"INVESTIGATION STUDY OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN SOIL AND WATER IN AND AROUND AVARAGOLLA VILLAGE, D

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

"INVESTIGATION STUDY OF HEAVY METALS POLLUTION IN SOIL AND WATER IN AND AROUND AVARAGOLLA VILLAGE, DAVANGERE DISTRICT"

1 PG Student, University BDT College of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka.

2 Professor, University BDT College of Engineering and Technology, Davangere, Karnataka.

3Professor, Proudadevaraya Institute of Technology, Hospet, Karnataka. ***

Abstract

Theagriculturalpracticesandsolidwastedisposalsitesin thevicinityofAvaragollavillage,DavangereDistrict, Karn ataka,areresponsiblefortheheavymetalpollutionofthe soil.Thefollowingdirectionswereusedtocollectsoiland watersamples:East(E),West(W),North(N),South(S),N orthWest(NW),NorthEast(NE),SouthWest(SW),andSo uthEast(SE).Surfacewater,groundwater,&domesticwa stewateroutfromstudiedarea wereallsampled.

Atomicabsorption spectrophotometerswereusedto measurethecontentoftheheavymetalsCadmium(Cd), Chromium(Cr),Copper(Cu),Zinc(Zn),andLead(Pb)in soilsamples(DTPAmethod)andwatersamples(AAS). Insoilandwater,theaverageabsorptionofheavymetals fellinthefollowingorder:Zn>Pb>Cr>Cu>Cd.Allof thesoilandwatersampleswerewellwithintheWHO, agriculturalstandards,andstandardlimitforirrigationpa rameters. The Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) of soil is uncontaminated, the study area's Contamination Factor (CF) is less contaminated, and the study area's Pollution LoadIndex(PLI) isunpolluted,accordingtotheresults of soilpollutionindicators.

Key Words: Heavy metals, Soil, Water

1. INTRODUCTION

Thedefinitionofsoilisathinstratumoftheouter layerofthegroundthatactsasatypicalmediumforplant development. Soil is an unconsolidated mineral substance thatisaffectedbybothBiologicalandNaturalfactorsover time such as climate, parent material, geology and organisms. Water, mineral matter, living things, organic matter, and air are the five primary elements of soil. A complicated structure makes up soil. Instead of being constant,theconcentrationofthesecompoundsinthesoil varies with the location. Because ofsoil is crucial natural resources tohuman life, soil pollution has grown to be a serious issue. Water is a crucial resourcesthat has an impact on humanslife. It's a necessity for all life, including plant, animal lifeand Human, &it may be

obtained naturally from 2main sources: i.e. fresh water surface(found in lake, river)and ground-water. Wellwater & bore-wells both contain groundwater. Everywhere in the world, water is essential for irrigation, home use, and industrial supply. However, population growth, industrialization, and urbanization all contribute to groundwater contamination. Restoring the contaminated groundwater is difficult. Therefore, it is important to preserve the groundwater quality. Due to increased industries tasks, technological advancement, an increasing humanspopulace, misuse of the environmentalresources, run-off from agriculturaland domesticwaste,asignificantamountofpollutantsarereintroducedintoanaquaticsystem.Duetotherepersistent nature, propensity for accumulation in theorganism, severity, and inability to degrade, heavy metalare among the contaminants that are considered to becomemost dangerous.

Elementshavingmetalliccharacteristicsaswellas atomic mass more than 20 are considered asHeavy metal. The selectedHeavymetalsinthisstudywereCu,Cd,Cr,Pband Zn.HeavyMetalsofvariouskinds,includingCu,Cd,Bi,Zn, and Mn, among others, are naturally present in trace amounts or at extremely low levels; nonetheless, their higher level is a sign of how contaminated a particular area is. The thorough understanding of various sorts of heavy metals,their forms, and their dependence on soil provides a strong framework for soil'smanagement. Heavy Metals represent a concern to human health in addition to crop plants because of their toxic nature and potent cumulative effects. Using macrophytes and geneticallydesigned bacteria toimmobilizecontaminants, theMetalcontamination%couldbereduced.Heavymetal build-up frequently causes ecological dysfunction and damage of the water and soil. Furthermore, Heavy metals pose a concern to both animal and human health because they contaminate food even infiltrate food-chainthrough contaminated water, Air and Soil. Increased Heavy metal consumption by plants could have an impact on the safety& quality of food in addition to contaminating the environment when heavy metals are accumulated excessivelyinthecultivatedsoils.

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2. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY

2.1 Study Area

The village of Avaragolla is chosen as the study area The distance betweenDavangerecity andAvaragolla villageis 12 kilometers. Inside the middle of theKarnataka, among latitudes of13° 5' & 14° 50' N & the longitude of75° 30' &76° 30' E, sits onthe Davangere district, which is 602.5 meters above mean sea level. 7.74km2 is the whole area thatAvaragollaoccupies.Thetwomaintypesofsoilinthis area are black soil and red sandy soil. This location receives644mmofrainonaverageperyear.Thesourceof waterinAvaragolla isUndergroundwaterandBhatilake water.

2.2 Soil And Water Sampling

Duringthe monthsofMay and June, Water & Soilsamples were Collectedin the 8 directions of the village of Avaragolla, i.e., E, W, N, S, N-E, N-W, S-E, &S-W. From the earths surface, Soilsamples collected at the depth,of 20 cm. Grab sampling is the method used for sampling of soil.Foranalysis,soilsamplesampleswereplacedinclean paperbagandlettoairdryforfourdays.Eachsamplewas ground in an agate-mortar before being put through a sieve with a mesh size of 2 mm stainlesssteel. The water samples collected are surface water, Borewell water and DomesticSewagewater.Thesampleswerepreservedand kept by adding 1% nitric acid (HNO3) to them. Sample containingbottlesandcontainershadclearlylabeled.

2.3 Preparation of soil and Water Sample

2.3.1 Soil digestion by DTPA method

1. In Deionized water, 1.47 gramsof CaCl2.2H2O, 14.92 gramsof TEA, and 1.97 gramsof DTPA were separately dissolved before being mixed. Concentrated ofHCl was usedtoraisethepHabove7.3,&distilled-waterwasused tofilltheremainingspacetomakeit1L.

2. A sample of soil weighing 10 gramswas collected in an100mlflask,towhich20mloftheDTPAsolutionswas poured.

3. Shaking the solution in a shaker at a rate of 70 to 80 oscillations/minutefortwohours.

4. Run the samples through filter-paper with a 110mm diameter(WhatmanNO1).

5. NowCollect this filtrate solutionin theplastic waterbottles, then use an atomic absorption spectrophotometertomeasuretheHeavymetals(AAS).

6. Standard solutions of theeach metalsare used for thecalibration in the AAS for evaluation of the heavy metalsCd,Cr,Cu,Pb,andZn.

2.3.2 Digestion of Water Sample

1. 100 ml of the collected water sample were accurately measured & transferred, then 2 ml of concentrated HNo3 and5mlofconcentratedHClwerealsoadded.

2. After being heated at 95°C until the volume of the solution was decreased to 15ml, it was covered with a watchglassandlefttocool.

3. After that Reagent water is used to adjust the final volumeto100ml.

4. It is filtered using filter paper, then the amounts of Cd, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr and in the water are calculated using AAS.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Thetest'soutcomesofWaterandSoilsampleswhichwere collected in the month of May and June were tabulated below.

Table-1: Concentrations of Heavy metal in Soil Conducted in the Month May

Sl No Directions Cd Cr Cu Zn Pb

1 E 0.10 5.62 4.12 14.54 8.15

2 W 0.01 2.15 2.1 10.2 BDL

3 N 0.05 4.43 2.35 11.8 6.52

4 S 0.02 3.6 2.5 10.65 6.45

5 NE 0.12 6.78 3.85 14.95 7.85

6 NW BDL BDL 1.2 8.25 6.1

7 SE 0.15 6.43 3.63 13.2 8.46

8 SW 0.03 4.75 2.2 12.10 5.86

Table-2: Concentrations of Heavy metal in Soil Conducted in the Month June

Sl No Directions Cd Cr Cu Zn Pb

1 E 0.15 6.2 4.35 15.6 9.23

2 W 0.007 1.8 1.8 9.22 5.8

3 N 0.031 3.8 2.14 11.1 5.81

4 S 0.008 3.0 2.34 9.5 5.68

5 NE 0.16 7.1 4.1 15.83 8.62

6 NW 0.006 1.5 1.02 BDL BDL

7 SE 0.18 7.0 3.4 14.4 9.25

8 SW BDL 4.0 1.95 11.15 5.15

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Table-3: Concentrations of Heavy metal in Water Conducted in the Month May

Sl No Directions Cd Cr Cu Zn Pb

1 E 0.005 0.04 0.25 0.92 0.04

2 W 0.002 BDL 0.075 BDL 0.02

3 N 0.002 0.02 BDL 0.71 BDL

4 S BDL 0.033 0.15 0.63 0.012

5 NE 0.003 0.045 0.32 0.86 0.035

6 NW BDL 0.02 0.096 0.51 0.018

7 SE 0.004 0.05 0.28 0.98 0.038

8 SW BDL 0.028 BDL 0.68 BDL

Table-4: Concentrations of Heavy metal in Water Conducted in the Month June

Sl No Directions Cd Cr Cu Zn Pb

1 E 0.004 0.032 0.22 0.89 0.03

2 W 0.001 0.022 0.06 BDL 0.015

3 N 0.001 0.015 0.01 0.62 0.015

4 S 0.0015 0.026 0.10 0.60 BDL

5 NE 0.002 0.04 0.28 0.80 0.028

6 NW BDL 0.014 BDL 0.46 0.013

7 SE 0.003 0.042 0.2 0.91 0.03

8 SW 0.002 BDL 0.09 0.56 0.01

Table-5:Result of the Contamination-Factor(CF), Geoaccumulation Index(Igeo)& Index of Pollution Load(PLI) for the Heavy metal in the Soil samples in Month May

Heavy metals Average values of HM in Soil (mg/kg)

Reference Values Igeo CF PLI

20

15

10

5

0

E W N S NE NW SE SW

Cu Zn Pb Soil Sample Directions

Chart-1: Average values of Heavy metals in Soil.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

E W N S NE NW SE SW

Cu Zn Pb Water Sample Directions

Chart-2: Average values of Heavy metals in Water

Table-6:Result of the Contamination-Factor(CF), Geoaccumulation Index(Igeo)& Index of Pollution Load(PLI) for the Heavy metal in the Soil samples in Month June

Heavy metals Average values of HM in Soil (mg/kg)

Referenc e Values Igeo CF PLI

Cr 4.82 35 -3.45 0.137

Cu 2.74 25 -3.77 0.109

Zn 11.96 71 -3.158 0.168

Cd 0.068 0.3 -2.727 0.22 0.180

Pb 7.05 20 -2.089 0.35

Cr 4.3 35 -3.608 0.122

Cu 2.63 25 -3.836 0.105

Cd 0.077 0.3 -2.547 0.25 0.181

Zn 12.4 71 -3.107 0.174

Pb 7.07 20 -2.089 0.353

ThemeanconcentrationofCadmiuminSoilis0.068mg/kg inthemonthofMayand0.077mg/kginthemonthofJune was found to be less when compared to the standard limits. The Cadmium content is more in the direction of East,NEandSEbecause of theprolongeduseof domestic wastewater and also the frequent application of fertilizer.

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The mean concentration of Cadmium in Water is 0.0031mg/l,inmonthMayand0.0021mg/linmonthJune both were compared with WHO and BIS standards and found within the limits. The mean concentration of Cadmium in Water is less in the month of June due to Waterdilutedbytherain.

ThemeanconcentrationofChromiuminSoilis4.82mg/kg inthemonthofMayand4.3mg/kginthe monthofJune& Since those values were discovered to be below the limitations, crops as well as other microorganisms are unaffected. The average concentrations of Chromium in the Water is 0.033mg/l in month May and 0.026mg/l in monthJune.Crconcentrationinwaterislessinthemonth ofJuneduetoWaterDilution.

ThemeanconcentrationofCopperinSoilis2.74mg/kgin themonthofMayand2.63mg/kginthemonthofJunewas found to be less when compared to the standard limit set by WHO and International Agricultural Standards for Soil Analysis (Awasthi 2000). Cu are a result of neighboring trafficandagriculturalactivity Themeanconcentrationof Copper in Water is 0.187mg/l in month May and 0.0137mg/linmonthJunebothwerecomparedwithWHO andBISstandardsandarefoundwithinthelimits.Because of surface runoff & atmospheric deposition, copper heavy metalmayhavebeenintroducedtothearea.

The average zinc concentration in soil was found to be lowerthanthestandardlimit i.e.11.96mg/kginMayand 12.4 mg/kg in June. Zn is present in soil naturally since it exists as in atmosphere in free state, but anthropogenic tasks like burning fossil fuel, using liquid manures, fertilizers,&useofpesticideinagriculturecauseZntoget dissolved in the soil. The average zinc concentration in waterwas0.187mg/linMayand0.0137mg/linJune.The facts that pH of the water samplewas somewhat alkaline and that zinc's solubility is function of thedecreasing the pH may be the reason for the low amount of zinc in drinking-water.

The mean concentration of Lead in Soil is 7.05mg/kg in the month of May and 7.07mg/kg in the month of June. Lead is present because of vehicle activity & vehicle emissions. The mean concentration of Lead in Water is 0.026mg/l in the month of May and 0.019mg/l in the month of June both were compared with WHO and BIS standardsandarefoundwithinthelimits.

The Result of Contamination Factor for Heavy metals i.e. ,Chromium, Cadmium, Lead , Copper, and Zinc has revealed that, within the study area the soil sample fell withclass<1i.e.LowContaminationinthestudyarea.

TheResultofGeoaccumulationIndexforHeavy metalsi.e. ,Chromium, Cadmium, Lead , Copper, and Zinc of soil sample are less than o suggesting that soil in the study areaisUncontaminatedbytheseelements.

Result of Present study shows that a soil's Index of PollutionLoadisinferiorto1thatrepresentthatthestudy areaisnotpolluted.

4. CONCLUSIONS

In the present study all the Heavy metals Concentrations of soil and Water samples analyzed in the month of May and June were well within in the standard limits. The HeavymetalsinSoilintheDirectionE,NE,SEismoreinthe monthofJunethaninMayduetoLeachingfromtheSolid wasteDumpingSite.TheHeavymetalsinWateraremore in Domestic Sewage than in Ground and Surface water. TheheavymetalsinwatercollectedinthemonthofJuneis less than in the month of May due to runoff, dilution, and rainfallactivities.TheHeavymetalsinGroundandSurface waterarewellwithintheSafelimitswhichcanbeusedfor Irrigation and also for Drinking Purposes as it is not affected to Humans. Instead of using chemical fertilizers, organicmanuresneedtobeusedtoincreasesoilfertility.

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