Design of water supply system for a G+12 residential building by water neutrality

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Design of water supply system for a G+12 residential building by water neutrality

2

1B.E, Dept. of Civil engineering, 2022 Student, Datta Meghe College Of Engineering, Airoli, Navi Mumbai- 400708, Maharashtra, India 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil engineering, Rizvi College of Engineering, Bandra, Mumbai- 400050, Maharashtra, India ***

Abstract - Freshwater‘Scarcity’andsecurityhasbeen identifiedasmajorglobalenvironmentalproblemsofthe21st century.Indiaishometooneoftheworld’shighestnumberof people who lack access to clean water,imposing a huge financialburdenforsomeofthecountry’spoorestpopulation. Waterneutralityisanimportant,butrelativelynewconcept for managing water resources in the context of new development. This study aims to ‘Develop a broader understandingofwaterneutrality,especiallywithrespectto thespatial/temporaldynamicsofachievingneutralitysothat itbecomesausefulconceptfortheEnvironmentAgencyto apply operationally.’ In our effort to study the various methods used for conservation of water and to design the system of Water Neutrality for a G+12 structure in Sion, Mumbai, we have adopted a simple yet effectiveapproach towards oursubject. Combiningliteraturereferences from varioussources,enablesenhancedperspectiveofstrengthand weaknesses of the method of managing the Rain Water in citiesfacingwaterscarcitylikeMumbai.

Key Words: Water neutrality, freshwater scarcity, Ground water management, Rain water harvesting.

1. INTRODUCTION

Freshwaterscarcityhasbeencitedasthemajorcrisisofthe 21stcentury,butitissurprisinglyhardtodescribethenature oftheglobalwatercrisis.Freshwater‘Scarcity’andsecurity hasbeenidentifiedasmajorglobalenvironmentalproblems ofthe21stcentury.Although,globalpopulationisexpectedto increasetoabout9billionby2050,theplanet’sendowment ofaccessiblerenewablefreshwaterhasbeenorremainmore orlessconstant.Although,someadditionalfreshwatercould beappropriated for humanuses bycapturing flood waters and increasing storage capacity, humans already use over 50%ofallavailablerenewablefreshwater,risinglegitimate concerns that water shortages may limit agricultural and industrialproductionandhumanwellbeinginthefuture.

Inthepastdecade,therehasbeenincreasingevidenceofthe interconnected nature of the global system through the hydro-climatic system and ‘virtual water’ transfers among regions. But despite the recognition of the existence of a globalhydro-commons,mostwaterisabstracted,managed, andusedattheregionaltolocalscale.Dependingonthelocal

socioeconomic,politicalandhydrologicalcircumstances,the common global drives of change, such as climatic change, populationgrowth and globalization have diverse regional impacts.

1.1 SOMETHING MUST BE DONE: URGENCY & RISK

Themagnitudeoftheglobalfreshwatercrisisandtherisks associatedwithithavebeengreatlyunderestimated.Water stress is expanding globally nut especially at mid-latitude countries that are already deemed to be water scarce, threateningtofurtherundermineimportantprogress.The environmental impacts of the water crisis are equally alarming.Multiple,cumulativeandcompoundingproblems with water supply and quality are converging globally. Increasing populationgrowth is already competing with nature for infinite water resources. A growing number of rivers donot make it to the sea, and there is widespread surface and ground water contamination that makes valuable water supplies unfit for other uses. A growing number of contaminants, such as endocrine- altering substances, will demand higher wastewater treatment standardandmoreexhaustivemonitoringtreatments.

1.2 THERE IS HOPE: CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

A number of recommendations were made to the policy communityonconcretestepsthatcanbetakenforawatersecurefuture: 1) Continuetheglobaldialogueonthewatercrisis. 2) Endorsethehumanrightstowater. 3) Support Ratification of the UN water-courses convention. 4) Encouragethehumansecuritycounciltofocuson watersecurity. 5) Facilitates links between National and Global Water,Agricultureandenergypolicies. 6) Support the Protection of Ecologically Sustainability Boundaries and Investment in EcologicalRestoration. 7) Encourage cooperation and act as a mediator in waterconflicts.

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8) Involvetheprivatesector.

Thewaterqualitymonitoringresultsobtainedduring1995to 2006indicatethattheorganicandbacterialcontaminationare continuedtobecriticalinwaterbodies.Thisismainlydueto dischargeofdomesticwastewatermostlyinuntreatedform from the urban centres of the country. The municipal corporationsatlargearenotabletotreatincreasingtheload of municipal sewage flowing into water bodies without treatment.Secondlythereceivingwaterbodiesalsodonot have adequate water for dilution. Therefore, the oxygen demandandbacterialpollutionisincreasingdaybyday.This ismainlyresponsibleforwaterbornediseases.

1.4 PURPOSE OF WATER NEUTRALITY

Thisstudyaimsto:‘Developabroaderunderstandingofwater neutrality, especially with respect to thespatial/temporal dynamicsofachievingneutralitysothatitbecomesauseful conceptfortheEnvironmentAgencytoapplyoperationally.’ 

What are the key environmental risks (and benefits)ofmovingtowardswaterneutrality?For instance, what are the potential environmental impacts ofpoint sourcedischarge returns tothe hydrologicalsystem? 

What is the most meaningful spatial scale to achievewaterneutralityover,i.e.,community,sub catchment,waterresourcezone,region? 

Does the environment or specific ecological parameters require water neutrality over all timescales and what is the environmental justification for seeking to achieve water neutralityovera particulartime step and spatial scale? 

Fig. 1-Predictedwaterscarcity

1.3 SCENARIO OF WATER IN INDIA

Indiaishometooneoftheworld’shighestnumberofpeople who lack access to clean water,imposing a huge financial burden for some of the country’s poorest population. Evidently,thesewerelinkedtounsafewaterandthelackof hygiene practices. These include parasitic and infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies such as underweight and stunting, as well as respiratory infections. The alarming conditionofwaterqualityisbasedonthefactthatthelackof cleandrinkingwaterhasputover11.5millionpeopleofIndia at a high risk of a bone crippling disease, fluorosis. The ministryofhealthandfamilywelfarehasidentified19states severelyaffectedbyhighfluoridecontentindrinkingwater, andatleast10statessufferingfromarseniccontamination causingthequalityofwateravailabletothecountryisina very poor state. It is affected by sewage discharge, run-off fromagriculturalfieldsandurbanrun-off,anddischargefrom industries.Floodsanddroughts,incombinationwiththelack ofawarenessandeducationamongusers,affectsthequality ofwaterinagreatway.TheWorldBankestimatesof2015 showthatinIndia28.1percentofthedeathstookplacedue tocommunicablediseasesArsenicosis–adiseasethataffects thelungs,skin,kidneys,andliverduetoarsenicpoisoning.

In what circumstances is water neutrality (or variation of) an appropriate aim (i.e. develop a criterion for water neutrality based on water availability)?Thestudywillbefromahydrological andwaterneutralitydeliveryperspective,focusing on the environmental risks and benefits and potential delivery issues that may have greater relevanceatdifferentspatialscalesorindifferent geographicalcontexts.

2. WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING

Watersuppliedbythemunicipalitiestourbanandruralareas fordomesticcommercialorindustrialuseshastobepricedin such a way that the RMO (Running, Maintenance and Operation) costs as well as the depreciation and interest charges on the capital investment is returned by the beneficiaries in form of revenue returns from the sale of water. Although, no official estimates have been made to compute the tariff levels, which will allowfull recovery of operation,maintenanceandcapitalcosts;yetvariousexpert analysishavesuggestedatariffof15/-rupeeperkL(cu.m). For the treated water supplied through piped supplies. As compared to this economic rate of rupee 15/- per kL the existingratesinthecountryvaryfromabout0.01rupeeperkL toaboutrupee3.60perkLovermostoftheStatesofIndia, exceptforMizoram(whereminimumrateis10rupeesper Kl.Aminimumeconomicalrateof6rupeeperlitrehasbeen suggested to be fixed by NGO- PPILF (Public Private InfrastructureAdvisoryFacility)whichcanbeaffordedeven bythepoorestof thefamilies.Higherwaterpriceswillnot onlyencouragealluserstousewatermoreefficientlybutwill also generate funds to maintain the existing water infrastructure and to build new infrastructure.The State Governments will have to show political courage to do so,

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before thewater completelyruns out, and people become totallydependentupon.

Thevarioustypesofwaterdemand,whichacity,mayhave, maybebrokendownintothefollowingclasses:

1. Domesticwaterdemand.

2. Industrialwaterdemand.

3. Institutionandcommercialwaterdemand.

4. Demandforpublicuses.

5. Firedemand;and

6. Water required to compensate losses in wastesandthefts.

2.1 Design considerations

ConsideringaG+12Urbanresidentialbuildingbasedin Sion,MumbaiinMaharashtra,forevaluation.

DesignforG+12Urbanresidentialbuilding:-

1. NumberofFloors=Stilt+12floors=40m

2. Refugefloorat8th floor

3. Considering4flatsoneachfloorexceptonrefuge floor.

4. Rateofwatersupply=135lpcd

5. Eachfloorconsistsoffour2BHK.

6. Numberofflats=2BHK(11x4)=44

7. Assuming 5 persons per flat, Population to be served=44x5=220souls.

8. Totaldemandconsideringrateofwatersupply as135lpcd, =135x220 =29,700litres~30,000litres

Designing the sump or suction tank for a capacityof90lcpd =90x220

= 19,800 litres ~20,000 litres. + fire requirement

=20,000+5,000 =25,000litres

Designingtheoverheadtankforacapacityof45lpcd =45x220

=9,900litres~10,000litres

Total capacity of overhead tank = 8000 + fire requirement

=10,000+5,000 =15,000litres

9. Dimensionsoftanks:

a)Suctiontank=25,000litres=25cu.m = 4 x 3 x 2.5 = 30 cum > required.

b)OverHeadtank=10,000litres=10cu.m =4.8 x 3.1 x 1.2 = 17.85 cu.m>required

c)Rechargepit=2x2x2cu.m

10. Borewelldimensions=0.15m(6”)diameterand 60metersdepth

3. RAINWATER HARVESTING

RainwaterHarvestingisatechnologyusedforcollectingand storingofrainwaterfromrooftops,thelandsurfaceorrock catchmentsusingvarioussimpletechniquessuchasjarsand pots as well as more complex techniques such as check dams.Also,harvestingsurfaceandgroundwater,prevention of losses through evaporation and seepage and all other hydrological studies and engineering inventions, aimed at conversation and efficient utilizationof the limited water endowmentofphysiographic unitsuchasa watershed. In general,waterharvestingisaactivityofdirectcollectionof rainwater.Therainwatercollectedcanbestoredfordirect useorcanberechargedintothegroundwater.Wegetalotof rainandyetwedonothavewater.Thisisbecausewehave notreflected enoughonthe valueofraindrop.Theannual rainfalloverIndiaiscomputedtobe1,170mm.InMumbai alone, we have an annual rainfall of around 2147mm. However, this rainfall occurs during short spells of high intensity.Becauseofsuchintensitiesandshortdurationsof heavyrain,mostofthefallingonthesurfacetendstoflow awayrapidly,leavingverylittleforrechargeofgroundwater. ThismakesmostMumbaiexperiencelackofwaterevenfor the domestic uses. This is because the rainwater is not conservedandallowedtodrain.Thus,itdoesnotmatterhow much rain we get, if wedon’t capture or harvest it. This highlightstheneedtoimplementmeasurestoensurethathe rain falling over a region is tapped as fully as possible through water harvesting, either by recharging it into the groundwateraquifersorstoringitfordirectuse.

3.1

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For calculation of the potential a co-efficient is used. The valuesforthesamevarywiththetypeofroofinthesystem. Thetablebelowshowscoefficientvaluesfordifferenttypesof roof.

Table 4:Coefficientsforpotentialcalculation

TypeofRoof

Coeffic-ientValues

Flatroof 0.8 SlopedRoof 0.95 Opengroundwith Grass 0.1 Openground withoutgrass 0.3

Estimate: Table 5:Estimateforproject

1 Provision of Rain water harvesting system

i) RainyfilterFL100 1 No. 10707 10707 ii) RainyfilterFL200 5 No. 14812 74060 2 Provision of Pipes i) Collection System

a) PVCSWRPipeof 4kg/pressureof63 mm

b) PVCSWRPipeof 4kg/pressureof75 mm

c) PVCSWRPipeof 4kg/pressureof90 mm

d) PVCSWRPipeof 4kg/pressureof110 mm

9 Rmt 650 5850

9 Rmt 750 6750

75 Rmt 850 63750

9 Rmt 950 8550 Contingencies 1 LS 10000 10000 Grand Total 179667 TotalTax 6% 107800 2 TotalPrice 190447 02 Say 200000

Table 6:CostofAccessories

Sr. No Descripti on Rate (Rs.) Quantity Cost (Rs.) Remark

1 NonReturn Valve

100 15nos 1500 100*15= 1500 2 Pipe Fittings - - 9000 5%of totalcost of pipes

3 2HP Pumps 1200 0 3nos 36000 12000*3 =36000 4 Borewell Investigati on

8000/ acre 0.793 acres 7000 Areaof plot= 3194.6 sq.m= 0.793acr e 5 Borewell Drilling 100/f t 200ft 20000 Depthof borewell = 60.96m 6 Casing 320/ m 20m 6400 Onlyfor initial 20m 7 Transport at-ion LS - 20008 Flushi ngof Bore w-ell

LS - 20009 Construc ti-onof Rechar gePit

1250 00 1 12500 010 TotalcostforWaterNeutralityofG+12 residentialbuilding 400000

ThetotalcostofthesystemforG+12ResidentialBuildingis Rs. Four Lakh Only.

4. MODEL FOR DEMONSTRATION OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM AND RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM IN A G+12 RESIDENTIAL BUILDING PRACTICING WATER NEUTRALITY

4.1 Aim of model

To demonstrate how a Water Neutrality Project can be effectiveenoughtoreducethewaterwastageandtoreduce thedisposal,andtoexplaintherainwaterharvestingsystem fortheG+12buildingusingvariousstandards.

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Salient

4.3 Materials used

4.4 Components

4.5 Procedure

1. The model comprised of the G+12 structure including water supply system and Rainwater Harvestingsystem,withtheaimtoachieveWater Neutrality.

2. The model has been made in 3 parts i.e. the artificial recharge pit, part ofthestructure from ground floor to the 7th floor along with refuge area, and the last part consists of the remaining top4floors.

3. Using the detailed drawing of plan, accurate dimensionsaremarkedonthesunboardandthen cutintherequiredusingthecutter.Thescaleused was1:75.

4. All the openings were properly marked and the cut.

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5. Thesethree parts arethen spraypainted with a darkbrownshade.

6. Similarly, other components like the overhead tank,undergroundstoragetank,andtherecharge pitwerethenaccuratelymadetothescale.

7. Wehavetriedtogiveasimplebutrepresentative looktothemodel.

8. Themodelisassembledbyjoiningthe3pieces

4.6 Future scope of the study

1. Waste water treatment for the project can be designed.

2. Recyclingofwastewatergeneratedinthebuilding canbeimplemented.

3. Automationoftheentiresystem’sworking.

4. Addsystemsorcollectedrainwateraccordingto healthconsideration.

5. Withfurtherworking,thisbuildingcouldbeWater EfficientBuilding(WEB).

6. ReuseandRecycleofGreyWater

7. The Water Footprint of the system could be calculatedandworkedon.

8. Useofothernon-conventionalsourcesofwater

WaterEfficientBuildingencompassesthefollowing:

1. A harmony with the natural features surroundingsite

2. Minimize use of water in construction andbuildingpremises

3. Reuse and Recycle of waste water generated

4. Useofplantswhichneedsminimumorno water

5. AdoptsRainwaterHarvestingstructures to recharge ground water during monsoonanditsefficientuse.

Conventionalsourcesofwater,supplementingregular sources, shall be practiced.These are useful even in crisisperiod.Someofthemare:

1. Rejuvenatingofolddiscardedsources.

2. Useifrecyclewater.

3. Rechargingofgroundwateraquifer.

4. Useofwatersavingdevices.

5. Useoflesswaterconsumingflushtanks.

6. Useofflowtaps/showers.

4.7 Preliminary conclusion

Withthismodelweaimtodemonstratethat‘AchievingWater Neutralityisanimportanttasktoconservethewaterandto

fullyusethesuppliedwaterwithzeroliquiddischarge.Itis alsoimportant to know that this is only a demonstration model,aimedatroughlyshowingapartofwaterneutrality and how it can be achieved. It must not be considered as standard.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSSIONS

1. As the water crisis of the country is becoming criticalatanalarmingrate,wethoughttherewasa needtofindasustainablesolutiontothisproblem

2. We have tried our best to give many solutions to minimizethewastageofwater

3. Wehavetriedtouserainwatertoitsfullpotential andreducesurfacerunoff.

4. We have tried to bring about awareness about relatively new concepts like water neutrality amongthepeople

5. Mainly because of increasing water scarcity and increasingdemandsonafinitesupplyoffreshwater, thereisneedtoadoptsomealternativeandfinda sustainablesolution. Therefore,thisneutralization methodwillhelpustoachievethesame withthe helpofRainwaterHarvesting

6. REFERENCES

1. Victoria Ashton, Simon Gordan (October 2009), “DeliveringWaterNeutrality-MeasuresandFunding Mechanisms-EnvironmentAgencyReview”,United Kingdom.

2. Prof. T.I. Eldho, IIT Bombay, “Rainwater Harvesting and Sustainable Water ManagementTheoryandpractice”.

3. Prof. T.I. Eldho, IIT Bombay, “CEP short term course on Rainwater Harvesting andSustainable watermanagement”.

4. Prof. T.I. Eldho, IIT Bombay, “CEP training programmedonUrbanRainwaterHarvesting”.

5. GSFC Science Foundation Environment (2003), “ManualofRainwaterHarvesting”.

Prof. Santosh Kumar Garg (2011), “Water supply Engineering”.

6. Prof.SubhashM.Patil(2012),“Buildingservices”.

7. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi (May2008),“Do–It-YourselfRecycleandReuse”.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

8. Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi (May 2008), “Water Harvesting Manual forUrban Areas”.

9. Nandan Abhishsek, Purnima Singh (2015), Researchjournalofengineeringandtechnology.

10. American society of civil engineering (1908ongoing),Journalofwaterresourcesplanningand management-ASCE.

11. Kluwer academic publishers (2008-ongoing), Journalonwaterresourcesmanagement.

12. JournalsofINDIANWATERWORKSASSOCIATION:

i) Volume-XXXVII No. 1, Pg 71, January-March 2005

ii) Volume-XXXXVIINo.3,Pg474,July-September 2015.

iii) Volume-XXXXVI No. 4, Pg 231, OctoberDecember2014.

iv) Volume-XXXXIVNo.1,117,91,April-June2012.

v) Volume-XXXXII No. 1, Pg 26, January- March 2010.

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