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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page874 Investigation on Performance of Recycled Aggregate Concrete Brick: A Review Ankitha R1 , Chiranthan S2 , Harshith S3 , Kasam Gurudatha4 , Suhas H B5 (1,2,3,4 UG students BE, Department of Civil Engineering, DSCE, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India) (5Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, DSCE, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India) ***

For the specimens, the researchers just used Portland Pozzolanic Cement (Type IP), which is widely used in the field today. They were manually crushed and sieved after cleaning to achieve particle size consistency. The researchers useda Class A mix (1:2:4 ratio) of cement, sand, and gravel. Recycled bottles were crushed and used to replace some percent of sand (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%), and a control combination was also available. On the7th,14th,21st,and28th days ofcuring,threespecimens were selected from each mixture 6”x12” cylindrical

IS: 2185 (Part 1): 2005 gives the information about hollow concrete blocks. Having a closed or open cavity these hollow concreteblockscanbeusedtobuildload bearingandnon load bearing walls. Environmental concerns and health dangers associated with the construction industry have beenbroughttotheattentionofboththegovernmentand environmental groups. Aggregates, sand, clinker, and fuel intheformofresourcesareallutilizedbythecementand concrete industry. The large portion of waste generated from industries and agricultural works is a result of fuel combustion, slag, bagasse, fly ash, and large scale manufacture of a range of products. These wastes, which areproducedinlargequantities,cancausecontamination anddispersionofsubstancessuchasmanganese,mercury, etc, if not disposed of properly, particularly when depositedindumps,mines,andbodiesofwater.Theiruse in concrete production is a prime illustration of parallel recycling and reusing. Growth in the human population and the challenges of globalization cause the scarcity of raw materials needed in the construction industry. The task of converting industrial waste into useful construction material is a challenge to engineers of this generation. A structured recycling program helps people toobtainrecycledconstructionmaterials[7].

E waste is the waste generated by abandoned electronic gadgets. It is a growing problem that is producing major environmentalissuesbecauseitisdifficulttodisposeofe waste correctly without harming the environment. The traditionaltechniquefordisposingofe wasteistodumpit into a landfill, but this method has numerous drawbacks, including the requirement for a large amount of land, which is scarce in our country, and the presence of numerous dangerous compounds such as lead, cadmium, and beryllium. When these chemicals come into contact withsoil,theypolluteit,andwhentheycomeintocontact with groundwater, they contaminate it, making it extremely dangerous to drink. If someone drinks this water,they will experience majorhealthproblems,and in somecases,cancer.Wegenerateroughly15millionmetric tons of e waste in India, and this amount is expected to riseto30millionmetrictonsby2018,withjust3%ofthe e waste effectively decomposed and the remainder decomposedbytinypeddlerswhoareunconcernedabout the detrimental impacts of the e waste. The waste generated by discarded electronic equipment poses a significant disposal challenge. In the concrete industry, effortshavebeenundertakentopartiallysubstitutecoarse aggregates with non biodegradable components of E waste. The fineness modulus of coarse aggregate containing varied levels of E waste ranges from 1.86 to 2.78.TheE plasticwasteparticlescanbeusedasapartial coarseaggregatereplacementwhilemaintainingthesame mix ratio. The particle size of the split particles is estimatedtobebetween1.18mmand2.36mm[5].

Key Words: Concrete brick, greener environment, e waste, durability parameters, masonry unit, glass 1.wasteINTRODUCTION

Performance study includes the strength characteristics, water absorption, and durability parameters to obtain a cost effective product.

Technologies are changing with time as the world is progressing. Development in technologies is enabling businesses to process in various dimensions. India is a rapidly developing country. The development of infrastructure is in danger. As technology advances, so do the forms and techniques of development.

1.1 Literature Review

Abstract Waste management is a vital issue the world is experiencing. Glass waste and e waste are non degradable and harmful to the earth at disposal as landfills. Concrete brick is a masonry unit used for various construction purposes. Production of these units involves the emission of CO2 on the extraction of natural resources, which affects the environment. Alternate materials substitute for natural aggregates to maintain a greener environment. This review paper presents the manufacturing process of concrete bricks with the complete replacement of fine aggregate with glass waste and partial replacement of coarse aggregate with e waste and tests carried out. The main aim is to produce concrete bricks without compromising the strength, durability and comfort, and elegance of materials.

Notlessthan30 timein Notlessthan60 3 CompressiveStrength days Notlessthan16Mpa b)7days Notlessthan22Mpa c)28days Notlessthan33Mpa 4 Dryshrinkage% Notmorethan0.15

Coarse aggregate: As coarse aggregate, crushed gravel with a nominal maximum size of 20 mm was employed. The waterabsorptionof the coarseaggregate used in this studywasassessedundertheSSD(saturatedsurfacedry) condition by immersing them in water for 24 hours and then wiping away excess surface water with a wet cloth after they were removed from the water. The aggregates were deemed to be in the SSD condition when there was nofreewateronthesurface[3].

Water: In the laboratory, tap water that was relatively free of contamination was utilized to hydrate the cement inthecombinations[2]

timeb)Finalminutessettinginminutes

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page875 moulds and examined for compressive strength using UTM. Crushed samples were sieved according to ASTM standards to ensure that the cullet size was less than 2.0mm but more than 0.0625mm. The study is more concernedwiththeimpactofusingrecycledbottlesasfine aggregates than with the characteristics of the aggregate In[1].ourresearch,wefounde wastewaspartiallytoreplace coarse aggregate. Concrete cubes with varying percent of e waste(5%,7.5%,and12.5%) arecast.Thecompressive strengths of these cubes are compared to standard grade (M25) concrete cubes. The compressive strengthof the cubes increased initially when e waste is used butdecreased subsequently. Concrete’s compressive strength dropped to 33.12N/mm2 when 7.5% of e waste is used, and it begins to deteriorate. The compressive strengthis28.8N/mm2when12.5%aggregateisreplaced with e waste. According to the study, replacing coarse aggregate with 7.5% e waste increases compressive strength by 35% [6]. As a result, using e waste as a raw material will eliminate the problem of e waste disposal. Hence less traditional aggregate will be required, the strengthofconcretewillincrease.E wasteiscomposedof Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Electronic waste is procured from local retailers. The aggregate size ranges from1.18mmto2.36mm.Themetalsthatwereconnected tothePCBhadtobephysicallyremoved[3].

2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

2.1 Method of manufacturing a Concrete Brick Portland cement, sand, and other aggregates are mixed with a moderate quantity of water and blowing mixture intomouldstomakeconcreteblocks.Theblocksaretaken from the moulds,allowedto setforan initial settingtime, and cured in a kiln or autoclave. Usually, the full curing procedurerequireslessthan24hours[15].

2.3 Process of manufacturing of Concrete brick 1. Thedimensionsoftheblocksthatarecommonlyused for load bearing masonry building are (150mm×200mm×400mm).

a)3

E waste: Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) are used as e waste. E waste is collected from local electronic stores. The aggregate size has been reduced by 20mm. All of the metalsattachedtothePCBweremanuallyremoved[3]

Fine aggregates: We are using Class A mix, which contains a 1:1:2 ratios of cement, sand, and gravel.

Thehollowconcreteblocksareclassifiedintogrades: Grade A Load bearing bricks having a block density greaterthan1500kg/m3 Grade B Load bearing bricks with block densities rangingfrom1100to1500kg/m3[15].

Themethodologiesusedinthisstudyaredescribedinthis section.Thestudyincludesbasicmaterialssuchascement, fineaggregate,coarseaggregate,water. Materialpreparationforreplacementofglasswasteasfine aggregateande wasteasacoarseaggregate: Cement: During the mix design process, Portland Pozzolana Cement (53grade) is used. Before use, it was keptinanairtightcontainer[1].

Crushedrecycledbottleswitha4.57mmnominalsizefilter wereusedasfineaggregatesinplaceofsand.Accordingto BSEN933 1,asieveanalysistestwasperformed[1].

Table 1: Required values for specified Characteristics NoSl. Characteristics RequiredValue 1 Fineness Notlessthan300m2/kg 2 Setting a)Initialtimesetting

1.2 Classification of Concrete Brick

Fly ash: Fine fly ash (pond ash) should be used, which is accessible in thermal power plants. (It is also accessible forfreeinsomesectors.)Thisitemisexemptfromanyand all taxes. Only the entrepreneur is responsible for transportation costs. This raw material is completely (100%)acceptablefortheconstructionofCLCbricks[15]

Bricks are made even by grinding. Then they are immersed in water for 2 hours at 23 degrees C. Mortar is prepared by mixing the cement and sand at the ratio of 1:1.Thefrogisfilledwithmortarpasteandallowedtoset thebricksinjutebagsfor24hours.Flushmortartovoids presentonthebricksurface.Bricksaretakenoutfromthe bag and again immersed in water for 7 days to complete the hardening of mortar on the brick. Bricks should be allowed to dry. The specimen is tested under a compressivetestingmachine,withamortar filledface up. Bricksareheldinpositionusingplywoodsheets.Thebrick is loaded axially at a rate of 14 N/mm2 (140 kg/cm2) per minuteuntilitfails.[8]



CompressiveStrength= ( ) ( )

3.2 Permeability

Fig. 1 Permeable Device 3.3 Chemical Test

Concrete is tested for chloride penetrability using a method known as pressure penetration similarly determiningthewaterpermeabilityusingapressurecell.



International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page876 2. Themixproportionconsideredformanufacturingthis processbyspecifiedvolume. 3. All the above mentioned materials (i.e., cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water) are batched by volume andmixedinaconcretemix. 4. In a casting machine, a lean concrete is made and utilizedforcasting(mould vibratorassembly). 5. The concrete squeezed in the machinery takes the shapeofthemould,whichisa block,anditisstacked foronedayofsundrying. 6. Theblocksarepilledandcuredafter24hours. DryingandCuringofConcreteBrick 7. Theblocksaresundriedfor24hoursandcuredfor7, 14and28days[15]. 3. TESTS TO BE CONDUCTED 1.Compressionstrength 2.Permeability 3.Chemicaltest 4.ShrinkageandCreep 5 Carbonationdepth 3.1 Compression Strength Test

A self made permeable device is used to test the permeabilityoftheconcrete.Thepermeationcoefficientof the experiment and along with the factors influencing the permeabilityoftheconcrete wasobtainedand contrasted and examined. Darcy’s experiment resulted in the formulation of classic law which mentioned that ‘Velocity of flow a water flux q in one dimensional is directly proportional to the hydraulic gradient responsible for flow’. (1) q Aki … (2) i (3)

Specimen preparation: With the help of crystal clear water, clean the aggregate 4.75mm 9.5mm (A), 9.5mm 16mm (B), and 16mm 19.5mm (C) then in proportion cementing material has to be added and stirred with a concrete mixer Three layers of compaction mold i.e., 100mm×100mm×100mm is formed and divided. After molding the sample is shown in figure 1. Test pieces are placed in curing box constant temperature has to be maintained with humidity. The permeability test is performedusingthedevice showninfigure2.Theresults arefoundwhenhydraulicheadsareconstant[4].

Finally, equation (4) is obtained by the above equation: k  (4) Here, the proportionality constant K = hydraulic conductivity of the porous medium or soil and is recognized as a composite property of both the porous medium(soil)andtheflowingliquid(water),A=constant bulkcross sectionalareaofthesoilcolumn,and Q = volumetric time (t) rate of water flow perpendicular toA. h=hydraulicheadsand L=heightofthetestblock. A=Constantbulkcross sectionalareaofthesoilcolumn, h=Hydraulicheadsand, L=Heightoftestblock.

Q  qt

Carbonation profundity test:Itis performed to decide the levelofcarbonationtoassesstherateoferosionofsteelin theconcretestructure.

InvestigationforConcreteCarbonation: Tolocatetheregionaffectedbycarbonation,a0.2percent solution of phenolphthalein chemical is sprayed on the concrete surface. The presence of phenolphthalein in the concreteindicatesachangeinpH.Ifthegreycolourofthe concreteturnspink,itindicatesthatitisingoodcondition. When the colour of concrete does not change, the surface hasbeenaffectedbycarbonation.

k= ( ) ( ) Where,

3.4

Creep

Consider a 3m column that is continuously loaded for a numberofyears:

The carbonation test is carried out by removing in situ concrete cores To conduct the carbonation test, drill a hole in the concrete surface to various depths up to the Compressive

To avoid leakage care must be taken to ensure an adequate seal around the sides of the cell. Pressure must be applied when a chlorine containing solution is introduced to one face of the concrete until the concrete sample is removed from the cell and tested for chloride the pressuremust be maintained fora while.At a specific time, the depth of the penetration of a known concentration of chloride must be determined under identical conditions this depth can be used to rate different concrete which is tested. A colorimetric technique, which includes spraying of silver nitrate to determine the depth to a known concentration. Using the equation of Valenta, the calculated value is used to measurethewaterpermeability. k=hydraulicconductivity, n=porosity, l=lengthofthespecimen, X =depthofchloridepenetration, =timeoverwhichpressurewasappliedand, h=appliedhead[11]. Shrinkage and Test

Cconcrete.reepshortenings

3.5 Carbonation Depth

Procedure: 1. IR Range Examination for Concrete Carbonation: IR range strategy measures the concentration of CO2 retained by the concrete example. This method of testing isnotmuchappealingforthechemicaltestingofconcrete. TheIRrangestrategysetupcomprisesofaclosedcirclein which a mixture of discussing and carbon dioxide can be presented at certain relative stickiness. The pump circulates the blend of discussing and CO2. The concentrationofCO2isdiminishedinthegasblenddueto thecarbonationresponse.TheconcentrationofCo2ingas is measured by utilizing an IR retention gadget. The relative stickiness and temperature are additionally 2.recorded.pHMarker

The term shrinkage refers to a decrease in the volume of concrete caused by the loss of water. The shrinkage coefficient changes with time. The shortening coefficient Atis:28days,theprobabilityis0.00025. 0.00O35 afterthreemonths, 0.0005 afterayear Because half of the overall shrinkage occurs within the first 28 days, excessive shrinkage can be avoided by properlycuringduringthistime.

Table 2:CompressiveStrengthandSpecificCreep Creep is the gradual distortion of a material under continual tension or pressure over a long period. At any givenstress,creepdeformationsforaspecificconcreteare nearlyproportionaltothemagnitudeoftheappliedstress; high stressconcreteshowslesscreepthanlowerstrength arecomputedasfollows:

fc'=30MPa,Compressivestrength Load inducedsustainedstress=10MPa Specificcreepforapressureof28MPa fc '=116x10 6/MPa Creep=10×116x10 6 =116x10 5 Shortening=3000x116x10 5=3.48m[15].

Strength SpecificCreep (MPa) 10"perMPa 20 145 30 116 40 80 55 58

RESEARCHGATEFebruary2018 [7]S.P.Gautam,VikasSrivastava andV.C.Agarwal “Use of glass wastes as fine aggregate in Concrete” J. Acad. Indus. Res. Vol.1(6)November2012ISSN:2278 5213.

[12] Sunil Ahirwar, Pratiksha Malviya, Vikash Kumar Singh,VikashPatidar“AnExperimentalStudyonConcrete by using E waste as Partial Replacement for Course Aggregate” LISTEVol.3,Issue04,OCT2016

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e ISSN: 2395 0056 Volume: 09 Issue: 01 | Jan 2022 www.irjet.net p ISSN: 2395 0072 © 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page878 concrete cover. The dust is brushed and blown away to clean the hole. Spray a 0.2 percent phenolphthalein solution over such newly drilled concrete using a physicianinjectionsyringeorneedleandwatchthecolour change. At 4 to 8 locations, measure the depth of the uncoloredlayer(carbonatedlayer)inmillimetersfromthe externalsurface.Calculatetheaverageofthevalues. The change in colour profile is used to estimate the concrete carbonation depth. The level of carbonation is directly proportional to the square of time, thus after one year if the depth of carbonation is 1 mm, after 9 years it will be 3mm, after 25 years it will be 5mm, and after 100 years the depth of carbonation will go up to 10 mm. pH can be also estimated by examining a sample of core powder acquired by drilling from the site. It is measured by dissolving the powder sample in distilled water and then performing a laboratory titration. The main drawback is the minimal damage to the concrete surface causedbydrillingacore[16]. 4. REFERENCES [1] Tomas U.Ganiron Jr “Use of Recycled Glass Bottles as Fine Aggregates in Concrete Mixture” International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol.61.(2013)pp.17 28. [2] C.Vijayaraghavan, Jijo James and S.marithangam “Cost Effective Bricks in Construction:A Performance Study” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN0973 4562Vol4Number3(2009)pp.327 334. [3]BavanJayrajsinhandYogendraTandel“AReviewonE waste as construction material” International Journal of AppliedEngineeringResearchISSN 2249 555XVol5Issue 1JanSpecialIssue 2015. [4] Honglu Yang “Experimental Study on Permeability of Concrete”IOPConferenceSeries:EarthandEnvironmental Science2018. [5] Md. Sharfuddin Baba , N Surya Teja , M Siri , B Sai Kumar,MVishnuVardhan,G.Lalitha“ReviewPaperonE Waste in Concrete as A Replacement of Fine and Coarse Aggregate” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278 0181 Vol. 9 Issue 09, September 2020. [6] Ankit Kumar “Utilization of E Waste in Concrete by Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate”

[11]Doug Hooton “Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review” ResearchGateJanuary1997.

[13]AwetehgnTuaum,StanleyShitoteandWalterOyawa“ Experimental Study of Self Compacting Mortar Incorporating Recycled Glass Aggregate” MDPI 26 JAN [14]2018.Zainab Z.Ismail, Enas A.AL Hashmi “Recycling of waste glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete”ELSEVIER10OCT2008.

[15]“DesignPrinciplesofConcreteStructures”Lecture3, Shrinkage&CreepConcreteTestingCriteria

[16] Sanjeev Kumar Verma, Sudhir Singh Bhadauria, Saleem Akhtar “Determination of Carbonation depth through in situ testing of concrete structures”Article Sep 2015.

[8] Karla Gorospe, Emad Booya, Ph.D, Adeyemi Adesina, S.M.ASCE and Sreekanta Das, Ph.D. “Durability Properties of Mortar Overlays with Glass Aggregates” Structures Congress2020pp.251 259.

[9] Manish Kumar Sahu, Lokesh Singh “Critical Review on types of bricks type8: Concrete bricks” International Journal of Mechanical And Production Engineering, ISSN: 2320 2092,Volume 5,Issue 11,Nov. 2017

[10] Sherif Yehia, Kareem Helal, Anaam Abusharkh, AmaniZaherandHibaIstaitiyeh“Strength andDurability Evaluation of Recycled Aggregate Concrete” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials Vol.9, No2 , pp.219 239,June2015.