A REVIEW: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED 2 & 3- WHEELER ELECTRIC VEHICLE

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN:2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 12 | Dec 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN:2395-0072

A REVIEW: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTEGRATED 2 & 3WHEELER ELECTRIC VEHICLE

1 , Manikandan

2

1Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Erode-638 052, Tamil Nadu, India

2Post Graduate Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nandha Engineering College, Erode-638 052, Tamil Nadu, India ***

Abstract - Electric bicycles have grown in popularity in recent years, particularly among the elderly. More recently, people with disabilities are also showing interest in this product because of the ease of moving from one place to another. According to the literature, the electric bicycle has either two or three wheels, with the possibility of developing an integrated two- and three-wheel electric bicycle in the future. The proposed design could be used by normal persons as a 2-wheeler and by persons with disabilities as a 3-wheeler. Also, the electricity consumption and charging pattern of the proposed design were investigated. The proposed design of a 2- and 3-wheel electric bicycle with a motorized handle attachment shows better mobility solutions for disabled and non-disabled persons.

Keywords: Charging, Design, Electric Bicycle, Motorized, Mobility.

1. INTRODUCTION

Inrecentyears,electricbikeshavebeenusedbyallriders,primarilyolderpeople,aspartofashifttowardsustainableand active transportation in many countries to address the problem of air pollution and as a mode of physical exercise. Ongoing research studies revealed that cycles with two wheels are being used by non-disabled persons, and cycles with threeorfourwheelsarebeingusedbydisabledpersons.Ridersaged40andupareexperiencingkneepain,jointpain,and other muscular issues. So both disabled and non-disabled riders are using two- and three- or four-wheeled cycles separately. If the above-mentioned disabled and non-disabled riders belong to one family, they need to have two cycles. With this background, the current paper aims to develop a bicycle with an electrical drive that is adaptable for both the above-mentioneddisabledandnon-disabledriders.

2. ELECTRIC WHEELCHAIR

GeorgeKleincreatedthefirstelectricwheelchairinordertoaidinjuredWorldWarIIveterans.Ithaschangedovertimeto takeonnumerousstylesandshapes. Thepowerchairscomewithavarietyoffeatures,includingchinandhandcontrols, tilting,seatelevation,andmanymore.Someofthemodelscanbedisassembledandtransportedwhentravellingbecause theyareportable.Threegeneralcategoriescanbeusedtoclassifyelectricwheelchairs:



Thefront-wheelpoweredchair:Apowerchairdesignedforindooruse.Thischairhasfourwheelsandisthemost adaptableofthebunch.



The rear wheel powered chair:An outdoor-friendly powerchair. Theyaresuitable for rockyroads becausethey arerear-wheeled.



Mid-wheel powered wheelchair: This electric wheelchair is suitable for indoor use but has reliable steering capabilities.

A wheelchair that uses an electric motor to move itself, typically via differential steering, is known as a motorised wheelchair, power chair, electric wheelchair, or electric-powered wheelchair (EPW). People who are unable to push a manualwheelchairorwhomayneedtouseawheelchairacrossroughterrainoroverlongdistancesmayfindmotorised wheelchairs handy. They may also be utilised by persons who have diseases related to the heart and exhaustion, in addition to those with "conventional" mobility disabilities. [1]. Table 1 below gives a description of the many types of electricwheelchairs.

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Table 1: DifferentTypesofElectricWheelchair TYPES OF WHEELCHAIR DESCRIPTION IMAGE

Manual self-propelled wheelchair

Thechassisofaself-propelledmanualwheelchair,theseat,one or two footplates (footrests), and four wheels typically two main wheels and two caster wheels are included. Additionally, a separate seat cushion is typically included. The largerrearwheelstypicallyhavepush-rimsofaslightlysmaller diameter protruding just past the tyre. The user can move the chairbypushingontheseinsteadofholdingontothetyres.

Manual attendantpropelled wheelchairs

Ingeneral,anattendant-propelledwheelchairresemblesaselfpropelled manual wheelchair, butit hassmallerfrontandrear wheels.Apersonstandingatthe backandpressingonhandles built into the frame moves and controls the chair. The attendant, who is typically equipped with a foot- or handoperatedparkingbrake,providesthebrakingimmediately.

Mobility scooters

Mobility scooters and power chairs have certain similarities, althoughmobilityscootersareprimarilytargetedatthosewho have trouble walking but might not otherwise consider themselves disabled. Smaller mobility scooters normally have threewheels,aplatformonwhichaseatandtillerareattached intheback,andthreewheelsinthefront.Largerscootersoften havefourwheelsandaconsiderablylargerseat.

Single-arm drive wheelchairs

A manual wheelchair can be self-propelled by a user using a one-arm or single-arm drive. Two concentric hand rims, one smaller in diameter than the other, are attached to the main wheel onthesamesideasthearmthatwill beused.Thechair can be moved straight forward or backward by grasping both hand rims at once. Only one wheel is used when either handrimismovedindependently,andthechairwillturnleftorright inreactiontothehand-rim.

Reclining wheelchairs

Wheelchairs that recline or tilt in space feature tilt-adjustable seatingsurfaces.HughBarclay,an orthoptistwhoworkedwith crippled children, came up with the initial idea after noticing that postural deformities like scoliosis may be supported or partiallyrectified by enablingthewheelchairuser to relaxina tiltedposition.

All-terrain wheelchairs

Access to terrain that would normally be completely inaccessible to a wheelchair is possible with all-terrain wheelchairs. There are now two formats available. One combines mountain bike and wheelchair technologies; it often takes the form of a frame on which the user sits, with four mountainbikewheelsonthecorners.Generallyspeaking,push rims are not used, and pressing directly on the tyres is how propulsionandbrakingareaccomplished.

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Heavy duty wheelchair

It can be tailored based on specific requirements and is made with outdoor use in mind. It can be used to move through roughterrain.Onlyrampsandelevatorscanbeusedtotransfer thesepowerchairs.

Transportable wheelchair

Due to the minimal weight of this type of electric wheelchair, disassembly may be done quickly and without fuss. It is suitable for narrow doorways and halls because of its modest size.

Powerbase wheelchair

The larger battery array on these electric wheelchairs is primarilywhatmakesthemspecial.Duetoitsunfoldingability, it needs lifts when traveling. Both outdoor and indoor travel are appropriate. This wheelchair guarantees a solid and easy transition.

Sports wheelchair

These chairs have been specifically designed for sports includingbasketball,tennis,andbowling.

Many scientists and academics have examined the electric bike and wheelchair throughout the years, conducting studies and analyses on motorised wheelchairs. It is claimed that mechanical principles helped improve wheelchair design by helping to understand where the centre of gravity was. More emphasis has been placed on the design and construction components. Figure 1 depicts a two-dimensional diagram of a wheelchair. The golden ratio, or 1:1.5, should be used for chairheightandweight.Itiscrucialtothechair'sappropriatebalance.[2].

Figure 1: 2DDiagramofWheelchair

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The steering wheel of a wheelchair used for indoor stair climbing in this paper, various stair climbing mechanisms including crawler-type, leg-type, hybrid-type, and wheeled-type are evaluated. MSC Visual Nastran 4D (VN) design softwareisusedtocreatethemodelofatwo-wheeledstairclimbingwheelchair.Usingthenecessaryanthropometricdata, thehumanoidmodeliscreated.Thewheelchairissubjectedtoavarietyofforcesandtorquesasitascendsthestairs.The chair's outer support assembly should ideally have wheels on both sides. Figure 2 depicts the structure of an electric wheelchair's control system. The inner support assembly helps to keep the seat assembly more closely aligned with the chair'scentreofgravity.[3].

Figure 2: ControlSystemStructure

Thewheelchair-cushionstretcher'sideawasvalidated.Theprimarygoalofthisdesignwastoconservespace.It contains anarmrestandhandlethatareergonomicallybuiltforpatientstooperatethewheelchaircomfortably.Forthecomfortof thepatient,certainadditionalfeatureshavealsobeenincorporated.Thecushioningcomponentandthebaseonwhichitis mountedarealsogiventopimportance.Patientsshouldbeprovidedwithcomfortbyemployingabettercushion,andthe base should be used in a way that allows for simple folding. [4]. Figure 3 shows that all dimensions are considered accordingtoIndiananthropometricdata.

Figure 3: Anthropometricdata

Thecreationand useofan electricchair thatcanautomaticallyascendstairs for thosewithdisabilities. The chaircanbe moved in any direction and raised and lowered to various degrees. The chair's DC voltage source (battery) can be rechargedsoitcanoperateforextendedperiodsoftime.Thesuggesteddesigncansupportusersweighingupto90kgand is the right size to be used in homes, hospitals, and public spaces (width = 88 cm and length = 125 cm). This study used hydraulic jacks with electrical control and angle measuring equipment to tackle the stability issue. The earlier research anddesignswerecomplexandexpensive,butthisdesignisspecialisedtobesimpleandaffordable.[5].

Thecreationofasolar-poweredtricycleforpeoplewithdisabilities,withsolarpanelsmountedontopsotheymayusethe powerproducedforpropulsion.Intheabsenceofsunshine,thissystem'sfunctionalityislacking,anditalsoincreasesthe

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wheelchair'scost.Theweightofthechairandtheamountofspaceitoccupiesaresomewhatincreasedwiththeadditionof solarplates.[6].

Basedonthedataacquired,awheelchairthatisaffordableandaccessibletothelowerandmiddleclasseswasdesigned.It isappropriateforsomeonewhoislegless.Thebattery-operatedwheelchairthatwasbuiltcanturnineitherdirection(left or right) through the handle, has bicycle-style brakes, and operates at a speed of 6 km/hr on curbs, steep inclines, and regular highways, covering 32 km in 5.32 hours at a stretch. The wheel chair has a safety belt feature for the user's protection.[7].

3. ELECTRIC BIKE

Thee-bikehastransformedfromasportingandleisureitemtoa frequentlyusedmodeoftransportation. Improvements inareaslikerangeandenergyefficiencyarethereforecrucial.Thispaperpresentsexperimentalefficiencymodelsforanebike's charger, battery, controller, motor, and reduction gears subsystems. These models are combined with elaborate models for the chain transmission system to produce an overall efficiency map for the e-bike. By fusing the system's efficiencymapandmathematicalmodelofperformance,therangeoftheelectricbicycleisexamined.Theequationsgiven aboveareusedtocreateamanagementapproachthatcanchoosethebestlevelofassistanceandchaintransmissionratio, optimising range while maintaining speed. Using computer analysis, the driving strategy was compared to alternative driving methods. This allowed for the discovery that the suggested strategy increased system range by consuming less batterypower.[8].

Italsoemphasisesthedesignaspectsofthebike.Thereisaprovisionforchargingthebatterybyconnectingtoacharger. Theelectricalpowergenerated,whichisusedtorunthebike,canprovidebetterfueleconomycomparedtoconventional vehicles, better performance, and less pollution. The design and fabrication of electric bikes that use electricity as the primaryenergysourceandsolarenergywhenpossiblebyattachingsolarpanels.Accordingtocalculations,abikemaygo ataspeedofroughly15to25kphwhentheengineisremoved,makingitlighterandeasiertooperate.Figure4showsan E-bike and its components. This is done to create an eco-friendly bike with improved efficiency, lower energy consumption,lessmaintenance,andgoodbatterychargeability.[9].

Figure 4: E-bikeanditscomponent

Based on the specifications for the selection of materials, the design and analysis of the frame were completed. The data gatheringincludesanumberofvariables,includingaccessibility,machinability,affordability,dependability,feasibility, and ergonomics. Additionally, taken into account were the total length, height, and weight. The choice of rake angle is an importantconsiderationwhenconstructingabikeframe.Theangleformedbytheneckandtheverticalaxisofthewheel axleisknownastherakeangle,alsoknownasthesteeringheadangle.Itestablishesthevehicle'skind,suchaswhetherit isasportorcruisetype.Ithasasignificantimpactonthevehicle'sstability.Thelengthofthee-bikemaybebestservedby thefrontneck's19-degreeanglewithregardtotheverticalaxis.[10].

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4. SELECTION BATTERY

Theinvestigationofthreeequivalentcircuitmodelsforlithium-ionbatteriesusedinelectricvehicles.Thedynamicstress testdatawasusedtogenerateallofthemodelparameters,nottheconventionalhybridpulsepowercharacteristic(HPPC) test method. All three models can simulate the dynamics of the battery well, but the first-order model with one-state hysteresis appears to be the best option for lithium iron phosphate batteries used in electric vehicles, according to the comparisonofvoltageerrorbetweenthesimulationresultandtestdata.Differentbatterytypesareusedinelectriccycles, asshownintable2below.[11].

Table 2: DifferentTypesofBatteryusedinElectricCycle

TYPES OF BATTERY FEATURES

Lead-acid battery

It consists of a lead-based negative electrode and a lead-oxide positive electrode. Sulphuric acid serves as itselectrolyte.Duringthedischarge process, the lead in the negative plate and the lead dioxide in the positive plate react with the electrolyte of sulphuric acid to produce water, lead sulphate, and energy. An external electric source electrochemically transforms the water and lead sulphate into sulphuric acid, lead dioxide, and leadforcharging.

Nickelcadmium battery

It is a type of rechargeable battery having an alkaline electrolyte, a separator, a positive nickel oxidehydroxide electrode plate, a negative cadmium electrode plate, and other components (potassium hydroxide). To generate a significantly greater maximum current than an equal-sized alkaline cell, the positive and negative electrode plates, which areseparated bytheseparator,are rolled in a spiral shape inside a metalcasing(thejelly-rolldesign).

Nickelmetal Hydride battery

It is a rechargeable battery type in which the chemical reaction at the positive electrode is similar to that of the NiCd battery; however, its negative electrode employs a hydrogen-absorbing alloy instead of cadmium. Hydrogen ions are storedinametal-hydridestructure thatisthenegativeelectrodeofthe nickel-metal hydride battery. Polyolefinnonwovensareusedasa typicalmaterialfortheseparator.

ADVANTAGE

Batteries made of lead acid are inexpensive and easily recyclable. Additionally, leadacid batteries are tolerant of overcharging, have minimal internal resistance, and can provide extremely high currents. Additionally, they offer a wide variety of sizes and capacities. Additionally, they are easily distributed to customers because of a large globalsupplierbase.

It has more capacity than a lead-acid battery. Besides, it offersafasterchargerateand fewer maintenance requirements. It can operate with a wide temperature range. NiCd batteries have a number of benefits, including easy storage and transportation as well as a long lifespan. In addition, it can be generated in a wide range of sizes depending on performance.

Similar to NiCd batteries, it is straightforward in transportation and storage. However, it is more environmentally friendly and less susceptible to the memory effect than a NiCd battery. In addition, it also gives higher energy per unit volumeorweightthansimilar NiCdbatterykinds.

DISADVANTAGE

Lifting a lead-acid battery, which is heavier than other batteries, could result in user harm. Both the energy-toweight and energy-to-volume ratiosarepoor.Leadsulphate crystals that cause insulation onthenegativeelectrodemay lower its operating performance. Additionally, it could produce combustible gases and provide risks, including chemical burns to theskin.

Itcontainscadmium,whichis a toxic metal and hard to recycle. For the same capacity, its cost is higher than that of a lead-acid battery. One of the big disadvantages of this battery type is the memory effect, in which NiCd batteries graduallylosetheirmaximum energy if they are repeatedly recharged after being only partiallydischarged.

It is more expensive than a NiCd battery. Its service life could be reduced if a deep discharge occurs. Aside from the limited service life, it has a high self-discharge rate, which is also affected by ambient temperature. In addition, it requires a complexchargingalgorithm.

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Lithiumion battery

Lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back again during charging in this type of rechargeable battery. A lithium-ion cell's negative and positive electrodes are typically made of metal oxide and carbon, respectively. The lithium salt in an organic solvent serves as the electrolyte for Li-ion batteries. Liion batteries are one of the most popular rechargeable batteries on themarket,withgreatsales.

Li-ion batteries are lighter than other rechargeable batteries in terms of battery capacity.Additionally,ithasa verylowmemoryeffectanda high energy density. Compared to NiCd and NiMh batteries, it self-discharges at a much slower rate. It does not require maintenance because it is nearly unaffected by the memory effect. Additionally, due to its high energy efficiency, it is perfectforuseinEBs.

It could be damaged due to overheating, overcharging, and over discharging. In addition, it requires protection to assure its safe functioning within its limitations. Aging is also one ofthedownsidesoftheLi-ion battery, which depends on the number of charge dischargecycles.

Lithiumion polymer battery

It is a rechargeable battery type using lithium-ion technology. However, unlike Li-ion batteries, which use a liquid electrolyte between the negative and positive electrodes, LiPo batteries use polymers with high conductivity thataresemisolids(gel)toforman electrolyte. In addition, the LiPo battery can use a solid polymer electrolyte such as poly (acrylonitrile), poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVdF), or poly (ethylene oxide)(PEO).

5. CONCLUSION

Ithasahighenergydensity,is lightweight, and can be created in a wide range of sizes.BecauseaLiPobattery's charging capacity is not significantly reduced when compared to a Li-ion battery, its life span is longer. Aside from its high energy density and lightweight nature, it has good safety performance and can be used as an E-cycle powersource.

The price of LiPo batteries is higher than that of Li-ion batteries. LiPo batteries have a lower energy density and cycle number than Li-ion batteries. In addition, it has no standard shape and requires specific attention during storage, charging, and discharging.

Inthisreview,wegetanideaofintegratedsystemformodellingelectricbikedesigns.Itisideallysuitedtotheneedsofthe young,old,anddisabledmembersofthe economicallyunderprivilegedsectionofsociety.Thefactthatthise-bikecanbe usedasanelectricwheelchairaswellasabicycleandthatitdoesn'trequireexpensivefossilfuelsmeansthatitisitsmost usefulfeature.Itgivesdisabledpeoplethechancetouseanelectricwheelchairwithafrontwheelattachmentsotheycan movefromonelocationtoanotherwithouttheaidofanoutsidehelper.Theuseofabevelgearinanelectricbikeforthe transmissionofmotorpowerthroughagearforpropulsion.

6. REFERENCES

[1] https://www.innovacareconcepts.com/en/blog/power-wheelchair-types/ [2] Amos Winter, “Mechanical principle of wheelchair design”, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, US, retrieved on24thSept.2010.

[3] N.M.AbdulGhani,M.O.Tokhi,A.N.KNasir,S.Ahmad.,2011.ControlofaStairClimbingWheelchair1(4)204-208.

[4] SreeragC.Setal.,“Designanddevelopmentofconceptual wheel chaircum stretcher”,Ramaiahschool Bangalore 2011-september.

[5] Abdal-RazakShehab, “Design and Implementation Electrical Wheel Chair for Disable able to Stairs Climbing by UsingHydraulicJack”,IOSRJournalofElectricalandElectronicsEngineering(IOSR-JEEE),Volume7,Issue3(Sep. -Oct.2013).

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[6] Ravikumar Kandasamy et.al., “Design of Solar Tricycle for Handicapped Person,” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and CivilEngineering(IOSR-JMCE),Vol:5,Issue2,Jan-Feb.2013).

[7] Iqbal Ahmed Khan, ‘Motorized Wheel Chair for Physically Challenged Person’, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283436442(2015).

[8] Arango, I.; Lopez, C.; Ceren, A. Improving the Autonomy of a Mid-Drive Motor Electric Bicycle Based on System EfficiencyMapsandItsPerformance.WorldElectr.Veh.J.2021,12,59.https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj12020059.

[9] Mohammed Hassan Khan, Mohammed Habeeb Ullah Shareef, Md Jameel Ahmed Shakeel, Mohd Faiz Ahmed, MohammadUmairAnsari,“FabricationofE-Bike”,InternationalResearchJournalofEngineeringandTechnology (IRJET),Volume:07Issue:05|May2020.

[10] Vignesh. M, D. Mohan Kumar, K.Prithviraj, Reuban David. “DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF FOUR WHEELED ELECTRIC VEHICLE” (2018). International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 12 2018, 10355-10361.2012.

[11] HuachunHan,HaipingXu,Zengquan Yuan,YingjieZhao.,2014,“ModelingforLithium-ionBatteryusedinElectric Vehicles,” Key Laboratory of Power Electronics and Electric Drive, Inst. Of Electrical Engineering(IEE), Chinese AcademyofScience(CAS),China,pp.1-3.