AWARENESS OF PLANT DISEASES AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

AWARENESS OF PLANT DISEASES AND THEIR IDENTIFICATION

Tummuri Naga Sai Vijayaram1, V S Jyothirmaye Pagoti2 , Tummala Chinmai3

1B. Tech Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

2B. Tech Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India.

3B. Tech Student, Computer Science and Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. ***

Abstract - Every person loves nature irrespective of their age, gender and religion, financial situation etc. Whether planting/gardening is a hobby or daily habit we see plants dying due to lack of several needs. One of them is due to plant diseases. People with no background knowledge on the farming struggle in identifying the diseases because of which their plants died. It is usually taken for granted if a plant dies because we can easily replace them with new ones. But when considered in a large area it is impossible to take plant diseases for granted and Farmers also can’t take them for granted.

After some research and surveys, we found it obvious that many people don’t have any knowledge of plant diseases even though they have been gardening for a long time. Where some of the diseases are harmful to both plants and humans. So this is a small but one of the problems in this area. This paper is a research which is made on Plant disease identification, lack of awareness in people about them and how to take good care of plants and prevent them from dying. This gives an idea of how to solve this problem. The survey details and referred research paper details are included here. The idea is to make a user-friendly interface that helps the users with no background knowledge on farming to understand plant diseases, spread awareness, detect the disease and also increase the rate of their life to people who surround their lives in gardening/cultivating for food ontheir own.

Key words: Plant diseases, Agricultural sector, Plants diagnosis, Disease identification, Plant disease awareness.

1. INTRODUCTION

Indiaisanagriculture-basedcountryandabout,70%ofthe population depends on agriculture. Plant diseases are responsible for major economic losses in the agricultural industry.Diseaseonplantsleadstothereductioninboththe qualityandquantityofagriculturalproductsandtheirfuture growth. Monitoring plant health and detecting diseases at earlystagesisverymuchhelpfultogrowwithoutlettinga plant die. These diseases maycausemany problems to all living creatures like humans, animals, micro-organisms

whichdependonplantswillaffecttheirlives.Theplantsmay beaffectedduetodiseasesbecauseoffungus,bacteria,etc. Diseasescanimpactplantsinmanywayssinceallpartsofa plantcanbeaffectedincludingflowers,leaves,fruits,seeds, stems,branches,androots.Thesediseasesmayimpactthe nutrientsofplantswhichfurtheraffecthumanlifeindanger. And,manypeopledonothaveawarenessofplantdiseases thatmaycauseplantstodie.So,awarenessismosthelpful forplantstonotdie.Itmayindirectlyhelplivingbeingsto survive.

2. Primary Research

The way followed for getting into more details on this project, the research questions, data collection and data analysis,andconclusionareprovidedbelow.Thegoalofthis research is to have a clear understanding of the present situation of how much people are aware of plant diseases and how they can find the disease. The questionnaire includes the opinions of various people, and their knowledge,interestinsmallareacultivationorgardening.

Lateron,analyzingthesurveyresults,thepresentarticles and journals regarding this issue are studied. After going through different methods, processes, we finalized a few important ones which are better, i.e. having fewer drawbacks,andstartedthinkingofwaystoovercomethem.

3. Empathize Phase

Inthisphase3differenttasksareperformed.

3.1 Beginner’s mindset

We with an attitude of openness, eagerness, and lack of preconceptions, just as beginners, and we areinterestedingardening.

Asweareunawareofagricultureandfarmingand are interested in small area cultivation or gardening.

We thought of gardening and we came with a problemthat,afterfewdaysofplanting,theplants

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gettingsomesortofdiseasesandwecouldnotable to identify them and could not take necessary precautionsandtheyaredying. 

This is the reason we as a beginner selected the domainasAgricultureandtheproblemstatement as Plant disease unawareness in small area Cultivation/Gardeningforpeoplehavingminimum knowledgeinfarming.

3.2 Body storm



As said above we are interested in gardening we have planted trees so far and we physically experiencedthatplantsaresufferingfromdiseases forfewdayswhichareunknowntousandweare helplesstosaveourplants. 

Aswedon’tevenknowthenameofthedisease,so wearecompletelyhelplessregardingthedetection ofthediseaseofaplant. 

So we came up with a problem of plant disease unawarenessingardening.

3.3 Empathy Map

Whilethinkingofgardeningorsmallareacultivation,people will have so many emotions in their mind, as they think about:

On enquiring about the knowledge on small area cultivationandawarenessonplantdiseases,aswe havesurveyeddifferentagegroupedpeopleandwe came to know that 90 percent of people are interestedingardening.



Which sapling to be grown or which crop to be cultivatedacross theirland/gardenand howlong willtheygrow. 

Which diseases are to be affected by plants, and howawarepeopleareaboutthatdisease? 

They will perform a survey about the duration of growthofplantsanddiseasesaffectedtothem. 

They will hear some suggestions regarding their plants/cropsfromneighbors,andotherpeople,also they will observe the diseases of plants and precautionarymeasures.Finally,theywillfeelalot of pain when the plant has died due to unaware disease.

4. Primary Survey Questionnaire

Sooursurveyofthequestionnairehascontinuedas follows: 

Onquestioningthat,“Dotheyhaveanyknowledge onplantdiseases?”Then,wecametoknowthat75 percent of people are unaware of plant diseases. This clearly shows that people are unaware of plantsandtheirdiseases.

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Onquestioningabout,“Didtheyfindanydifficulty todetecta disease ofa plant?” Then, wecame to knowthat77.9percentofpeoplefounddifficultyin detecting disease. So, it clearly says that most people are facing problems regarding disease detection. 





Andnext,westartedquestioningtheirawarenessin the way that,” Do people think that awareness is requiredonplantdiseases?”Then,weobservedthat 97.1 percent of people said that awareness is required. So we conclude that most people need awarenessofplantdiseases

didnottryusinganyapplicationsfordetection.So we say that people did not use applications for detection. 

According to the above question, we have asked them“Whydidn’ttheyuseanyoftheapplications available?”Then88.1percentofpeopleresponded that they are not aware that such interfaces are available,and10.2percentpeoplerespondedthat interfaces are not solving the problem efficiently, and 8.5 per cent people responded that the interfacescouldnotidentifyplantdiseasesrelated totheirplants,and6.8percentpeopleresponded 

Thatuserinterfaceisnotgoodandaleastofpeople saidthattheyhaven’tbeengrowingplantslately. 

Also, we asked them, “Did they like to have any interface/application to detect plant diseases?” Then88.7percentofpeoplerespondedpositively thattheyliketohaveaninterfaceregardingplant diseases.Sowecametoknowthatmanypeopleare likelytohaveaninterface.

Also, we questioned, “Did they try using any interface/applications to find/detect plant diseases?”Then,wehavereceivedthat86.8percent

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5.2 Findings:



And finally, we questioned them about “How the interface should be, to reach your expectations?” We received some valuable suggestions, some of themare:

Mostofthearticlesrelatedtoplantdiseasesandawareness gotpublished betweenthe years1984and 2021.So plant diseasesandawarenesshavebecomeamajorproblemfrom past years till now. We found that plant diseases are increasingona largescalewhereaspeoplearehelpless to savethem.

5.3 Applications/Improvements:

Thediseasesofplantscannotbecontrolledwithouttaking precautionarymeasures,whichmainlyincludesawareness amongpeople.Sothatplantscanbesavedonalargescale.

5.4 Research Overview:

5. Secondary Research Survey

5.1 Statistical Analysis:

Weconductedasecondarysurveyonplantdiseasedetection andawarenessaboutthem.Finally,wescreened167articles fromfour-fivemajorjournaldatabases.Thebelowshowsthe chartofsearchesamongdifferentdatabases:

Fromanenvironmentalperspective,plantdiseasesandtheir deathsareextremelyhighend. Weinauguratedtheanalysis ofsavingplanswhicharedyingduetodiseases.Wecollected somearticlesthatarerelatedtoplantdiseasedetectionand also the awareness purpose of content analysis, from the articles that are collected from databases which are mentionedabove.

Our research process involved identifying, locating, assessing and analyzing the information that needs to support our research question, then developing and expressingourideas.Wedevelopedacodebookthatisused to provide a guide for coding responses and to serve as documentationofthelayoutandcodedefinitionsofadata file.

5.5 Data Collection Process:

Thekeytermsearchprocesshasbeenadaptedtosomeof thedatabaseslikeIEEEXplore,Springer,patents.google.com, ScienceDirectandScopus.Thesearchstringwasextracted fromtheproblemstatementandkeywordsrelatedtoit.The searchprocesswasdoneduringthemonthofMay2021.We extractedmainlyfromjournals,researcharticles,conference papers,magazinesandearlyaccessarticles.Thenumberof relatedarticlescollectedis80asshowninthetablebelow.

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Below shows the graph analysis of year-wise articles published:

5.6 Systematic Review Findings:

Thefollowingtableillustratesthenumberofarticleschosen inaparticularyear.

We have chosen one article each from 2011, 2012, 2015, 2016;twoarticleseachfrom2013;threearticlesfrom2017; seven articles from 2018; thirteen articles from 2019; 27 articlesfrom2020and24articlesfrom2021.Sofromthis,it is obvious that plant diseases and the need for their awarenesshavebecomeamajorprobleminrecentyears.

in

5.7 Data Analysis:

Theabovechartillustratestheyear-wiseArticledistribution. We’vechosensomearticlesfromparticularyearstoanalyze diseasesofplantsandhowtodetectthemandalsohowto makepeopleaware.

Below we have chosen the years 2021 and 2020 years particularlyaswefoundmorerelevantarticlesfromthose.

Intheyear2021,24articleswerechosenandsomeofthem describe the classification of crop/plant diseases and detection of diseases using image processing. We’ve examinedsomearticleswhichwerepublishedin2020and the articles elucidate disease feature extraction and plant diseasedetectionusing3Ddeeplearning.Oneofthearticles says thattheClassificationandidentificationof plantsare helpful for people to effectively understand and protect plants. The leaves of plants are the most important recognition organs. With the development of artificial intelligence and machine vision technology, plant leaf recognitiontechnologybasedonimageanalysisisusedto improve the knowledge of plant classification and protection. An article from 2018 Machine learning-based plant disease detection. Later on, in different years, there were alsomanyarticles whichsaidaboutthediagnosis of plant diseases and image processing based detection and alsosavingaplantfromdiseasesleadstofoodsecurity.

5.8 Discussion:

Fromthearticlesrelatedtoplantdiseasedetection andawareness,itisobservedthatmanyplantsare dying due to diseases for many years and it is necessary to save a plant by taking the necessary precautions. 

Also,deathsofplantsmayfurthercauselotsofloss regarding the environment and also people. In



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recent articles, we also observed that early recognition of citrus diseases is important for preventing crop losses and employing timely disease control measures in farms. Employing machinelearning-basedapproaches,suchasdeep learning for accurate detection of multiple citrus diseases is challenging due to the limited availabilityoflabelleddiseasedsamples.Further,a lightweight architecture with low computational complexity is required to perform citrus disease classificationonresource-constraineddevices,such asmobilephones.

Controlling diseases of plants and making people aware of plant disease is very much helpful for people who are interested in cultivation and also whoareinneedofcultivation.

5.9 Conclusion of Secondary Survey:

plantdiseasesandalsodetectthediseaseofaplantthatwas affectedandcantakeprecautionarymeasuresandcansave theplantwhichfurthergrowshealthier.

Peoplearehavingmajorissueswithdiseasesofplants/crops while cultivating in a healthy way. They might have a solution by using this device to sort out the issue of plant diseases and make them grow healthier by taking some precautions.

Somequestionshavebeendebatedafterthecompletionof theresearch.Andthoseare very broad enoughfora wide rangeofsolutionsandnarrowenoughforspecificsolutions.

Thebelowquestionsarebasedontheobservationsgathered intheEmpathizestage: 

How might we come to know that a plant is a diseaseaffected? 

Inlightoftheresultsofsecondaryresearch,itcan beconcludedthatdespitehavingfewwaystodetect aplantdisease,thereisnoappropriatemethodin which the process can be implemented in an efficientway. 





Also, there is no awareness among people about these plant diseases and their precautionary measures. Introducing technology in this practice savesplants/cropsonalargescaleandhelpstoget onwiththefurtherstepsinaneasyway.

So, with the help of technology, the plant can be saved,andalsopeoplewillbeawareoftheseplants and their diseases and how to save plants in a trouble-freemanner.

6. Define Phase

InthisPointofView,theactionableproblemstatementwas articulatedforfurtherdesignandalsotosatisfytheneeds andinsights whichwecame toknowinbothprimaryand secondaryresearch.

The main problem observed and concluded from the primaryresearchisthatpeoplearegrowingplantsintheir interestwhichisaverygoodthingbuttheyarefacingissues with plant/crop deaths due to some sort of diseases and peoplearecompletelynotawareofplantdiseasesandthey cannot take any precautionary measures. Also, people are unawareofinterfacesthatarehelpfultothemandsomeare aware,butthatinterfaceisnotreachingtheirexpectations andcouldnotsolvetheproblemregardingplantdiseases.

The problem statement aims to create awareness among peopleaboutplantdiseasesanddetectdiseaseswithease. Withthisdevice,onecancreatebite-sizedknowledgeabout

How might we bring awareness among people regardingplantdiseases?  Howmightwedetectaplantdisease?

Howmightwesaveplantsonalargescale?

On defining the problem statement we came up with a question: why to work out?, And got some abstract statementsthataremoremeaningfulbutnotactionable.

Later on, after many observations, we came up with a question:howtosolveaspecificproblem?

Which took us to the Ideation stage where we started lookingforspecificinnovativesolutions.

7. Ideate Phase

Toeliminatethisproblem,someideaswerespawnedusing toolsnamely,

Brainstorming

Sketchstorm.

2x2matrixmethod.

7.1 Brainstorming:

Bybrainstormingmethod,incontrolledconditionsandfreethinking environment, the team has been approached a problembysuchmeansas“Howmightwe”questions

Toclearlysolvethedefineddesignproblem,avastarrayof ideasareproduced: 

Peopleacquireanawarenessofplantdiseases:

- Usingvisualtoolslikevideos,images.

- Conducting campaigns on the plants and howtosavethem.

- AdvertisementsandTVshows.



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- Magazines,posters.

- Playlistsandpodcasts.

- Runningsocialmediacontests.

- Publishinginresearchpapers/journals.

- Applicationforcreatingawareness.

Preserve/Curethediseaseoftheplants.

- Takingplantstothedoctor.

- Usingsomebitteroilsorpowderstosave plants.

- Cuttingthediseasedpartoftheplant.

- Designinganapplicationthatprovidesan elite user interface to understand the diseaseofplants.

- Exposingplantstoheavysunorheat.

- Washingthediseasedplantwithwateror cleaningliquid.

- Replacingtheplantwithanewone.

- ML model for detecting the disease from plant image and Image processing for detectingtheplant.

7.2 Sketch Storm:



Thesevisualshaveawayofprovokingfurtherideas and providing a wider lens of thinking. Below constituteddesignwithsketchingoutideasjustnot to develop beautiful drawings worthy of framing. Theyareassimpleandroughaspossiblewithjust enoughdetailtoconveythemeaning.

7.3 2 X 2 Matrix:

Below mentioned 2 x 2 matrix has been divided into 4 differentphases:

- Do: Work out on creating awareness on plant diseasesthroughsomeideasandalsohelptheuser inidentifyingtheplantdiseaseseasily.

- Plan: Someimportanttasksaretobescheduledand getontothecalendarthatwhentodoandwhatto do.

- Delegate: Manyideasweregeneratedinthephase ofideation,andthosearegoingtobefiltered.

- Eliminate: Among all the ideas mentioned above someareunrealisticandwillbeeliminatedfurther.

DO



Thistool-assistedtoexploredesignspacemorefully andavoidthesnagoffocusingonsuboptimaldesign choicesaheadoftime.Alsohelpedmetothinkmore openlyandcreativelyaboutideas.

Creating an application (including subordinateideas). 

Creatingplaylistor podcast.

PLAN

Application,podcastsare twomajordomainsofthe ideas.



Therepresentedsketchstormisofabundantideas withoutworryingabouttheirquality,whichisvery much useful to invent and explore concepts by being able to record ideas quickly. This made it easiertodiscuss,critiqueandshareideas.

DELEGATE

Playlist/podcastfor awareness.

- Theseideasare prototypedwithin 2weeksinalow fidelityprototype method.

- Includingallthe subordinateideas accordinglyinthe abovemajorideas isalsointheplan.

Implementationtakesplace further.

ELIMINATE 

Taking plants to thedoctor.

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App for plant diseasedetection. 

Notifications with compact information about plantdiseases.  Organic or better ways to grow plants.  Image based detection for identifying the plant. 

ML model for detecting the disease from plant image and Image processing for detectingtheplant.

8. Prototype



Using some bitter oils or powders to saveplants. 

Cutting the diseased part of theplant. 

Exposing plants to heavysunorheat.  Washing the diseasedplantwith waterorcleansing liquid. 

Replacingtheplant withanewone. 

Running social mediacontests. 

Publishing in research papers/journals. 

Application for creatingawareness 

Using visual tools likevideos,images.  Conducting campaigns on the plants and how to savethem.  Advertisements andTVshows.  Magazines,posters.

- Creating an Application: Anapplicationiscreated toidentifyplantdiseaseandprovideuserswiththe precautionsonhowtosaveplants.

Here low fidelity prototype that is all ideas are representedonapaper: 8.1 Representation of Prototype through pictures:

Asmanyideaswereexploredintheideatephaseandsome ofthemareplannedtomovefurtherforimplementationare prototypedasfollows:

- Creating a podcast/playlist: Playlists are to be created in some streaming apps like Spotify, YouTube,tobringawarenessamongpeopleabout plant diseases and precautionary measures to be taken.

These will be weekly episodes based on each case/diseaseregardingaparticleplanttopic.

ByselectingtheiconnamedMs Greenthefollowingscreen appears which is of welcoming users and with a camera button:

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Ifselectedcamera,userscantakepictureofadiseasedplant:

Thereafter selecting the navigation bar users can access someoptionsrepresentedbelow:

Aftertakingasnapshot,the diseaseofaplantisidentified andthenameisdisplayedaslink:

By selecting the DISEASES tab in the options users are provided with some diseases in which they can select a particulardisease link whichisaffectedtotheirplantand willberedirectedtotheparticularlinkpage:

If selected on the link of disease name user can view the precautionarymeasures:

Thereafter for additional information users can select GUIDE,inthistheywillfoundsomemoreoptions:

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By selecting REQUIREMENTS tab users are provided with someinstructiononplants:

ByclickingontheTEAMtabtheycancontactthedevelopers foranyqueriesordetails:

ByselectingtheORGANICWAYStabusersareprovidedwith somewaysofgrowingplants:

8.2 Physical Prototype:

By selecting the RESOURCES tab users are provided with someresourcelinkswhichhelpthemingettingawareness:

8 3 Tech Stack:

Usinga machinelearningmodelismaintechnicalconcept usedheretodetectthediseaseusingtheinterface.

After scanning the captured image with image processing.ItwillberunningthroughaML.

While Image processing, It detects some coordinatesoftheleaforplantandidentifiesitisa diseasedoneoranormalone.

Uponhugenumberofinputs,TheMLmodeldetects accurately and finds out the diseases leaves and normaloneseasily.

Native React or Flutter can be used to design the appandimplementit.

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So,techstackwillbe:

- Flutter/React - OpenCV - TrainingtheMLmodel - Python - ReactJSforUI

9 Testing

This is undertaken with the prototyping stage, which involvesgeneratinguserfeedbackregardingtheprototype developed

Testing questionnaire for different age grouped people includes:



Enquiring about creating awareness through weekly podcasts and video playlists can help in developingmoreknowledgeaboutplantsandtheir diseases among them? Everyone responded positively. This represents that everyone needs awarenessaboutplantsandtheirdiseases.

Finally,weaskedregardingtheirfeedbackandopinions, and got an efficacious response about the prototype whichmadeusmoreconfidentasthefeedbackshown below:



Further we provided a minute video of our prototype to the users so that they can view that andprovideuswiththeiropinionsandfeedback.

And questioned that, Is the above prototype useful to save plants and do they think any modifications are needed?, Majority of people responded effectively, whichisrepresentedasfollows.

Aboveresponsesarefromthesebelowagegroups: WealsothoughtagemightbeafactorindecidingtheUI/UX oftheinterface.

10. Conclusion

After performing the vast Empathization which include primary and secondary surveys and generating codebook whichgaveusbetteranduserneedyresponsesmademoved ontodefinephasewherenewproblemsareidentifiedand ourproblemstatementwasmuchpreciselyre-definedinthe pointofviewofusersandseveralHowmightwequestions helpedusalot.

Ondefining,wegotupwithaquestion:whytoworkout?, Andgotsomeabstractstatementsthataremeaningful.

Laterafterboundlessobservations,aquestionarisesonhow tosolveaspecificproblem?Andtheanswertookustothe

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Ideationstagewherewestartedlookingforawiderangeof innovative and crazy solutions and come to end with flawlesssolutionswhichare:



Playlist/Podcasttocreateawarenessamongpeople about plant diseases and efficient ways to grow them.

 Simple application with a straightforward user interfacetodetectplantdiseases.

Ultimatelywedesignedtheprototypeoftheabovesolutions and took feedback from end-users, as we got progressive responsesweconcludedthatthesearethebestsolutionsto thedefinedproblemstatement.

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BIOGRAPHIES

Mr. Tummuri Naga Sai Vijayaram is pursuingB.Tech(CSE)fromGayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam and presently is in 4th Year. His research interests are Machine learning, Data Science and DataAnalytics.

Ms. V S Jyothirmaye Pagoti is pursuingB.Tech(CSE)fromGayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam and presently is in 4thYear.Herresearchinterestsare Machine learning, Data Science and DataAnalytics.

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Ms.TummalaChinmaiispursuingB. Tech (CSE) from Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering (Autonomous), Visakhapatnam and presentlyisin4thYear.Herresearch interestsareMachinelearning,Data ScienceandDataAnalytics.

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