International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
Indium Oxide Nano Particle Preparation and Characterization using Laser Ablation method
1Physics Department, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana (India)
2ECE Department, Om Sterling Global University, Hisar, Haryana (India) *** -
Abstract – In2O3 (Indium oxide) is a technologically important apparent conducting oxide having a energy gap near to gallium nitride (GaN), nanoparticles of In2O3 were prepared by PLA (pulsed laser ablation) of a pure metal target of indium. nanocrystalline Indium oxide nanoparticles have mean diameter of 6.5nm and have cubic crystal composition established by X-ray diffraction and TEM (transmission electron microscopy). A well-built emanation peak at 3.76eV is observed by Photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Keywords – GaN,IndiumOxide,X-Raydiffraction(XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), (PL) Photoluminescence
I. INTRODUCTION
Recent materials research paying attention toward preparationanddepictionofelectronicproperties,structure analysis, optical properties, of thin films with bulk TCO (transparent conducting oxides) which is traditionally knownastransparentconductingoxide(TCOs),isobserveda key of curiosity in earlier period. Recently overview of several attractive properties of material have countered problem regarding preparation, the charge carriers character and electronic properties, effect of dopants, also hypothetical model for analytical performance restrictions [1]. Oxides of zinc, tin, indium which are transparent conducting oxides are studied mostly and have great technological importance. The cadmium stannates, fluorinedoped transparent conducting oxides shows great optical absorption and electrical conductivity. Elevated precision in visible region and elevated conductivity of transparent conductingoxidesmotivatedresearchersforinvestigationof TCOs[1-3].
Two important TCOs are oxides Indium and indium tin which have important applications like low-emissivity windowselectroopticmodulatorsflat-paneldisplays,electro chromic mirrors, solar cells, and in dissipating inert electricity as of the window on xerographic copiers [4-5].
Indium oxide have broad energy gap of 3.546-3.75eV which isneartootherpopularlyknownelectronicaswellasoptical material GaN. whereas numerous preparation along with privilege methods like sputtering and spray pyrolysis, Chemical vapour deposition have been adopted used for preparing skinny films of technologically conducting oxides. Theexploreintonanoparticlesandonquantumdotstructure being very wide. Nanoparticles structure has a significant function in determination of their characteristics which has large no. of applications. To improve the presentation of appliance based on indium oxide, here are several geomorphologies of indium oxide through numerous changed dimensional nanostructures, like one dimensional (nanowire) 2dimensional (nanosheets), nanotubes, (3dimensional) nanoplates,nanofibers.
II. THE PROPOSED WORK
Indium Oxide Nanoparticles Production: Nanoparticles of In2O3 were effectively synthesized via pulsed laser ablation method. Starter materials used in preparation were indium nitrateandAmmoniumhydroxide.Indium nitrate of(0.2M) be dissolve in 100 ml of distill H2O and set aside on agitator nearly 2 hr. at 80 0C. after that 2 ml NH4OH (Ammonium hydroxide) intermixed with 20 ml of distill water and subsequentlykeptexcitingfor10minutesandafterthat,the ammonium hydroxide solution was mixed gradually in the indium nitrate mixture until the pH was restricted. The mixedcontentwaskeptbackstimulatedfor3hrat800Cand then the content was mixed for 10 min at 5000 rpm. After that,ethanolwasusedforwashingit.
Thecontentwhichiswhitecoloredwasdriedat1000Cnearly 30 hr. and kept at 3000C for 6 hr. The final content was grinded fine for getting fine particles for analysis. The opportunity of having nanostructures of technologically conducting oxides used for detectors and Ultra Violet lasers as gas sensors for nitrogen dioxide and ozone is quite interesting. The sensitivity of indium oxide towards gases has been observed to enhance considerably by reducing its constituent part size [6]. Characterization techniques used
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
are TEM (transmission electron microscopy), XRD (X-ray diffraction)andPL(photoluminescence).
Indiummetalhavingpurityabout99.98wasablatedbylaser in a chamber of stainless steel keeping pressure 25 Tor having flow rate of air nearly 0.6L/min .The source of laser used have characteristics like quartet harmonic of a pulsed Nd:YAG having wavelength λ = 266nm, recurrence rate of 10Hz, and a pulsation width of 10ns, and a pulse energy of 50mJ.Forablationlaserraywaslisteningcarefullyonaspot of 1mm dia on target of indium. A micro porous cellulose nitratemembranefilterwasusedto collectreactionproduct [7-8]. The produce was characterized by XRD, TEM and PL spectroscopy.
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
Structural Analysis: The XRD spectra of synthesized In2O3 nanoparticleshavebeenshowninfigure1.Thenanoranged particles characterized by using XRD collection of X Ray Diffraction data was done with the help of XDS-2000 fine particles X-ray diffractometer by using radiations. For minimization of background signal quartz particular crystal nil surroundings specimen holders was adopted. Sample preparationwasdonebydispersionofpowderonthequartz specimen holder. In XRD report of the sample crystalline peaks observed which matches with diffraction report of cubic indium oxide and with peaks of commercial indium oxidepowderscanbeseeninfigure1.Allthesereportsshow thattheproductobtainedbylaserablationwasindiumoxide .morphological and structural analysis of the produce was studied with help of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The sample preparation was done by ultrasonic dispersion of powder in methanol for about 2 minutes. A holey carbon-coated copper grid was used for dispersing mixtureofmethanolpowder.Thenmethanolwasevaporated anddistributionofparticlesoncarbonfilmleftwhichisthen analyzed with the help of TEM which showed that the diameter ofindium oxidenanocrystal wasabout6.5nmand standarddeviationof3.4nm.
intensity 2Ɵ
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
(a)
intensity 2Ɵ
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70
(b)
Fig.1Theproposedtopologiesshowingpositionsofsingle wallandmultiwallCNTs(a-b)
UV- Visible Spectrophotometer: Optical property of Indium oxide nano ranged particles which are in range of 272 -705 nm were studied with the help of UV-visible absorption spectroscopy as shown in Fig 2(a).The synthesized Indium oxide (In2O3) have absorbance peak near about at 351 nm. Immersionusuallybasedonavarietyoffactorlikebandgap, particle size, oxygen scarcity, lattice twist, and face unevenness along with impurity [15]. The Tauc correlation [16] was implemented to compute the optical energy gap of the indium oxide nanoparticles which is given away in Fig. 2(b)anditwasobservednearat3.6eV.
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
4 300 335 370 405 440 475 510 545 580 615 650 685
0
Fig.2(a)Absorptionspectrumofindiumoxidenanoparticles
Fig.2(b)Energygapofindiumoxidenanoparticles
PL Spectra: The Photoluminescence (PL) emission spectrum of the (In2O3) nanoparticles was measured at room hotness having exciting wavelength closely 350 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) emission crest of indium oxide nanoparticles (NPs) at 380 nm are depicted in figure 3.This canbeduetocontactoftheoxygenvacancyasstudiedinthe earlier writing. To obtain outcome of the Photo Luminance emission of indium oxide nanoparticle formed from irradiative reunite of photo excited hole with electron occupying oxygen gap. the present work, oxygen vacancies will frequently work as deep imperfection provider and be the cause for the generation of new energy level in the energygapofindiumoxidesample.
(nm)
Fig.3PLspectraofIn2O3 nanoparticles
Particles Diameter (nm)
Fig.4CharacteristicsubdivisionhistogramfromtheTEM imagehavingmeanparticledia6.5nmwithastandard deviationof3.4nm
Intensity (a.u)
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072
IV. CONCLUSION
4
2
0
3.45 3.5 3.55 3.6 3.65 3.7 3.75 3.8 3.85 3.9 3.95 4 4.05
Energy (eV)
Fig.5(PL)Photoluminescencespectraofthelaser-ablated sampleandthemarketablepowder.Thelaser-ablated sampleshowaweakblueshiftof110meV,consistentwith particledimensionon theorderoftheBohrexcitationdia
Particle size distribution of indiumoxidesample histogram is shown in figure 4 and Bohr diameter estimation of indium oxide was done which was in range between 2.5nm to 5nm [9-10]. Oxide particles of Indium of sample show weak size dependencybecausediameterofpreparedindiumoxidewas of order of Bohr excitation diameter. Sample also contains large particles of diameter, about 1 µm with small particles havingdiameterabout30nmto100nmasconfirmedbyTEM ablation [11]. Photoluminescence spectra of prepared sample and marketable indium oxide fine particles were observedwhichwereexcitedat250nmasshowninfigure5. Observed PL spectrum of commercial indium oxide powder havepeakatabout3.64eVandablatedsamplepeakhasbeen observed blue shifted to 3.76eV about 110meV shift which canbeestimatedusing
∆E=ⱨ2/8MR2 where∆E=shiftinenergy=110meV, M=(me/+mh/)=0.3m0 +0.6m0,
R=theparticleradii
By putting the value in the used equation, the standard size of the particle is obtained 4nm in diameter which is within accordwiththeTEMoutcomeforthepreparedindiumoxide sample (6.5 nm in dia), which indicate that blue shift have a poorsizereliance.
We have prepared indium oxide nano sized particles, an important Transparent Conducting oxide material, its structural, morphological, and optical properties weredemonstrated. The structures confirmation of indium oxide nanoparticles was done with the help of XRD results which demonstrate the major peaks .X-Ray Diffraction and TEM analysis determined that particle were cubic, having signifydiaof6.5nm.Thepoorsizerelianceisdiscoveredby a shift in blue region of about 110 meV in the Photoluminescence spectrum which is constant with a particle size on the order of the Bohr exciton diameter. The optical energy gap of indium oxide which was measured by Tauccorrelationwasestablishedtobe3.6eV.
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