitations laid out by the researchers in earlier chapters, the researchers will not be making a physical version of the product. However, the research design they choseshouldproveaviablealternativetoprovingwhetheror notthedesignwouldwork.Ifnecessary,peerreviewsofthe proposalmayalsobedonetoensurethatitwouldfunctionas intended. Regardless, the data gathering for the second objective of the research will be limited to theoretical discussions.

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Asforthesurvey,theresearcherswillusegoogleformsasa convenientwayofgettinginformationfromstudentsfromall walks of life and a wider range. This will allow for a truly randomsetofparticipantsthatarealwaysidealforresearch likethis.Oncedone,thedatawillbetabulatedandanalyzed throughexceltoensurethattherelationshipsbetweenthe variablesandtheanswersarelaidoutforinterpretation.

Thedataanalysisprocedurethattheresearcherswillfollow willbebasedontheresearch'spreviouslydiscussedresearch designandconceptualframework.

Asdatagatheringfromdifferentsourcesanddesignsofthe CNCmillingmachineisthefirststepofthestudy,thedata gatheredfromthatportionoftheresearchwillbeprocessed quantitatively,andall thedesignprinciplesandproperties that overlap will be used for the proposed design. As the researchersexpect,followingthismethodshouldresultinthe mostoptimaldesignthatblendsallthemechanicalelements ofaCNCmillingmachinetobecomeacompletefunctioning machine.Thismechanicaldesignwillactasabalancingfactor forthemachine'sstiffness,strength,reliability,andaccuracy. Allofthesearenecessarytomakethemachineacceptablein academiaanddifferentindustries.

Oncedone,correlationaldatagatheringprocedureswillbe utilized to compare the proposed product's effectiveness comparedtoothersmallerprototypesofhugemachinesused in the industry. By correlating whichever portion of the proposed design overlaps with other designs made successfully through this research method, a conclusion shouldbemadeavailabletotheresearchers.

Asforthemarketsurvey,whichisthepartoftheresearch wherestudentswill beaskedwhetherornottheywantto learnaboutCNC'sintheirclasses,thedatawillbegathered throughasurveyalongwithotherdatathatmaybehelpful for the research. Their answers will then be collected and compiledintoeasilyunderstandablefigurestoaddcontextto theiranswers.

Together, the data gathered from the research should be enoughtomakeasuitableconclusionandrecommendation that can be sent to the school institution and small to mediumbusinessesregardingthefeasibilityofaCNCmilling machine.

3.1 Mechanical Design

The machine comprises a frame that houses a plane that allowsforX Yaxesmovementsthroughtablemotions,and theZ axismillingisadjustedthroughthespindlecutter.The CNC control card and computer are the machine's control units.Steppermotorsarealsoattachedtoprovideaneasier revolution of the material. These are attached to a sturdy base to make sure that the machine stays as stable as possible.

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The functional and derived requirements are the most important design requirements as with any machine. The functionalrequirementsareacollectionofderivedcriteria thatmustbemettocompletethemachine'sdesign.TheCNC milling machine mainly consists of the mechanical components, including the structure, the electrical system andthecontrolorcomputingsystemtopositionthetipofthe milling cutter at the required position. These are also the base requirements the researchers used for making the design.

Themachine'smainframeismadefromaluminumtubesthat caneasilybeinterchangedandadjusted,makingthemachine eveneasiertoassembleanddisassemblewhenneeded.Since thematerialislight,themachineismuchlessexpensiveto build.Thesteppermotorsofthemachinearemountedonthe X Y axes allowing for movement on this plane, and are coupledthroughashaftconnectedtothesystemthroughlead screwaxes.

Ashaftcouplingisusedtoconnecttheleadscrewendtothe stepper motor using a key lock to transmit the required power to cut through the material used. The speed of the motorineachaxesiscontrolledthroughthesteppermotor. Thiselectromechanicalpartwasdevisedtoconvertelectrical control signals into the rotational mechanical movement millingrequires.Thesteppermotorsarealsobrushlessfora moreprecisemilledproduct.

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Above is an exploded view of the proposed portable CNC millingmachine.Theimageshowcasesthealuminumbase, acetatebarrier,leadscrews,steppermotor,etc.Thisdesign view is meant for future research regarding making the machineand,hopefully,improvingit.

Despite most CNC milling machines in production being completelyautomated,thisdesignwillrequirealittlemore attentiontomakeusofproperly.Sinceit'sanintroductory itemthatmoststudentsaremeanttouse,itwasdecidedthat it's best to make the process of using the machine more immersiveifthestudentsochooses.Thisisthereasonforthe variablespeedforthemotor,sotheycanbetterobservehow their digital designs are being transformed or etched into/onto3Dobjects.

4. CONCLUSIONS

Theresearchestablishedthatunderstandingwhatmakesa CNCmillingmachinerunisnecessaryformakingaproposal for a portable version of the machine. The research also concludes that it is possible to make more economical versionoftheCNCmillingmachine,andsuchamachineis more than enough to get students interested in learning aboutthemachine.

Moreover, as the number of people who are aware of the machineincreases,thepossibilityofseeingimprovementsin thefuturealsoincreases,similarlytowhatwasalludedtoby theresearchconductedbySarwar(2013).Themarketstudy oftheresearchestablishedthatstudentsarewillingtolearn aboutdifferentmachinesiftheyaregiventheopportunity; this conclusion was supported by Doney and Wegerif’s (2017)research.Itwasalsoconcludedthatitispossiblethat improvementsontheCNCmachinecanbeproducedbythe interestofstudentsinthefuture.

The correlational comparison with other machines of the machine, especially with its close design to that of Haji (2013) supports the possibility of making a functional portableCNCmillingmachine.

Here is a summarized list of the conclusions the group derivedfromtheresearch.

• UnderstandingwhatmakesaCNCmillingmachine runwillhelpinmakingaproposeddesignforaportableCNC millingmachine

• It is possible to make a portable CNC milling machine at a more economical price. However, the capabilitiesofthismachinewillbegreatlylimited.

• Theproposeddesigncanserveasabasisformaking amid scaleversionoftheCNCmillingmachine,solongas interestinthemachineisincreased.

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• StudentsarereceptivetohavingCNCmillingaspart oftheircurriculum,andtheyaregenerallywillingtolearn howtooperatethemachine.

Overall, the researchers conclude that it is feasible to introduce a proposed portable CNC milling machine to a wideraudience.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thisthesisiswholeheartedlymadebygreatteamwork.First andforemost,wewanttoexpressourgratitudetoGodfor beingoursourceofhopeduringourjourneysandforallof theblessingsHehasshowereduponus.

Second, we thank our parents for providing us with the courage to pursue our education. Aside from the financial support,thelovethathasbeeninscribedovertheyearsof thistripisgreatlyvaluedandrecognized.

Third,wewanttoexpressourgratitudetoeveryonewhohas stood by our side through thick and thin, especially our friends who have supported us numerous times while remaining loyal to themselves. We give thanks to our advisers Engr.WilfredoInfante,Engr.ArielCabildo,Engr. Emmanuel John Angeles, and Engr. Renalito Marcelo for being there to guide us through this journey of doing our thesis,machineandmanuscript,andsupportingusthatwe cansurpassthischallengesuccessfully.

Wegratefullythankthoseindividualswhohavegivenpartof theirknowledgetoourprojectforbelievinginusandwhat we are capable of. We also express our gratitude to the MechanicalEngineeringdepartmentforallowingustoutilize theknowledgetaughttousovertheyearstocompletethis engineeringproject.

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