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SURFACE WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF PANCHAGANGA RIVER Sanket M. Paralkar 1, Geetanjali J. Jadhav 2, Vidya S. Davar 3, , Rahul V. Kamble 4, Tanvir A. Golandaj 5, Rohan M. Patade 6, Mrunali M. Musale 7, Sagar B. Garale 8, Ajim S. Sutar 9 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra, India.
9Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur,
Maharashtra, India. ----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract - In the present work river water samples are collected from five different stations of Panchaganga river between Panchaganga ghat to Kurundwad and water quality assessment is carried out in December 2020. To assess the environmental impact of disposal of domestic, industrial and household waste into the river. Then water quality index (WQI) study is carried out to assess the environmental impact on the water quality of the Panchaganga river and to arrive at the level of pollution. From the study it is observed that station-1 and station-4 is Medium to Good water quality, station-3 and station-5 found Good to Excellent water quality and station-2 are found Bad water quality and are totally unfit for drinking purpose. This is mainly due to regular addition of domestic sewage, agricultural runoff, industrial wastes and other wastes that are let into the river through drains, nallahs in each station and it may lead to excessive pollution.
1.1 PANCHAGANGA RIVER The Panchaganga river is one of the important river of India located in Karnataka coastal and Maharashtra. The Panchaganga river of Maharashtra flows through border of Kolhapur. it starts from Prayag Chikhali 8 kilometre from Kolhapur. The Panchaganga formed by 4 streams Kasari, Kumbhi, Tulsi and Bhogavati. Local tradition believes in an underground stream Saraswati which together with the other four streams make Panchaganga river. 1 million peoples and 173 villages on Panchaganga river bank directly or indirectly depends depends on Panchaganga river. EastWest Length of River is 108 Km, North-South Length of River is 67 Km, Total Area is 2730.40 Sq.m, Average Width is 110 m, Average Minimum Depth is 3m, Average Maximum Depth is 14 m, Average Rainfall is 2501.9 mm, Average Minimum Temperature is 28°C to 12°C, Average Maximum Temperature is 14°C to 22°C.
Key Words: Water, Pollution, Water quality index, Surface water, Panchaganga river.
The release of effluents and industrial waste from nearby industries has resulted into the pollution of Panchaganga river which has turn the water green primarily near Ichalkaranji where there are numerous textile and seizing. industries which are releasing their fluids without treatment. Eichhornia Crassipes has developed on the river close by Ichalkaranji. Very little endeavours where taken by neighbourhood government bodies to control its development. In a rainstorm the water level ascents and clean out and seen no place until November, in December it begins to develop again and by April .
1. INTRODUCTION Pollution is a significant issue since it is a moderately ongoing improvement in the Planets history. Before the 19th century industrial revolution, individual lived, more in unity with their immediate environment. As industrialisation has spread in immense Quantity, the issue of pollution has spread with it. Water is normally referred to contaminated when it is hindered by anthropogenic containments, because of this content needs it either doesn't useful for human use for example drinking water.
1.2 STUDY AREA
The environment is under more sustained threat from human activity in the 21st century than at any other time in the history with extensive potential social and health consequences. Human health broadly defined, encompassing physical, mental and spiritual dimensions, is highly dependent on the context in which we live. Any threat to our environmental certainties, therefore, has a significant impact on human well-being. Kolhapur is settled on the rising ground on the bank of the river Panchaganga. Panchaganga is one of the major reason for prosperity of Kolhapur, It originates in Western ghats and is a major tributary to Krishna.
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Kolhapur is the adjacent urban body located along the bank of the river with a population of 549283 and this city is located at 16° 42' N and 74° 14' E, having mean sea level of 570 m. There are 18 sugar factories, stands on rising ground on the south bank of the river Panchaganga. Sampling of water from Panchaganga river at selected 5 stations is being done, Manual method of sample collection is preferred considering all site conditions. we find out from topographic map where the measure effluents from industries release in river like sugar industry textile industry domestic sewage contributing a lot in pollution effect not only health but lives of people. Station-1 is located near Panchaganga Ghat (shivaji bridge), station-2 is located near kasaba bawada –
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International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 08 Issue: 04 | Apr 2021
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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shiroli bridge, Station-3 is located near Shiroli bridge (near tawde hotel. station-4, is located near Pattan kodoliichalkaranji. Station-5 is located near Kurundwad Panchganga river bridge in table-1 & Fig-1.
Indian Standards, 2012),WHO,ICMR as mentioned in the Table-2. Further water quality indexing was assessed by the method adopted by Chaterjee and Raziudin (2002) Quality rating (qn) was evaluated by using the mathematical expression ;
Table-1: Selected Sites for the study with GPS locations and altitude. Station no.
Sampling Sites
1
Panchaganga ghat (shivaji bridge) kasaba bawada– shiroli bridge Shiroli bridge (near tawde hotel) Pattan kodoliichalkaranji bridge Kurundwad Panchaganga river bridge
2 3 4
5
Site Code
Site Location
A1
16°42ʼ18ˮN, 74º12ʼ55.8ˮ E
Equation 1: Qn = {100 * [(Vn-Vio / Sn-Vio)]} Where,
Mean Sea Level(m 538
A2
16º45ʼ42.6ˮN, 74º15ʼ44.2ˮE
536
A3
16º42ʼ43.5ˮN, 74º16ʼ50.1ˮE
538
A4
16º40ʼ49.2ˮN, 74º23ʼ44.3ˮE
531
A5
16º40ʼ55.6ˮN, 74º34ʼ33.4ˮE
531
Qn = Quality rating for nth water quality parameter Vn = Estimated value of nth parameter at a given sampling location Sn = Standard permissible value of the nth parameter Vio = Ideal value of the nth parameter in pure water In most cases ideal value Vio = 0 except in certain parameters like dissolved oxygen and pH. The quality rating calculation for the DO and pH (Vio ≠ 0) is 14.6 mg/l and 7.0 respectively. Unit weight (Wn) is calculated by Equation 2. It is a value inversely proportional to the recommended standard values Sn of the corresponding parameters. Equation 2: Wn = (K/Sn) Where, Wn = Unit weight for nth parameter
Fig -1: Geographical distribution of the sampling stations from river Panchaganga.
Sn = Standard value for nth parameters K = Proportionality constant Table-2: drinking water standards along with unit weight
2. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sampling was conducted monthly during the period of 7 December 2020 to 18 December 2020. Samples were collected at early morning hours, in polythene bottle. Conducting tests on sample to find out water parameters like pH, Alkalinity (mg/l), Acidity (mg/l), Chloride Content (mg/l), T.D.S (mg/l), D.O (mg/l), BOD (mg/l), COD (mg/l), Sulphate (mg/l) (SO4), Nitrate (mg/l), Phosphate (PO4 ). 2.1WATER QUALITY INDEX (WQI)
Parameters
Unit
Unit Weight (Wn)
mg/l mg/l mg/l
BIS / WHO/ ICMR Standards (Sn) 6.5-8.5 120 15 250
pH Alkalinity Acidity Chloride Content TDS D.O BOD COD Sulphate Nitrate Phosphate
mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l -
<500 5 5 250 150 45 5
0.0009 0.3723 0.3723 0.3723 0.124 0.0413 0.0094
0.219 0.0155 0 0.0075
For assessment of Water Quality Index (WQI) obtained values of physicochemical parameters and unit weight were compared with drinking water standards of BIS (Bureau of
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The overall water quality index is calculated by aggregating the quality rating with the unit weight linearly. It is given in Equation 3.
Table-5: Water quality index (WQI) for the river water sampling stations
Equation 3: WQI = [(ΣQnWn) / (ΣWn)]
Station No.
The range of water quality index and status of water quality as worked out is given in Table-3.
Station-1 Station-2 Station-3 Station-4 Station-5
Table-3 : Water Quality Index representing water quality status. Range of Rating Scale 63 - 100 50 - 63 38 - 50 38 and less
Quality classification Good to Excellent Medium to Good Bad Bad to Very Bad
Water Quality Index (WQI) = Wn X Qn 52.71 48.10 88.25 58.98 87.81
Water Quality Non Polluted Polluted Non Polluted Non Polluted Non Polluted
Remarks Non Polluted Non Polluted Polluted Heavily Polluted
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Water quality is measure of physical and chemical properties of the water, which in turns has its direct influence over the life of aquatic biota. Water quality representing parameters like like pH, Alkalinity, Acidity , Chloride Content , T.S , D.O , BOD, COD , Sulphate (SO4), Nitrate (mg/l), Phosphate (PO4 ) are considered as vital measures for classification of surface water monitoring. Hence, these physicochemical parameters were assessed (Water quality analysis result shown in Table - 4) during the period 7 December 2020 to, to 18 December 2020 denote the water quality index of Panchaganga river shown in table-5 and Graphical Water quality index (WQI) for the river water sampling stations as per chart-1.
Chart:-1 Graphical Water quality index (WQI) for the river water sampling stations 4. CONCLUSION The present study is aimed to assess the environmental impacts on the Panchaganga river water quality and to check the level of pollution at the located stations. From the results of present investigation it is concluded that due to nonavailability of the adequate land and full-fledged treatment facilities, municipal and industrial wastewater enters into river Panchaganga through various drains and nallahs which deteriorate the quality of river water. As per table-5, the water quality index study revealed that the water quality index (WQI) for station-1 is 52.71 which indicate that water Quality is Medium to Good,Non Polluted. For station-2 is 48.10 indicates Bad for drinking and totally unfit for drinking purpose. For Station-3 is 88.25 indicates water Quality is Good to Excellent, Non Polluted. For Station-4 58.98 are found to be Quality having Medium to Good, Non Polluted. For station-5, 87.81 indicates water is Non Polluted.
Table -4: Water Quality Analysis Result Water Parameter pH Alkalinity Acidity Chloride Content
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
7.87 300 180 65.22
7.5 260 130 53.88
7.45 500 170 48.21
7.45 320 300 90.75
7.96 480 150 96.42
TDS D.O BOD COD Sulphate Nitrate
500 10.2 1.8 4 0.047 16.46
1050 7.8 1.4 52 0.091 15.3
1800 6.8 5 240 1.44 11.49
900 6.4 1.6 112 5.44 13.48
450 7.2 3.4 168 3.15 16.35
Phosphate
32.46
12.25
23.75
22.35
28.70
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to the Department of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil college of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur and Department of Environmental Science, Shivaji University, Kolhapur for providing Laboratory facilities, technical assistance and cooperation during the study.
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Geetanjali J. Jadhav, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
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Vidya S. Davar Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
[3] Thorvat A.R ,Sonaje N.P,Mujumdar M.M, Swami V.A, (2012) Study on the Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Panchaganga River in Kolhapur City, MS, Vol. 2(8), 76-79.
Rahul V. Kamble, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
[4] Sanindhar Shreedhar Gaikwad, (2014) Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Panchganga River with Reference to Diversity of Molluscan Fauna. [5] Mangalekar S.B, Jadhav.A.S, (2015) Evaluation of Water quality of panchganga River With reference to water borne diseases ,Vol.4, Issue 9.
Tanvir A. Golandaj, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
[6] Dhawal S.J, Dr. and Raut P. D, (2017) “Assessment Of Phisico-Chemical Characteristics And Heavy Metal Distribution Along The Panchganga River, MS, India”, World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, Issue 8.
Rohan M. Patade, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
[7] Mangalekar S. B, Jadhav A.S and Raut P. D, (2014) “Assessment of Water Quality of Nalahs from Kolhapur CityMaharashtra (India)”, Paripex- Indian Journal of Research, 117-120. [8] Sanindhar Shreedhar Gaikwad and Nitin Anandrao Kamble, (2014) “Qualitative Analysis Of Surface Water Of Panchganga River (MS) India”, Biolife- An International Quarterly journal Of Biology & Life Sciences, Vol. 2, Issue 3.
Mrunali M. Musale, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
[9] Swapnil .M.Kamble, (2014) “Water Pollution and Public Health Issues in Kolhapur City in Maharashtra”, International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol. 4, Issue 1.
Sagar B. Garale, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
[10] Kolhapur Municipal Corporation, Environment status report 2015-2016. [11] Water quality status of Maharashtra 2016-2017,MPCB.
BIOGRAPHIES Prof. Ajim S. Sutar, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
Sanket M. Paralkar, Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, D.Y.Patil College of Engineering and Technology, Kolhapur, Maharashtra, India
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