Technological Survey on Quantum Computing

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Technological Survey on Quantum Computing

Vinaytej V G1 , Venugopal S2 , Manoj R3, Vaishnavi M4 Dr. Vikas Reddy S5

1Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India

2Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India

3Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India

4Student, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India

5Assoc.Prof, Dept Computer Science And Engineering S J C Institute of Technology Chickballapur India ***

Abstract - The development of new technology depends on a good theoretical basis. At the initial stages of evolution of computers vacuum tubes ruled the generation, now nano chips are ruling the generation, in future atoms will be ruling the era of computing. Quantum computing is a paradigm which is a highly topical and fast-moving field. A Quantum Computer uses a different approach compared to classical computer, e.g., qubits, superposition which helps to extend the computational abilities to a higher level. Quantum computer directly exploits the principles of quantum mechanical phenomena to solve complex problems. Currently there are few algorithms which make use of quantum technology. This paper reviews about fundamentals of quantum computing, importance in various areas, difficulties involved implementation of quantum computer.

Key Words: Entanglement, Super-Position, Qubit, Quantum,Quantum-Mechanics

1. INTRODUCTION

Quantum computer is machine that use the collective principles of quantum state properties and information represented in quantum states. Quantum computation is fundamentallybasedonreversiblecomputationandusesthe quantum-bitsorqubits(0&1atthesametime)byfollowing the “superposition principle of quantum mechanics” with this we can speed up data processing by overriding the traditional computers. These machines are not yet commercially and still in its early stages of research and development.Quantumcomputersworksbasedonthewave nature of the atom and spin of the magnetic field of the molecularandsubmolecularformofthematter.Atomsare simplestformofthematter,whichhaselectrons,neutrons andprotons.Underelectronstherewillbeasmallamountof energywithaircalledQuartz

Someofthebuildingblocksofquantumcomputingare:

1.1

Entangle States

Irrespective of distance between qubits they are always connectedtoeachotherwhichisknownasentangledstate. It is a primary feature of quantum mechanics. One qubit outputanimmediateinformationabouttheothernomatter

how far apart these qubits are. Increasing the number of qubitswillnotnecessarilydoublethenumberofprocesses since processing one qubit will reveal information about multiplequbits.It’sresponsibleforexponentialspeedofthe quantum algorithm. Qubits increases in a exponential form(2n)UsesofentanglementinQuantumcomputingis:

• QuantumCryptography

• SuperdenseCoding

Supposeconsiderapairofhand-gloves,ifyoufindtheright glovealoneinthedrawerthenotheronewillbetheleftone, wecanpushthetwoqubitsintothesamestateeventhough thestatesaredifferentandthisincreasesthecomputational powerandsolutionoptimization.Ifweobtainentanglement, we can store many numbers of possible values, EntanglementandbehavioroftheQubitscanknowwiththe helpofthespinofanelectronifthespinvalueisinnegative thenitisreferredasa‘spin-up’anditrepresent‘1’ifspinis inpositivevalue,thenitisreferredasa‘spin-down’andit represent ‘0’. If the electrons have opposite spins, then 2 electrons can occupy a same space exactly same time. Initiallydetermining stateofobjectandthequbitsarethen superpositionedandentangledinordertomakefunctional qubits

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1.2 Qubit

The qubits are fundamentals in quantum computing, the operationsofquantumcomputingareperformedonqubits whichcanbeincoherentsuperpositionstate.Coherencetells usdefineshowlongaqubitretainsitsinformation.Qubitisa two-statequantummechanicalsystem.Theillustrationofbit (usedinclassicalcomputing)andqubitisgivenbelow.

Superpositionisalinearcombinationof|0>and|1>ifthe systemhasAandB(AandBisacombinationof0’sand1’s) statesifthesystemchooses0fromstateA,theinformation apartfrom0instateAwillbeerased.SimilarlyforBsystem also, this property is called as super position principle. In Schrodinger’scatequationthecatissuperpositionofbeing deadandalive,untiltheboxisopenedandforcedtochoose thestate[2].

2. LITERATURE SURVEY

In 1992 at bell labs “Umesh Vazani” come up with “BersteinVazarani Algorithm” this algorithm shows how a quantumcomputerfindthesecretnumberinastepwhereas aclassicalcomputertakesthestepsbasedonthesizeofthe bitwhichisinsideanoracle[3].

“PeterShor”Afterreadingthe“Berstein-VazaraniAlgorithm” Shor came up with algorithm with the help of “Charlie Bennet” and “John Smolin” called “Shor’s Algorithm”. This algorithmexplainshowcanwegetafactoroflargenumbers usingexponentialform.

Fig -2:Illustrationofbitandqubit.

1.3 Quantum Gates

Quantum gates function similar to logic gates in classical computers. Unlike many classical gate quantum gates are reversible. Quantum gates are unitary operators and are describedasunitarymatrices.

QuantumfulladderwasgivenbyFeynmanin1986[1].

ForsavingthemousestuckinMaze,theclassicalcomputer givesthesolutionbasedontheprincipleofTrailanderrorfor reachingtotheend,whereasinquantumcomputerthebits arereplacedwithQubits,QubitsworksbasedonQuantum Mechanics.With3qubitsystemcanstore8possiblesolutions consider if we construct with just 20qubits we can store billionsofpossiblesolutions

In classical computer the number of transistors will be increased to enrich the speed of the classical computer whereas in the quantum computer qubits are increased. When the Qubits are increased then the correlation also increasesthusthecomputationalpoweralsoincreases[4]

Fig -2:Feynman’sQuantumfulladder

1.4 Superposition

It’sanabilityofparticletobeintwopositionsatatime.In classical computer the bit can be either 0 or 1, but in quantum computer the qubit can be in 0,1 at same time.

The qubit represented mathematically as a 2Dimensional Vector(orstate).Werepresentthestateswithwordcalled vector.TheQubitsisacombinationof‘0’and‘1’itisnotonly meantfor0and1states,itisthevalues inbetween0to1 state,wecanrepresentthequantumstateswiththe“Dirac Notation”or“Bra-ketNotation”[5].Therearesomefactors that we need to discuss if we want to know about the QuantumcomputerUsingonlyonewavefunction,wecan’t representthestatesofthesystem.Ifweneedtodosothen wewanttorepresentthestatesofthesystemweshouldhave twoormorewavefunctions.Withthesewavefunctionswe have to superimpose the wave functions and there it producesanotherwavefunctionofthatsystemandthiswave function is called as ‘Eigen State’. Super position state is combinationofmanyeigenstates.

3. IMPORTANCE

As we observe the present situations the technology is growing in a faster phase and also complexity of implementing and computing those ideas are becoming

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

difficultwhichrequiresahighcomputationaldevicewhich canmeettherequirementsofsolvingcomplexproblems.That iswherequantumcomputationcomesintopicture.Byusing Quantumcomputers,wecansolvetheproblemsthatcannot besolvedbytraditionalcomputersoversomanyyears.

The major groundwork in the field of quantum computing was done by physicist “PAUL BENIOFF” in 1980.Quantum computers are 1000 times faster than the traditional computersarederivedfromQuantumTheory.Theproblems which cannot be solved from super computers those problemscansolvebyusingQuantumcomputers.Quantum computers have the ability to give the potential to the industrybysolvingtheproblemsthatcan’tachievefromthe modern-day computers. When Google developed first quantumcomputerwith53qubitsin2019,themachinewas abletosolveacalculationinjust3minutes,whereitwould have taken 10,000 years for world’s fastest computer to solve.

A. Healthcare:

Quantumcomputingfacilitatehealthcareusecasethatfortify each otherin a cycle. Theconvolutionof human biological system, the customized medicine requiring other than standard medicine. Classical ML has limitations due to complexity of relation among features. The Quantum integrated ML, which may provide the accuracy in early detection of disease in detailed way and to have a precautionary measure over that particular disease The currentdiagnosis,treatmentformostofthediseasearecostly and slow with deviations around 15-20% [6]. Quantum enabled diagnosis has ability to improve image-aided diagnosis.Quantumcomputingallowsmedicalpractitioner to differentiate large amount of grouped data and permutationstoidentifybestpattern.

Indrugresearchanddiscoveryquantumcomputingallows medical partitioners to model the complex molecular interactionsatanatomiclevel.It’snowpossibletoencode approximately 20,000 proteins in the human genome and theirinteractionswithexistingdrugcanbesimulated[7]

Fig -4:VennDiagramofapplicationsofquantum computer

B. Weather Forecast:

Forecasting is compact to be exactly according to the predictions, mostly when the weather is considered to be varyingandwhentheinformationavailableisminimum.with exactpredictionswecansavemanylivesandwecouldhelp the farmers so that they can plan accordingly That can be achieved from the Quantum computers. Early warnings of dangerousweatherandminimizingtheeffectsofsuchevents, but current model can predict regional scale weather like hurricanesandsandstorms.The IBMhasjointlycombined with The Weather company, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research and the National Centre for Atmospheric Research to develop the model which covers acrosstheglobewhichwillprovidehighresolutionforecasts eveninthemostdifficultandundeservedareas.Inthefuture the combination on IBM supercomputing technology, geographicalprocessingunitswithquantumcomputerwill help to predict and track wild weathers, meteorological conditions in such a way that classical supercomputer are unabletoachieve.

C. Cryptography:

Basically, cryptography refers to encrypting the data at sendersideandreceiverhavingtherightkeycandecryptit usingthekeyusingRSA,Symmetrickeyalgorithmetc.But mostofthemarenot100%reliable,therecentexamplefor this case is a Pegasus software which was used for surveillanceonpoliticalleaders,journalistandmanyother people.Whichprovesthatthecurrentsecurityisnotenough toprotectourdataandourprivacy.Quantumcryptographyis a way of encryption which uses the naturally occurring properties of quantum mechanics to enhance secure and transmitdatainawaythatcannotbehacked[8].Computer ScientistLovGroverdevelopedaalgorithmcalledGrover’s

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

algorithmwhichisanquantumsearchalgorithm.Usingthis algorithm can impact or even break some symmetric algorithm,themainfactorsinthisalgorithmiskeysizeand message digest which decides whether an algorithm is quantumsafeornot.[9].

significantly reduce the time needed to complete risk analyses[12].Byapplyingthemethodsofclassicalcomputer to quantum computer can improve the research progress. Quantum computer has a potential to revolutionize the traditional system by achieving unimaginable speed, efficiencyandreliability.

4. FUTURE WORK

Thequantumcomputingisinearlystagesofdevelopment,it also enables great technological advancement. The main threat from using quantum computing is the ability of quantumcomputingtobreakthecryptographicalgorithms veryeasilyduetoitshighcomputationalpowerofsolvingthe complexproblemsveryfast,sowhenit’susedforbreaking intoanysystemoranyserveritcanbedoneinnotime.The only solution for this to change our current cryptographic methods.Usingquantumcomputingitmightevenbepossible toforecastweatherconditionsisyourbackyard.

5. CONCLUSION

Fig -5:WorkingofCryptography

There’samainreasonwhyweshouldimplementquantum computingassoonaspossiblebecauseit’sabletobreakthe asymmetricencryptionandsignaturealgorithmswhichwe are presently using in our infrastructure. The Fig 5 shows howquantumcryptographyworks.

D. Financial Services:

Thefinancialservicesindustryhasmathematicalmodelsand classicalcomputingalgorithmstomanagebusinessrisksfor decades.However,thosesystemsweren’talwaysfail-safeand have inaccurately predicted business risks several times, mostnotablyduringthe2008subprimemortgagecrisis[10].

Growthindatavolumes,businessrisks,securitythreats,and regulations will soon make today’s computers insufficient. Moore’s law which says the number of transistors in an integrated circuit doubles every two years is expected to falterwithinthedecade.Thegrowthofcomputingpowerwill have to come from other technological advances [11]. Quantumcomputinghaslongbeenseenasasolution and several banks arealready experimenting with it. Quantum encryptioncanpreventdatabreachesandtheftsbyeventhe mostpowerfulclassicalorquantumcomputers.Quantumkey distribution (QKD) uses quantum mechanics principles to encrypt and transmit data. With this approach, quantum cryptographyencryptsdata ina waythatisbelievedtobe unhackable. Spain’s Caixa Bank developed a hybrid computingmodelwherequantumandtraditionalcomputers worktogetheratdifferentcalculationstagestoclassifycredit risk profiles. The bank uses this model to improve its risk simulationsandmachinelearningalgorithms,whichrequire vast amounts of data. This application helped the bank

In this paper we discussed the fundamentals of quantum computing and it has the capability to transform computation by solving the intractable problems which cannottobecarriedinaclassicalortraditionalcomputers. At present there is no Quantum computer that is sophisticatedenoughtosolvethecalculationsthataclassical computercan't.Themoreresearchanddevelopmentcanbe carried out to make the quantum computing has real life implementationmodel

REFERENCES

[1] Feynman,Richard P. (1986). "Quantum mechanical computers". Foundations of Physics. Springer Science and Business MediaLLC. 16 (6):507531. Bibcode:1986FoPh...16.507F. doi:10.100 7/bf01886518.ISSN0015-9018.S2CID122076550.

[2] Ofek,N.,Petrenko,A.,Heeres,R.,Reinhold,P.,Leghtas,Z., Vlastakis,B.,…Schoelkopf, R.J.(2016). Extending the lifetime of a quantum bit with error correction in superconductingcircuits.Nature,536(7617),441–445. doi:10.1038/nature18949K. Elissa, “Title of paper if known,”unpublished.

[3] https://qiskit.org/textbook/ch-algorithms/bernsteinvazirani.html

[4] https://www.scientificamerican.com/video/how-doesa-quantumcomp uter-work M. Young, The Technical Writer’sHandbook.MillValley,CA:UniversityScience, 1989

[5] ACM Computing Surveys, Vol. 32, No. 3, September 2000,pp.300–335.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

[6] H.Singh,A.N.Meyer,andE.J.Thomas,“Thefrequencyof diagnosticerrors in outpatient care: estimations from three large observationalstudies involving us adult populations,”BMJquality&safety,vol.23,no.9,pp.727–731,2014

[7] QuantumComputingforHealthcare:AReview,Rasool, Raihan Ur; Ahmad, Hafiz Farooq; Rafique, Wajid; Qayyum, Adnan; Qadir, Junaid (2021): QuantumComputing for Healthcare:A Review.TechRxiv.https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.17 198702.v2a

[8] https://quantumxc.com/blog/quantumcryptographyexplained/#:~:text =Cryptography%20is%20the%20process%20of,way%2 0that%20cannot%20be%20hacked

[9] https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/what-is-quantumsafecryptographyand-why-do-we-need-it.

[10] https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ibm-barclaysbankingquantumcomputing.

[11] https://www.nature.com/news/the-chips-are-downfor-moore-s-law1.19338.

[12] https://www.caixabank.com/comunicacion/noticia/cai xabankbecomes-the-first-spanish-bank-to-develop-riskclassification-modelusing-quantumcomputing_en.html?id=42234.

2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal