DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) GENOTYP

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 09 Issue: 10 | Oct 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERS IN QUINOA (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) GENOTYPES

Abstract - The present study was conducted for association of characters and path analysis in thirty genotypes of Quinoa. Greater amount of variability was observed among the genotypes for all characters studied. The magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation was lower than phenotypic coefficient of variation. The estimates of heritability (b.s.) ranged from 76.09 to 95.55 per cent. The highest heritability was observed for days to maturity (95.55 %) followed by inflorescence per plant (90.80 %), days to 50 % flowering (89.84 %), branches per plant (88.44 %), inflorescence length (87.06 %), inflorescence width (86.60 %), seed volume weight/ 10 ml (81.25 %), seed yield per plant (76.36 %) and plant height (76.09 %). High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was observed for branches per plant, inflorescence per plant, inflorescence length, inflorescencewidthandseedyieldperplant.

The character seed yield per plant had highest significant positive correlation with plant height (0.785) followed by branches per plant (0.705), inflorescence per plant (0.682), seed volume weigh/10 ml (0.590), inflorescence width (0.520) and inflorescence length (0.235) respectively. Branches per plant, Inflorescence per plant, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, yield per plant, seed volume weight/10 ml showed highlypositiveassociationwitheachother.

The path analysis revealed the character inflorescence width (0.956) showed highest direct positive effect on seed yield per plant followed by plant height (0.836), seed volume weight/10 ml (0.431) and inflorescence per plant (0.400), indicating, true and perfect relationship between them. Hence, direct selection based on these characters would help in selecting the high yielding genotypesinquinoa.

Key Words: GCV, Correlation, path analysis, Quinoa and association,

1. INTRODUCTION

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Wild.) is an annual herbaceous species belonging to family Amaranthaceae, but formerly placed in Chenopodiaceae family, and belongstoacomplexofallotetraploid(2n=4x=36). Itis domesticated staple food in Andean South America. It

contain high amount of Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. The oil content is 1.8 to 9.5 per cent and rich in essential fatty acids like linoleate and linolenate (55-65% of lipid fraction).Inaddition,quinoaseedisrichinfolicacid(78.1 mg), vitamin C (16.4 mg), thiamine (0.4 mg), riboflavin (0.39 mg) and carotene (0.39 mg) in 100 g seeds, respectively.Thecalorificvalueis350calper100ggrains and is greater than that of other cereal and legume foods. Quinoa is qualifiedasa functional food(Filho etal.,2017; Abugoch, 2009) because its nutritional quality is superior to other grains like rice and wheat (Vilcacundo and Hernandez,2017;Navruz-VarliandSanlier,2016).

In developing countries of Africa and Asia quinoa maybeacropabletoprovidehighlynutritiouscropunder dry conditions. Population demands an increase in food production along with sustainable agriculture. There is need for cultivation of crops that require minimum input, but can counter the nutritional deficiency prevalent in general population of this region in developing countries. Very little research work has been done on the adoptabilityandstandardizationofpackageofpracticesof quinoainIndia.

The success of breeding programme means development superior varieties/ hybrids depend on the magnitude of genetic variability and heritability present in the source material. The extent of variability is measured by GCV and PCV which provides information about relative amount of variation in different characters. Since the estimates of variability alone will not be much use for selection based on phenotypic basis, genetic gain shouldalsobeconsidered.Sokeepingalltheseaspects,the present investigation was carried out to study the association of yield and yield contributing characters in thirtygenotypesofQuinoa.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Theexperimentwasconductedon30genotypesofQuinoa at Agricultural Botany Research Farm, Post Graduate Institute, MPKV, Rahuri-413 722 Dist. Ahmednagar, MaharashatraduringRabi,season,2019.TheMaterialwas obtained from AICRN on Potential Crops, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth Rahuri- 413 722. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design (RBD) with three replications and spaced at 30cm x 10cm. Each entry was

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represented by single row of 5.00 meter length. All the inter-culturing operations were followed to raise good crop. Observations were recorded on nine different quantitative characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering (no.), days to maturity (no.), plant height (cm), branches per plant(no.), inflorescence per plant (no.), inflorescence length(cm),inflorescencewidth(cm), seedvolumeweight (g/ 10 ml ) and seed yield/ plant (g). Observations were recorded on five randomly selected plants, from each treatment in each replication and averages were worked out and used for statistical analysis. The genotypic and phenotypiccorrelationcoefficientswereworkedoutbythe method suggested by Singh and Chaudhary (1977) and pathanalysisbyDeweyandLu(1959).

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Wide range of variation was observed for all characters under study. Analysis of variances exhibited significant treatment mean square for all the characters studied. It revealedthepresenceofconsiderableamountofvariability evaluated.

The parameters of genetic variability for 30 genotypes in quinoa are presented in Table 1. The magnitude of genotypic coefficient of variation was lower than phenotypic coefficient of variation. The GCV and PCV both were observed high for inflorescence per plant. Thus, this character provide good source of variation and hence inflorescence per plant useful in crop improvement programmeinquinoa. However,moderateamountofGCV and PCV observed for branches per plant, inflorescence length, inflorescence width and seed yield per plant. The estimates of heritability (b.s.) ranged from 76.09 to 95.55 percent.Thehighestheritabilitywasobservedfordaysto maturity (95.55 %) followed by inflorescence per plant (90.80%),daysto50%flowering(89.84%),branchesper plant (88.44 %), inflorescence length (87.06 %), inflorescencewidth(86.60%),seedvolumeweight/10ml (81.25%),seedyieldperplant(76.36%)andplantheight (76.09 %). Therefore, it can be concluded that environmental effects are least on the characters studied. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as percent mean was observed for branches per plant, inflorescence per plant, inflorescencelength, inflorescence width and seed yield per plant. Similar results were observed by Sravanthi et al. (2012) and Venkatesh et al. (2014) for heritability (high) with genetic advance as per centmean(high)inamaranthsformajorityofcharacters.

In correlation study, (Table 2) seed yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with plant height (0.785) followed by branches per plant (0.705), inflorescence per plant (0.682), seed volume weigh/10 ml (0.590), inflorescence width (0.520) and inflorescence length (0.235). It had negative and highly significant

correlation with days to maturity (-0.226) and days to 50 percentflowering(-0.493). Thisindicatesthedependency of these characters on each other. Days to 50 % flowering showed positive and significant correlation with days to maturity. Plant height showed positively significant correlation with branches per plant, inflorescence per plant, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, seed volume weight/10 ml both at phenotypic and genotypic level. The association between seed yield and its component traits in this study are accordance with the findingsofBhargavaetal.(2007)and Mhadaetal.(2014). Jacobsen et al. (1996) reported that the grain yield had a positiveassociationwithplantheight,lengthanddiameter ofinflorescenceinquinoa.

Branches per plant, Inflorescence per plant, inflorescence length, inflorescence width, yield per plant, seed volume weight/10mlshowedhighlypositiveassociationwitheach other. Spehar and Santos (2005) reported that inflorescence length and diameter were positively associated with grain yield. Szilagyi and Jornsgard (2014) also reported that the seed yield had significant and positive association with plant height, biological yield and harvestindexinquinoa.

The path analysis (Table 3) revealed the character inflorescencewidth(0.956)showedhighestdirectpositive effect on seed yield per plant followed by plant height (0.836), seed volume weight/10 ml (0.431) and inflorescence per plant (0.400). Exhibited high direct effects in the desirable direction and also confirmed their strongassociationwithseedyieldperplantindicating,the true and perfect relationship between them and it suggested that, direct selection based on these characters would help in selecting the high yielding genotypes in quinoa. The characters branches per plant (-0.842), inflorescencelength(-0.704)anddaystomaturity(-0.050), showed significant negative direct effect on seed yield per plant. Khurana et al. (2013) reported that the number of leaves per plant had highest positive direct effect (0.493) ontotalgreenyieldfollowedbyleafareaindex(0.427),leaf length(0.099),plantheight(0.092)andleafwidth(0.049) inamaranth.Venkateshetal.(2014)alsoreportedpositive directeffectofseedweight,paniclelengthandplantheight ongrainyieldingrainamaranth.

Looking to the indirect contributors, the plant height showed significant indirect positive association via inflorescence /plant (0.325) followed by seed volume weight/10ml(0.318)andinflorescencewidth(0.182).

Likewise, branches per plant showed maximum indirect significantpositiveeffectviaplantheight(0.702)followed byinflorescencewidth(0.456),seedvolumeweight/10ml, inflorescence/plant (0.400) and days to maturity (0.354). Theinflorescenceperplantshowedindirectpositiveeffect

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was observed via plant height (0.679) followed by inflorescence width (0.518) and seeds volume weight/10 ml (0.347). Seed volume weight/10 ml showed indirect positive effect was observed via plant height (0.616) followed by inflorescence per plant (0.322) and inflorescence width (0.257). The inflorescence width showed indirect positive effect was observed via inflorescence per plant (0.217) followed by plant height (0.159) and seed volume weight/10 ml (0.116). The inflorescence length via inflorescence width (0.713) followed by inflorescence per plant (0.214) and seed volume weight/10 ml (0.207). So, it could be concluded that the traits seed volume weight/10 ml, inflorescence width, inflorescence /plant, plant height, inflorescence

width,anddaystomaturityweremajoryieldcontributing traits and that traits will help in improving seed yield. So, emphasis should be given on selecting these characters in breedingprogrammetodevelopdesirablevarieties.

In present study residual effect at genotypic level was 0.276, which suggested that there might be few more componenttraitsresponsibletoinfluencethegreenfodder yield/plantthanthosestudied.

Table 1. Parameters of genetic variability in 30 genotypes in Quinoa

Sr. No. Character Mean Range GCV (%) PCV (%) ECV(%) h² % (B.S) Genetic Advance Gen. Adv. as % of Mean

1. Daysto50%flowering (No.) 48.79 43.33-55.33 6.76 7.13 2.27 89.84 6.44 13.20

2. Daystomaturity(No.) 105.09 101.33-122.33 5.80 5.93 1.25 95.55 12.27 11.68 3. Plantheight(cm) 147.81 131.33-174.20 5.52 6.33 3.10 76.09 14.67 9.92

4. Branchesperplant(No.) 31.53 20.66-43.03 19.77 21.03 7.15 88.44 12.08 38.31 5. Inflorescenceperplant (No.) 26.80 17.13-38.29 23.50 24.66 7.48 90.80 12.37 46.13 6. Inflorescencelength (cm) 22.20 17.14-27.60 16.19 17.35 6.24 87.06 6.91 31.12 7. Inflorescencewidth(cm) 17.64 14.30-21.73 17.88 19.21 7.03 86.60 6.05 34.27 8. Seedvolumeweight/10 ml(g) 6.74 5.98-7.52 8.74 9.69 4.20 81.25 1.09 16.22 9. Seedyieldperplant(g) 20.89 15.66-25.76 16.28 18.63 9.06 76.36 6.12 29.31

Table 2 Estimates of genotypic (above diagonal) and phenotype correlation coefficients (below diagonal) among seedyield and yield contributing characters in thirty quinoa genotypes

Sr. No. Character Days to 50 % flowering

1. Daysto50% flowering (No.)

2. Daysto maturity (No.)

Days to maturit y

Plant height ( cm)

Branches /plant (No.)

Infloresce nces/ plant (No.)

Inflorescen ce length(cm )

Inflorescen cewidth (cm)

Seed volume weight (g/10 ml)

Seed yield/ plant (g)

1.000 0.729** -0.329** -0.232* -0.240* -0.265* -0.499** -0.019 -0.493**

0.682** 1.000 -0.244* -0.119 -0.115 -0.214* -0.158 -0.091 -0.226*

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3. Plantheight (cm) -0.236* -0.167 1.000 0.841** 0.813** 0.248* 0.190 0.738** 0.785**

4. Branches/plan t (No.)

5. Inflorescences / plant(No.)

-0.182 -0.094 0.087 1.000 0.991** 0.523** 0.477** 0.821** 0.705*

-0.189 -0.086 0.830** 0.975** 1.000 0.599** 0.542** 0.806** 0.682**

6. Inflorescence length(cm) -0.084 -0.086 0.373** 0.534** 0.564** 1.000 0.745** 0.496** 0.235**

7. Inflorescence width(cm) -0.216* -0.042 0.369** 0.544** 0.571** 0.837** 1.000 0.268** 0.520*

8. Seedvolume weight(g/10 ml)

9. Seed yield/plant (g)

-0.001 -0.085 0.442** 0.487** 0.462** 0.298** 0.188 1.000 0.590**

-0.291* -0.106 0.760** 0.708** 0.681** 0.365** 0.500** 0.247* 1.000

*and**significantatP=5and P=1levelofsignificance,respectively

Table 3. Estimates of genotypic direct (diagonal) and indirect effects (above and below diagonal ) of componentcharacters on seed yield in thirty quinoa genotypes. Residual effect (R) = 0.276

Sr. No. Character Days to 50 % floweri ng

Days to maturit y

Plant height ( cm)

Branches /plant (No.)

Infloresce nces/ plant (No.)

Infloresc ence length (cm)

Infloresc ence width (cm)

Seed volume weight (g/10 ml)

Genotypic correlation with Seed yield/ plant (g)

1. Daysto50% flowering(No.) 0.018 -0.037 -0.275 0.195 -0.096 0.186 -0.477 -0.008 -0.493**

2. Daysto maturity (No.)

0.013 -0.050 -0.204 0.100 -0.046 0.151 -0.151 -0.039 -0.226*

3. Plantheight (cm) -0.006 0.012 0.836 -0.707 0.325 -0.175 0.182 0.318 0.785**

4. Branches/plant (No.) -0.004 0.006 0.702 -0.842 0.400 -0.368 0.456 0.354 0.705**

5. Inflorescences /pl ant(No.)

-0.004 0.006 0.679 -0.842 0.400 -0.422 0.518 0.347 0.682**

6. Inflorescence length(cm) -0.005 0.011 0.207 -0.440 0.239 -0.704 0.713 0.214 0.235*

7. Inflorescence width(cm) -0.009 0.008 0.159 -0.402 0.217 -0.525 0.956 0.116 0.520**

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8. Seedvolume weight (g/10ml)

3. CONCLUSIONS



0.000 0.005 0.616 -0.691 0.322 -0.349 0.257 0.43 1 0.590**

1630.https://doi.org/10.1080/ 10408398.2014. 100181.

High heritability (b.s.) with high genetic advance as present mean was recorded for inflorescence per plant, branches per plant, inflorescence width, inflorescencelength,seedyieldperplantindicatethat thesetraitswerepredominantlygovernedbyadditive gene action and selection of these traits would be moreeffectivefordesiredgeneticimprovement.

[5] Jacobsen S.E., Hill, J. and Stolen, O. 1996. Stability of quantitative traits in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Theor.Appl.Genet.,93:110–116.

[6] Khurana, D.S., Singh, J. and Kaur, B. 2013. Genetic variability, correlationand path coefficientanalysisin Amaranthus.Veg.Sci.,40(2):238-240.



Seed yield per plant exhibited positive correlation with plant height, branches per plant, inflorescence per plant, Inflorescence length, inflorescence width, seedvolumeweightper10ml.



Path analysis showed direct selection based on character inflorescence width, plant height, seed volume weight /10ml, inflorescence per plant and days to 50 per cent flowering can help in the improvementofseedyieldinquinoa.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank you to Agricultural Botany Research Farm, Post Graduate Institute, MPKV, Rahuri-413 722 Dist. Ahmednagar, Maharashatra for providingnecessaryinfrastructureandfacility.

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