Detailed investigation on Seismic response of linear and nonlinear symmetric and asymmetric system

Detailed investigation on

response of linear and nonlinear symmetric and asymmetric system

Seismic

U. Roy [1], S. Pandey [2]

[1] Department of Civil Engineering, M. Tech Student, Techno India University, WB, India

[2] Department of Civil Engineering, Assistant Professor, Techno India University, WB, India ***

1. Abstract

The study refers to the structural control systems. It’ s including passive linear viscous dampers (LVDs) and nonlinear viscous dampers That were placed in a twoway, asymmetric, 20-story structure (NLVDs). Bidirectional seismic excitations of previous earthquakes are used on the structure. The displacement, velocity, and acceleration responses for the multi-story asymmetric building are calculated by using a state space technique to numerically solve the underlying equationsofmotion.Thenumericalinvestigationyielded thedampersidealparameters.Acomparativeevaluation of the controlled response and the analogous uncontrolled response is conducted to look into the efficiency of dampers in the asymmetric construction. Also, the analysis is done to figure out where in the multi-storey building under consideration dampers should be located. The structure's acceleration at the centre of mass, storey displacement, and top floor lateral-torsional displacement are all obtained as reaction values. In the current investigation, it is found thatthedeploymentofLVDsandNLVDsgreatlyreduces thelateral-torsionalresponseamount

Keywords: Passive linear viscous dampers (LVDs), Nonlinearviscousdampers(NLVDs)

2. INTRODUCTION

The two key considerations for seismic design of buildingstructuresarehumansafetyandcomfort.Multidegree-of-freedom constructions are potentially in danger from natural disasters like earthquakes and strongwinds Theconstructionswereseverelydamaged byearthquakesthatoccurredallovertheworld,suchas the Madhya Pradesh(1996), India. Structural control mechanismsareaflexiblewaytoprotectcivilstructures from these natural disasters. Numerous structural control techniques have been created during the past couple of decades, and there are some useful applications. For earthquake-excited high elevated buildings, One form of hybrid control system was createdbySchlacher[16]etal.in1997andcomprisesof a basic isolation and an additional active damper. The structure is represented mechanically as a shear wall

structure with non-linear stress-strain regulating factors. Despite the havoc that earthquakes may do to a group's life and property. There are various advancedseismic vibration control measures that can assist to decrease the effects of earthquakes, such as reducingbuildingheight,elevatingbuildingfoundations, and employing dampers and springs. In order to decreasetheimpactofearthquakesonbothbuildingand non-building structures a collection of technological instruments known as seismic vibration management has been created. The four types of seismic vibration control systems are passive, active, semi-active, and hybridsystems.Theyaccomplishthefollowinggoals:

 Touseappropriatelyconstructeddamperstodiffuse waveenergywithinsuperstructure

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Todisseminatewaveenergyacrossawiderrangeof frequencies.

To use mass dampers to decrease the resonant portionsofthefullwavefrequencyspectrum.

One of the fundamental issues facing construction professionalsisthestabilityofstructuresunderdynamic lateral stresses, such as quakes, storms, explosions. Employing control devices, considerable efforts are being made to improve the dynamic efficiency of buildings.Evenifa high-risebuildingisnotdamaged by an earthquake or strong wind will cause it to swing uncontrollably which making it challenging to maintain safetyandliveability.

The purpose of the vibration control structure is to dampen the vibration caused by an earthquake or a strong wind byconnecting a vibration energyabsorbing device to the building. This not only prevents structural damage but also ensures the safety of the occupants, safeguards the equipment, and ensures liveability. Building management may be summed up by the invention, development and tools forvibration dampening. Variouscontrol mechanisms might besemiactive, like a magnetorheological damper, active, like activetunedmassdampers,orpassive,likeviscousfluid dampers. The use of vibration control systems as an alternative to traditional seismic design, which reckon

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on the ductile deformation of structural components to release inelastic energy, has become extensively accepted.

The kindof structure, site location, and need for ground stabilisation underneath the structure will all affect the seismicdesign.

How seismic design is accomplished by determining the most likely failure modes of buildings and ensuring that the structures are given the appropriate strength and formiscontouredinthispaper.

Advanced study on actively coupled building systems, active-tendonsystems,semi-activecontrol&semi-active stiffnessdamperswereofferedbyFiscoandAdeli[1].He alsoretrospected onhybrid structural vibration control, including hybrid mass dampers, semi-active foundation isolators, actuators with passive dampers, and semituned liquid column dampers. active with passive dampers (TLCD) [2] The successful implementation of the smart structure technology depends critically on an effective and accurate algorithm to determine the intensities of real stresses to be imposed to the structure.

3. Literature Review

Passive, active, and semi-active control devices are primarilyusedintheresponsecontroldesignmethod.

3.1 Passive Control Systems

Alternativedampersthatcomprisetunedmassdampers (TMD), tuned liquid column dampers (TLCD), and base isolation systems that do not require an outside power source. But they are only useful for a small variety of externalseismicexcitation.

Suchdevicesdischargeenergybygeneratingheat,which eventually lessens This list comprises elastoplastic dampers that compress, viscous dampers, friction dampers.Passivedevices,whichincludingbaseisolators, adjust the structure's free vibration characteristic and bring it to a lower frequency, where the magnitude of earthquakeexcitationisdecreased.

3.1.1 Buildings

Fu and Johnson examine the effectiveness of a distributed mass damper system in a 20-story structure madeupofTMDsonvariouslevelsthatarevulnerableto seismic loads [14]. Because there are no large dampers at the top of the building or anywhere else in the structure The authors assert that "the design of this distributedmassdamper(DMD)systemismoredifficult for experts but can be less obtrusive in terms of architecturaldesign. In terms of design procedure, Cho

et al. explore the propertiesof TMD and TLCD systems [13]. For field experiments, a steel frame of 50 stories withTMD system and steel frame of 64 stories having two TLCDs positioned on the top floor are both employed.

TMD's performance in a 36-story steel structure when subjectedtotyphoonloading.Amulti-objectivedesignof a typical 10-story steel building furnished with Tuned Mass Dampers during destructiveblazes using a genetic algorithm is illustrated byPourzeynali et al. [12]. FarshidianfarandSoheili reportasimilarstudyona40story regular building constructed on soft, medium, and densesoilsbutusingtheantcolonyoptimizationmethod instead[11].

3.1.2 Bridges

To diminish vibration of a long span suspension bridge havingasteelgirderdeckanda106-meter-tallRCtower that is susceptible to earthquake excitation. An energy dissipationgearedisolationdeviceformedofrubber-like materialsistestedbyGuanetal.[10].

A number of tuned mass damper-gearedpedestrian walkwaysarethesubjectofastudyconductedbyDaniel et al. [9]. The authors assert that splitting each tuned mass damperinto a group of smaller tuned mass dampersat the same site, each tuned to a slightly different frequency, will alleviate the famed detuning problem of TMDs, which is caused by fewer staff crossingover.

3.2 Active Control Systems

Actuators that regulate external sources require considerable power sources in active control systems. It cannecessitate10kilowattsforbuildingsandmanylarge amounts of energyfor fostering the development. These actuators apply predefined pressures to the structure, enablingenergytobeaddedtoorsubtractedfromitas necessary. Thesignalsprovidedtothecontrolactuators in an active feedback control system depend on how the system responds to measurements made with actual physical sensors. Some of the active dampers include tuned mass dampers, systems with changeable stiffness,andpulsegenerators.

3.2.1 Buildings

Dynamic control of multistorey structure utilizing dynamicligamentsisanalysedbyAldemiretal.[8].They propose a performance indicator for concurrently loweringthemechanicalenergyofthestructureandthe control system On a cantilever arrangement with fourteen longitudinal sensors and three piezoelectric actuators, Cazzulani et al. consider active control of structuresemployingfibresensors[7] Intheirmodified

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LQG method, the actuator force is a function of the control gain matrix and the velocity of the recorded locations.

During an earthquake, the Active Tuned Mass Dampers are rendered meaningless and turn into passive TMDs. The90th'smaximumandrootmeansquareacceleration responses were found to have decreased by 40% and 45%,correspondingly,underwindloadingwitha1-year return time. Based on their field measurements, the authors conclude that the Active Tuned Mass Dampersmay be employedto effectively control the wind-producedvibrationofsuchextremelytallbuildings while limiting adverse impacts under earthquake loading.

Asupervisoryfuzzycontroller(SFC),whichwasahybrid of a linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), was employed by Fallah and Ebrahimnejad [6]. In a steel structure with ten stories that consists of braced frames in one direction and moment-resisting frames in the other. Using piezoelectric actuators positioned on the lower portion of particular columns, this is exposed to seismographic movements. For the best actuator positioning, they adopted a GA. An approach for determining the ideal control forces in an active tuned mass damper (ATMD) system is presented by Amini et al. [5]. Particle swarm optimization (PSO), the discrete wavelet transforms (DWT), and the linear quadratic regulator are all combinedinit(LQR).Thetechniquehasbeenappliedto a ten-story shear frame structure with an Active Tuned Mass Dampersystem mounted to the roof that has experienced various seismic records. Using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) type controller, Nigdeli and Boduroglu demonstrate active tendon control of shear irregular structures under near-fault groundmotionexcitation[4].

3.2.2 Bridges

Due to their increasingly more lightweight construction, researchers are likely interested in minimizing the vibrations caused by people on footbridges. On a functioning urban lightweight pedestrian bridge in Spain, Casado et al. exhibit the design and execution of ActiveTunedMassDamperandTunedMassDamper[3]. WithHzasthecontroltechnique,theActiveTunedMass Dampercomprises of an actuator with a mass ratio of around 0.2%. They verified the four modesdamping ratios and frequencies using a modal identification approach. The first vibration mode, which is the most likely to be triggered by human actions (first bending mode at 3.5 Hz, well-separated from other modes), has its control mechanisms improved. They claim that adoptinga TunedMassDamperwitha massratioof1% resultsinvibrationreductionsspanningfrom40to80%.

The authors note that while TMD has a minimal initial investment cost, it requires ongoing maintenance since the ageing structure's basic period varies with time. However, "environmental phenomena (namely, temperature and wind), along with pedestrian density, as well as the structure's resonance behaviour. A mass one-sixththatoftheequivalentTunedMassDamperand "Vibration reductions between sixtypercent and eightypercent, except for leaping at the structural naturalfrequency"restrictTunedMassDamperefficacy. It implies that an Active Tuned Mass Damperhas never before been used in a footbridge that is currently in operation.ThecostofActiveTunedMassDamperisnow three to four times more than that of the Tuned Mass Dampersystem, although it is anticipated that this will go down over time.The fact that the Active Tuned Mass Damperdoesnotrequireroutineretuningisabenefitof thistechnology.

3.3 Semi-active Control Systems

Coupling active and passive systems develops a semiactive control system. As a result, the system only requires a little amount of electricity, frequently in the tensofwattslevel.Theadvantageisthatinthecaseofa power loss, the control's passive function will still providesomesafeguarding.Thiskindofdamperincludes changeable tuned liquid dampers, mechatro, dampers, variable friction dampers. Semi-active control systems have been researched by Symans et al. [15]. The literature describes hybrid control systems that mix passive and semiactive devices as well as passive and activedevices.

However, the fundamental drawback of active and semi-active devices is that they require power, making them less desirable for controlling seismic reaction. Power outages are common in strong earthquakes, and it's possible that there won't be enough power to run active and semi-active equipment. The many conventional operating parameters, such as temperature and pressure, are also managed by a wide variety of active control devices across a wide range of sectors. To deal with uncertainty, redundancy is introduced into the control systems, increasing the overall number of monitoring systems. As a result, it's always essential to reduce the number of active and semi-active systems. Generally speaking, passive devices and the fail-safe design approach are advocated. The need of doing a thorough literature review on passive dampers and discussing each one's advantages and disadvantages as well as applications in real structures is thought significant for the aforementioned reasons. A structural control survey was carried out by the US Panel on Structural Control Research. It brought structural control to auseful historical perspective. The current paper reviews recent

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developments in passive response control along with a few passive device implementations in Japanese constructions.

4. Future Research work:

Thefirst foreground ofcurrent research isthe hybridization ofsemi-active control of structureswith othercontrol systems. The mainchallengeofsemi-active and hybridis complexand requires theintegration ofvarioushardware and software technologies with structuraldesign,such as smart materials, adaptive dampers, actuators, sensors, controlalgorithmsand signalprocessing.Themainchallengeofsemi-activeand hybridiscomplexandrequirestheintegrationofvarious hardware and software technologies with structuraldesign,such as smart materials, adaptive dampers, actuators, sensors, controlalgorithmsand signalprocessing.

5. Conclusions



This study reviews the basic idea and recent developments and applications of passive seismicmonitoringdevices.

Overthepastcoupleofdecades,passivecontrol systemshaveundergoneextensivedevelopment andtesting.

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Semi-active structure control and hybridization of other control systems are current research achievements.

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Theproblemiscomplexandrequirestheintegr ationofvarioushardware and software technologies with structural design, including smart materials, adaptive dampers, actuators, sensors,controlalgorithmsandsignalprocessing Thisisan interesting areafor research and developmentduetoitscomplexity.Similarly,the productivity, availabilityand environmental friendliness of control systemsshould be studied. Sustainable construction canalso besmart. Smart structural technologies mustincorporate sustainable design principles. Thismakesitthemostinterestingindustry.

6. References

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This study reviews the basic idea and recent developments and applications of seismic monitoringdevices.

1. Fisco NR, Adeli H (2011) Smart structures: part I activeandsemi-activecontrol.SciIran,Trans A,CivEng18(3):275–284(Invitedpaper)

2. Fisco NR, Adeli H (2011) Smart structures: part II hybrid control systems and control strategies. SciIran, TransA, CivEng 18(3):285–295(Invitedpaper)

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Custom liquid dampers can be used effectively forstructureswithfrequenciesupto2Hz.When adjusting the mass damper, the dimensionsof thepartsoperating understrongexcitationmust betakenintoaccount.

3. Casado MC, Diaz IM, de Sebastian J, Poncela AV, Lorenzana A (2013) Implementation of passive and active vibration control on an in-service footbridge. Struct Control Health Monit 20(1):70–87

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Itisalsodifficulttogetaperfectfit.Viscoelastic dampers can be affected by fluid leakage, but viscoelastic damper performance is affected by ambienttemperatureandexcitationfrequency.

4. NigdeliSM,BodurogluMH(2013)Activetendon control of tor- ˘ sionally irregular structures under near-fault ground motion excitation. Comput-AidedCivilInfrastr

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Friction dampers require a carefully designed hardfrictionsurfacetoreduceslippage.

This observation suggests that a variety of passive technologies can be utilised to reduce seismicresponse. 

Since metallic amplifiers slightly increase the frequencyofthestructure,caremustbetakenin the designto avoid response amplification due to frequency changes in the peak region of the responsespectrum.

5. Amini F, Khanmohamadi Hazaveh N, Abdolahi RadA(2013)WaveletPSO-basedLQRalgorithm foroptimalstructuralcontrolusingactivetuned mass dampers. Comput-Aided Civ Infrastruct Eng28(7):542–555

6. FallahN,EbrahimnejadM(2013)Activecontrol of building structures using piezoelectric actuators.ApplSoftComput13(5):449–46

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Structures vibration control is a particularly active topic of structural engineering study.

7. Cazzulani G, Cinquemani S, Comolli L (2012) Enhancing active vibration control

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performancesinasmartstructurebyusingfiber Bragg gratings sensors. In: Sensors and smart structurestechnologiesforcivil,mechanical,and aerospace systems, San Diego, California, April 26,2012

8. Aldemir U, Yanik A, Bakioglu M (2012) Control of structural response under earthquake excitation. Comput-Aided Civ Infrastruct Eng 27(8):620–638

9. DanielY,LavanO,LevyR(2012)Multiple-tuned mass dampers for multimodal control of pedestrian bridges. J Struct Eng 138(9):1173–1178

10. Guan Z, Li J, Xu Y (2010) Performance test of energydissipationbearinganditsapplicationin seismic control of a long-span bridge. J Bridge Eng15(7):622–630

11. Farshidianfar A, Soheili S (2013) Ant colony optimization of tuned mass dampers for earthquake oscillations of high-rise structures including soil-structure interaction. Soil Dyn EarthqEng51(1):14–22

12. Pourzeynali S, Salimi S, Kalesar HE (2013) Robust multiobjective optimization design of TMD control device to reduce tall building responses against earthquake excitations using geneticalgorithms.SciIran20(2):207–221

13. Cho B-H, Jo J-S, Joo S-J, Kim H (2012) Dynamic parameter identification of secondary mass dampersbasedonfull-scaletests.Comput-Aided CivInfrastructEng27(3):218–23

14. Fu TS, Johnson EA (2011) Distributed mass damper system for integrating structural and environmental control in buildings. J Eng Mech 137(3):205–213

15. SymansMD,ConstantinouMC.Developmentand experimentalstudyofsemi-activefluiddamping devices for seismic protection of structures. Report No. NCEER 95-0011, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY, 1995.

16. Schlacher, Aseismic nonlinear control of shearwalt-typestructuresusingdifferentialgeometric methods. In: Proc. 1st World Conference on Structural Control, Vol. 2, TA4-43 - 52 interaction on the response of seismically isolatedcable-stay

17. YanL,Ma ZM(2012) Comparisonof entity with fuzzy data types in fuzzy object-oriented databases