IRJET- Risk Assessment of Construction Building Projects and its Remedies by IRJET Journal

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RISK ASSESSMENT OF CONSTRUCTION BUILDING PROJECTS AND ITS REMEDIES SHUBHAM S. SHINDE1, PRASAD M. REWANE2 1Student, Master of Construction & Management TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology,

Bavdhan, Pune, India

2Asst. Prof., Department of Civil Engineering TSSM’s Padmabhooshan Vasantdada Patil Institute of Technology,

Bavdhan, Pune, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT: Construction projects are initiated in complex and dynamic environments resulting in circumstances of high uncertainty and risk, which are compounded by demanding time constraints. Construction industry has changed significantly over the past several years. Risk management is that the systematic process of identifying, analyzing and responding to project risk. It includes maximizing the probability and consequences of positive events and minimizing the probability and consequences of adverse events to project objectives. In this study from the past experiences of the engineers, managers, builders and contractor data was collected and was analyzed by Relative Importance Method (RII). The frequency of the risk factors was found out and ultimately the risk severity was found out. Therefore, the study will help on the risk factors which can be focused on during the construction of project thus completing it within the schedule time. 1.0 INRRODUCTION Construction projects are started in complex and dynamic environments leading to circumstances of high uncertainty and risk, which are bounded by demanding time constraints. Construction industry has been changed significantly and is continuously changing over the past several years. It is an industry driven primarily by private investors; the presence of securitized real estate has increased considerably. It is susceptible to the various technical & business risks that always often represent greater exposures than people who are traditional. Thus risk assessment need to studied frequently with time. Risk assessment may be a tool to spot those risks during a project and manage it accordingly with proper treatment. Risk management is probably the foremost difficult aspect of project management. A project manager must be able to recognize and identify the basic causes of risks and to trace the causes through the project to their consequences. Furthermore, risk management within the construction project management context may be a comprehensive and systematic way of identifying, analyzing and responding to risks to realize the project objectives. The utilization of risk management from the first stages of a project, where major decisions such as choice of alignment and selection of construction methods are often influenced is vital. The advantages of the risk management process include identifying and analyzing risks, and improvement of construction project management processes and effective use of resources. 1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH 1. To identify the various risks involved in the construction building projects by research papers. 2. To identify the critical risk involved in construction building projects by questionnaire survey. 3. To analyze the risks involved in construction building projects by RII method. 4. To find out the top impacting risk factor and suggestions to evaluate it. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW The following literature survey includes summary of research papers presented in popular journals on topics almost like current field of study. 1 Karim El-Dash ,Emad Abd-Raboh , Zakariya El-Dars (2006) “Risk Management In The Design Phase Of Large-Scale Construction Projects” the study investigated the prime potential risks that affect the planning phase of mega construction

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project in Egypt and similar developing countries. The study considered the value, time, and quality of the projects also because the responsibility of the risk. The risk events were sorted consistent with the probability needless to say by the response of the participants. The risks were ranked also according to its impact on cost, time, and quality. The severity of the risks was quantified considering the probability of the risk and its impact on the project. 2 Riaan van Wyk, Akin tola Akintoye (Mar 2007) "Project risk management practice: the case of a South African utility company " documented the risk management practice of a utility company for its Recovery Plan project to deal with the risks of power interruptions. The company's corporate risk management process and its practice at divisional and project levels are discussed. The key role of stakeholders in risk identification, analysis, mitigation, monitoring and reporting is emphasized by the corporate and this drives its risk management practice. 3 As Per De Jager and Max Rathmann (2008),” Assessment of the associated risk of a project has a major impact on its cost of capital”. As per CPI report titled,” The Risk Gap: A Map of Risk Mitigation Instruments for Clean Investments, risk whether real or perceived the most important factor influencing the financing in terms of availability of funds and also increasing the return expectations of fund providers. They have divided the risk into following categories: Political, policy and social risk -Political risks are due to illegitimate actions of public authorities that affect, in a discriminatory way, foreign companies/ investors. Policy risks involve legitimate actions of local authorities that affect all agents (local and foreign) in a sector. They originate from local governments simply exercising their power to rule the activities under their jurisdiction. Social risks are due to actions of private individuals or groups in the public opinion. 4 Desai Megha, Dr Bhatt Rajiv (2013), “A Methodology for Ranking of Causes of Delay for Residential Construction Projects in Indian Context”, the study suggested study works on identification of causes of delay in residential construction projects in Indian context. Literature review and structured interviews were administered on construction projects in central Gujarat region of India. The work presents the framework of causes of delays in residential construction projects an approach is usually recommended to hold out ranking of those causes by two different techniques: Relative importance index and Importance index supported degree of severity and degree of frequency. It is hoped that the findings of the paper will help the stakeholders to act on critical causes and further attempt to reduce delay of their projects. 5 K. Jayasudha Dr. B.Vidivelli and E.R. Gokul Surjith (2014),“Risk Assessment and Management in Construction Projects” this study should assist management in identifying activities where there’s a risk of your time and financial aspects and hence provide a basis for management to require objective decisions on the reduction of risk to an agreed level. These findings are vital important for implementing further effective measures to make sure the proper direction of future development. Risk management should be considered a primary tool to assess the project. 6 K.Jayasudha and B.Vidivelli (2015) “An Assessment and Analysis of Major Risks in Construction Projects” they study should assist management in identifying activities where there’s a risk of financial, Time and Construction aspects and hence provide a basis for management to require objective decisions on the reduction of risk to an agreed level. These findings are vital important for implementing further effective measures to make sure the proper direction of future development. Risk management should be considered a primary tool to assess the project. Data collected was subjected to 5-scale Impact Grid with Scores of Risk. Those scores were used to determine difference in perceived risks of General Manager, Project managers, Project Engineers and Site Engineers which was then analyzed by using the software of SPSS using the formulas of ANOVA test and t- test. 7 K. Jayasudha and B. Vidivelli (2016) “Analysis Of Major Risks In Construction Projects” this study should assist management in identifying activities where there’s a risk of financial, Time and Construction aspects and hence provide a basis for management to take objective decisions on the reduction of risk to an agreed level. These findings are vital important for implementing further effective measures to make sure the proper direction of future development. Risk management should be considered a primary tool to assess the project. Data collected was subjected to 5-scale Impact Grid with many of Risk. Those scores were the used to determine difference in perceived risks of, General Manager, Project managers, Project Engineers and Site Engineers which was then analyzed by using the software of SPSS. 8 Hatkar K B and Hedaoo N A, (2016) “Delay Analysis By Using Relative Importance Index Method In Infrastructure Projects” studied and stated that six factors causing delays, top ten vital important factors are identified which are: Local political interference, Inadequate fund allocation, Improper project planning and scheduling by contractor, Delay ongoing payments by client, Escalation of material prices, weather condition, Delay ongoing payment to suppliers/subcontractors, Insufficient

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numbers of kit, Incomplete drawing/detail design and Natural disasters(flood, earthquake, etc).Total seventy six factors causing delay were identified and grouped into eight major groups. The major delays groups were identified are: Contractor related delays and finance related delays. The major effects of delays have been identified which are: Time overrun, Cost overrun and disputes. From total thirty two methods of minimizing construction delays, the hightest effective methods have been identified which are: Competent/Capable project manager, Perform a preconstruction planning. 9 Muhammed Mufazzal Hosen, Sunkoo Kang, Jonghyan Kim (2018), “Construction Schedule Delay Risk Assessment by Using Combined AHP-RII Methodology For An International NPP Project”, the most contribution of this work was the identification of the most explanation for cause of NPP construction schedule delays for turnkey contractual approached international projects. The second contribution was the event of a multi criteria deciding making model for the prioritization of NPP construction delay risk factors. Finally, schedule delay risks were assessed in different levels of NPP construction delay risk factors through severity and frequency of occurrence. The model was developed by using the AHP-RII methodology. This study has produced results and insights that involve one of the most vital aspects, which are the qualitative and quantitative weights in terms of severity and frequency of occurrence of factors that affect delays in NPP construction. Undoubtedly, it is necessary in the NPP construction industry to use quantitative terms when it comes to schedule delay risk. The study found that the main contractor contributes the highest risk of construction schedule delays for NPPs, followed by utility in second place, regulatory agency in third place, and financial and country think about fourth place. 10 Goran Cirovic “Risk Assessment of Conrtustion Industry” stated The principal objective of risk analysis and calculation is to provide the selection maker more variants of cost and project duration, perceiving the probability to finish the project within this range. It’s also essential to forecast reserves, with which the risk from budget exceeding is reduced. The choice maker makes the choice with what risk level the project are going to be completed support the info at his disposal. During the project completion of these values must be controlled and corrective actions must be proposed. 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A questionnaire was developed by browsing literature on construction risk management. To achieve the objectives of this study, questionnaires were deemed to be the most effective tool for gathering information. These questions helped identify any projects that ought to definitely not be undertaken by the parties and people, although risky, should be examined further after a more rigorous examination of the potential sources of risk. The questionnaire was designed suppported the knowledge of state, consultant, or contractor in large or infrastructure construction projects; the questions were meant to spot their method of risk identification and possible effects of those risks. The general methodology of this study relies largely on the survey questionnaire which is collected from the various multi project construction contractors and project manager of various sizes by mail or by personnel meeting. A thorough literature review was initially conducted to spot the risk factors that affect the performance of construction industry entirely. The research methodology contains two phases. The first phase included a literature search and interviews. The literature review was conducted through books, conference proceedings, internet and international project management journals. As the outcome of this phase, These causes were categories in nine main groups as : Project related, Owner related, Contractor related, Consultant related, Design-related, Material related, Equipment related, Labour related and External factors counting on their nature and mode of occurrence. In this method various risks were identified and survey questionnaire is prepared which will be on “5-point Likert Scale” where 1 will be lowest risk and 5 will be highest risk. Using the scale and Relative Importance Index (RII) method the information is analyzed, and the risks that are identified during the survey is ranked. This ranked risk factor will give us the knowledge of the risks that are highly critical which can act as early warning and helps to neutralize the impact of the risk. 3.1 Likert Scale A Likert scale is a rating scale, often found on survey forms, that measures how people feel about something. It includes a series of questions that you simply ask people to answer, and ideally 5-7 balanced responses people can choose from. It often comes with a neutral midpoint. When responding to a Likert item, respondents specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a symmetric agree-disagree scale for a series of statements. Thus, the range captures the intensity of their feelings for a given item.

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3.2 Relative Importance Index (RII) Method Relative Importance Index is calculated for each of the indications and ranked accordingly. The RII derived to summarize the importance of every indicator: RII = W/ (A x N) Where,W = Weight allotted to every risk (by response to questionnaire survey),1 = no impacts,2 = negligible impact,3 = marginal impact,4 = moderate impact,5 = major impact,A = Highest weight (here it’s 5),N = Total number of people (responses) who completed Questionnaire survey The required information obtained from the questionnaire survey may be accessed ranked by using the Relative importance index which is a quantitative method. The obtained data is mathematically added up and ranked using this general RII formula. 3.3 Questionnaire Content The questionnaire included two main parts: Part I (General Information): This part comprises general information concerning the respondent (name, age, gender, and the type of work sector) in addition to the classifications of the educational qualification, specialization, job position and work experience. Part II (Potential barriers): It contains closed questions designed by the five point Likert scale. The scale is (1: Very weak, 2: Weak, 3: Moderate, 4: Strong, 5: Very strong). Each respondent was invited to give a degree of measure to each question according to what he believes within the environment of the Indian construction sector. After the collection of the questionnaires, they were analyzed by Relative importance index to determine the relative significance and ranking of the causes. 3.4 Organization Profile General questions was prepared on information about company such as the name of company, major type of work, gender of the worker, the contact person and his/her experience, age of the respondent, a question about where the respondent works in and his/her position. 3.5 Profile of Respondents Face-to-face delivery was favored to encourage respondents and raise the response rate but another way like email also employed. Questionnaires will be sent to construction professionals involved in large projects. 3.6 Gender, Age and Location This information is needed to find out the gender of the respondents. The age and location can affect the survey responses hence, suitable questions are designed to seek out information on the same. 3.7 Company Type of Respondents The contributions of respondents was noted to observe the category of respondents which are project managers, contractors, senior engineers, project engineers etc. this is necessary because each work may not be affected the same due to the development of real estate sector. So based on their positions the responses varied and it is important to know the base of their opinions for us. 3.8 Work Experience of Respondents Questions are included to ask the level of experience of the respondents so that it will be easy to understand the reason behind the ranking given by the respondents. Higher experienced staff was expected to provide reasonable answers.

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No.

Experience

No. of response 1 5-10 21 2 10-15 15 3 15-20 9 4 20-25 3 5 25-30 1 6 30-35 1 Table 3.8 Experience of Respondents 3.9 Position of Respondents The major impact is expected to be acknowledged by the staff working at higher management level, the owners of the firms etc.

Total no. 1 Project Managers

2 Senior Engineers

3 Junior Engineers

4 Builders

5 Contracters 12% 10% 24% 22%

32%

3.10 Educational Level The education level i.e. whether the respondents are have done post-graduation, graduation or diploma is noted. 3.11 Questionary format and content After reviewing and studying various literature papers various risk factors were classified and their sub risk. After consulting to various industrial experts, experienced engineers and academic experts the following risk were finalized and a questionary was prepared and tabulated as shown below in order to take responses from the respondents. Factors

Category

Response 1

Technical Risk

Incomplete Design Changes in site situation after site investigation Improper project planning and budgeting Inadequate specification

Time Risk

Excessive approval procedures in administrative government departments The contractor does not pay worker wages in due time Improper Project Schedule

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Extension in time due to force majeure Construction Risk

Unsuitable planning

construction

program

The worker does not abide by regular work-hours Plans of design are incompatible with execution. Many modifications on designs are made during execution. The designer does not follow up designs and changes made on them. Inability to execute the project within specified timetable. Necessary available

technical

skills

are

not

Low productive efficiency of the worker. Some materials do not arrive at the assigned site. Absence of trained manpower. Selection of material and equipments Equipment failure Shortage of equipment New technology implemented Changes in material types specifications during construction

and

Undocumented change orders Design Risk

Designs are changed by the engineers Defective design (incorrect) Lack of consistency between bill of quantities, drawings and specifications Awarding the design to unqualified designers

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Inter-departmental mis-coordination (structural, mechanical, electrical, etc.) Improper verification of contract documents Breach of contract by project partner Lack of enforcement of legal judgment Uncertainty and unfairness of court justice Competition from other similar projects

Market Risk

Increase of Labour costs Increase of Material price Unfairness in tendering Unrealistic price variation in material Inadequate demand

Management Risk

forecast

about

market

Change of top management No past experience in similar projects Internal management problems Improper project feasibility study Poor relation and disputes with

Financial Risk

Project delay by the management problems Loss due to fluctuation of interest rate Change in bank formalities and tenders Loss due to rises in fuel prices Late payment by clients Cash flow problem Price fluctuation Tax rate increase Foreign currency fluctuation

exchange

rate

Inflation Funding / Payment shortage Cancellation in giving loan Construction prices are low

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Policy and Political Risk

Environmental Risk

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Competition in pricing projects Specialists in project financial analysis are not employed Inexperience when pricing tenders Changes in laws and regulations Requirement for permit and late approvals Natural Disaster (Floods, earthquakes,etc.) Adverse weather conditions Pollution and Safety rules Difficulty to access the Site (Very far, settlements) Problems from near project Local People support for project Accidents on workers

Social Risk Safety Risk

Unexpectedly falls of the floors Electrical fires occurred Labour injuries Vehicle crashes on workers Physical Risk

Poor quality of materials procured due to damaged in structure Damage to equipment Wastage of materials by workers Equipment and material fire Theft of materials at site Table 3.11 Questionary Format

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Calculation of Total frequencies The finalized questionary was circulated by various ways like by taking face to face interview, by submitting the questionary in various companies in Pune region. Following were the frequencies obtained by the responses of the respondents i.e. from rank 1 to rank 5 were rank 1 is the least and rank 5 is the highest. No 1 2 3 4 5 6

Risk factors Incomplete Design Changes in site situation after site investigation Improper project planning and budgeting Inadequate specification The contractor does not pay worker wages in due time Improper Project Schedule

Impact Factor value: 7.529

Rank 1 8 16

Rank 2 4 17

Rank 3 16 11

Rank 4 11 6

Rank 5 11 0

7 7 19

18 10 6

20 32 11

5 1 13

0 0 1

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7 8

Extension in time due to force majeure Insufficient planning

Plans of design are incompatible with execution. Inability to execute the project within specified timetable Inadequate construction quality Material resourcing Equipment resourcing New technology implemented Designs are changed by the engineers Defective design (incorrect) Inter-departmental mis-coordination (structural, mechanical, electrical, etc.) Improper verification of contract documents Breach of contract by project partner Lack of enforcement of legal judgment Competition from other similar projects Increase of Labour costs Increase of Material price Unfairness in tendering Change of top management No past experience in similar projects Internal management problems Improper project feasibility study Poor relation and disputes with stakeholders Loss due to fluctuation of interest rate Change in bank formalities and tenders Late payment by clients Cash flow problem Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation Specialists in project financial analysis are not employed Inflation Funding / Payment shortage Tax rate increase Inexperience when pricing tenders Changes in laws and regulations Requirement for permit and late approvals Natural Disaster (Floods, earthquakes,etc.) Adverse weather conditions Pollution and Safety rules Problems from near project Local People support for project Accidents on workers Unexpectedly falls of the floors

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

Impact Factor value: 7.529

12 23

14 11

21 9

0 7

0 0

7 19 14 13 11 8 5

2 11 24 17 10 4 4

11 3 5 6 9 5 17

17 17 7 3 6 14 11

13 0 0 11 14 19 13

5 5 6 2 1 7 3 3 6 8 10

1 8 21 16 10 11 13 23 8 12 15

9 14 11 22 31 21 16 11 23 17 4

23 15 6 8 6 11 14 6 13 13 15

12 8 6 2 2 0 4 7 0 0 6

10 10 3 17 11

16 18 10 16 23

12 7 15 3 3

8 11 20 12 11

4 4 2 2 2

5 5 3 11 5 17

9 9 12 7 16 12

21 23 31 25 20 7

13 10 2 3 8 8

2 3 2 3 1 6

5 7 20 18 5 4

17 21 18 10 5 6

18 21 6 5 10 10

5 1 6 8 18 17

5 0 0 9 12 13

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Electrical fires occurred 7 14 Labour injuries 8 9 Poor quality of materials procured due to 5 12 damaged in structure Damage to equipment 7 10 Wastage of materials by workers 8 20 Equipment and material fire 6 17 Theft of materials at site 4 15 Table 4.1 Total no. of Frequencies

52 53 54 55

19 19 10

6 7 12

4 7 11

18 11 13 22

14 11 14 8

1 0 0 1

4.2 Calculation of Relative Importance Index and Rank Allotment The total no of frequencies obtained and the relative importance index was calculated and the ranking was done. Lower the no of rank higher the risk, hence the rank of the risk factors were classified. No.

RISK FACTORS

TOTAL

RII

RANK

Incomplete Design Changes in site situation after site investigation Improper project planning and budgeting

137

0.409

193

0.702

177

0.644

173

0.629

Inadequate specification Contractor does not pay worker wages in due time

179

0.651

Improper Project Schedule

192

0.698

Extension in time due to force majeure

185

0.673

200

0.727

117

0.425

Insufficient planning Plans of design are incompatible with execution Inability to execute the project within specified timetable

159

0.578

Inadequate construction quality

123

0.447

Material resourcing

182

0.662

Equipment resourcing

195

0.709

New technology implemented

168

0.611

Designs are changed by the engineers

148

0.538

118

0.429

127

0.462

Defective design (incorrect) Inter-departmental miss-coordination (structural, mechanical, electrical, etc.) Improper verification of contract documents

124

0.451

Breach of contract by project partner

114

0.415

Lack of enforcement of legal judgement

137

0.498

Competition from other similar projects

165

0.6

Increase of Labour costs

158

0.575

Increase of Material price

152

0.553

Unfairness in tendering

164

0.596

Change of top management

147

0.535

2 3 4

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No past experience in similar projects

159

0.578

Internal management problems

157

0.571

165

0.6

Improper project feasibility study Poor relation and disputes stakeholders

158

0.575

Loss due to fluctuation of interest rate

170

0.618

Change in bank formalities and tenders

169

0.615

Late payment by clients

142

0.516

184

0.669

180

0.655

Cash flow problem Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuation Specialists in project financial analysis are not employed

147

0.535

Inflation

152

0.553

Funding / Payment shortage

153

0.556

Tax rate increase

162

0.589

Inexperience when pricing tenders

168

0.611

166

0.604

176

0.64

Changes in laws and regulations Requirement for permit and late approvals Natural Disaster (Floods, earthquakes,etc.)

130

0.473

Adverse weather conditions

162

0.589

Pollution and Safety rules

184

0.669

Problems from near project

202

0.735

Local People support for project

170

0.618

Accidents on workers

123

0.447

Unexpectedly falls of the floors

121

0.44

Electrical fires occurred

164

0.596

154

0.56

Labour injuries Poor quality of materials procured due to damaged in structure

138

0.502

Damage to equipment

158

0.575

Wastage of materials by workers

175

0.636

Equipment and material fire

165

0.6

Theft of materials at site

163

0.583

with

Table 4.2 Relative Importance Index and Rank Allotment

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4.3 Top Ten Classified Risks The top 10 risk factors identified are:

RISK FACTORS Incomplete design

RANK 1

Breach of contract by project partner

Plans of design are incompatible with execution

Defective design

Unexpectedly falls of floors

Accidents on workers

Inadequate construction quality

Improper verification of contract

Inter departmental miss-coordination

Lack of enforcement of legal document

Table 4.3 Top Ten Risk 4.4 Least Harmful classified Risk The risk factors with minimum risk indentified are :-

RISK FACTORS

RANK

Local people support for project

Material resourcing

Cash flow problem

Pollution and safety rules

extension in time due to force majeure

Improper project schedule

improper project planning and budgeting

Equipment Resourcing

Insufficient planning

Problems from near site

Table 4.3 Least Harmful Classified Risk 5. REMEDIES AND SUGGESTIONS       

Contracting documents to be legally registered Contracting duration must be specified with adjustment just in case of natural calamity Payment mode to be specified supported progress or duration Specification or Dimension changes to be recorded in register Disputes and Errors to be solved with record proofs Meeting to be conduct periodically. Insurance on Equipment, Machineries and Manpower to be pre-determined

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Political and Local issues to be solved by whom must be pre-determined Re-work must be denoted under whose scope supported fault. Client to be pay the payment as per modes to the contractor Client payment should be through BANK transaction Client may monitor the contractor's payment to workers Workers' wages also to be paid through BANK transaction. Workers' wages to be paid in weekly or monthly payment. Delaying payment to Workers will affect the progress of work. Do not delay or reduce the wages based on Financial difficulties of contractor Incentives or Bonus from profit will enthusiast the workers Increment based on experience or efficiency will lead the workers to retain Client's Slow payment for completed works will affect contractor pay to labour. Skilled staff to be deployed for tendering. Technical skilled person to execute the work. Highly technically experienced person to be administrate the project. Sufficient technical information’s to be provided in drawings and documents. Necessary technical trainings to be provide to workers. High tech technology equipment and machineries to be used to get fast and accuracy.

6. CONCLUSION The construction companies got to include risk as an integral part of their project management. Decision making such a risk assessment in construction projects is very important in the construction management. The identification and assessment of project risk are the critical procedures for projecting success. This study determines the key factors of risk in construction industry. A total of 55 factors influencing risks in construction are analyzed through survey which include experts of academic (Professors), government sectors and construction industry were interviewed, and top 10 risk factors were indentified and thus the least affecting risk were also identified. Therefore by understanding the critical risks and also the least risk factors we can plan and schedule to get our project completed on time. 7. REFERENCES            

Karim El-Dash ,Emad Abd-Raboh , Zakariya El-Dars (2006) “Risk Management In The Design Phase Of Large-Scale Construction Projects” Riaan van Wyk, Akin tola Akintoye (Mar 2007) "Project risk management practice: the case of a South African utility company” De Jager,D; M.Rathmann(2008),” Policy instrument design to reduce financing costs in srenewable energy technology projects”. ECOFYS,Utrecht, The Netherlands,142pp K.Jayasudha and B.Vidivelli (2015) “An Assessment and Analysis of Major Risks in Construction Projects” (ISSN: 2321 – 0893) K. Jayasudha Dr. B.Vidivelli and E.R. Gokul Surjith (2016) “Risk Assessment and Management in Construction Projects” ISSN 2229-5518 Dr. Prof.Ajit Patil, Kiran Phad, Pravin Wajirgave, Subhash Kumar, Nikita Ahirrao (2018) “Risk Assessment and Safety Management in the Construction Industry” ISSN : 2319-8753 De Jager and Max Rathmann (2008),” Assessment of the associated risk of a project has a major impact on its cost of capital” Desai Megha, Dr Bhatt Rajiv (2013), “A Methodology for Ranking of Causes of Delay for Residential Construction Projects in Indian Context”. K. Jayasudha Dr. B.Vidivelli and E.R. Gokul Surjith (2014),“Risk Assessment and Management in Construction Projects” K. Jayasudha and B. Vidivelli (2016) “Analysis Of Major Risks In Construction Projects” ISSN 1819-6608 Hatkar K B and Hedaoo N A, (2016) “Delay Analysis By Using Relative Importance Index Method In Infrastructure Projects” Muhammed Mufazzal Hosen, Sunkoo Kang, Jonghyan Kim (2018), “Construction Schedule Delay Risk Assessment by Using Combined AHP-RII Methodology For An International NPP Project”.

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Dr. Prof.Ajit Patil, Kiran Phad, Pravin Wajirgave, Subhash Kumar, Nikita Ahirrao (2018) “Risk Assessment and Safety Management in the Construction Industry”. Goran Cirovic “Risk Assessment Of Conrtustion Industry” Gavit Shivamkumar Chandubhai, Dr. Jayeshkumar R. Pitroda, Prof. Ashish H. Makwana (2019) “Risk Management In High Rise Construction projects In Surat City” Mubin M. Shaikh, “Risk Management In Construction Projects” Nerija Banaitiene and Audrius Banaitis, “Risk Management In Construction Projects” Nagalla Vasishta, D. Satish Chandra, SS. Asadi, “Analysis Of Risk Assessment In Construction Of Highway Projects Using Relative Importance Index

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