International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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THE FLOW METER-BASED MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN CONSUMPTION IN FUEL CELL ELECTRIC CARS: A REVIEW Rahul Singh1, Mr. Avinash Pandey2 1Master of Technology, Mechanical Engineering, SITM, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India 2Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SITM, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Abstract - The widespread adoption of fuel cell electric
performance improvement, leading to niche applications such as backup power and forklifts. With ongoing advancements in efficiency, hydrogen infrastructure development, and integration with renewables, fuel cell technology is poised to play a vital role in a sustainable energy future, particularly in transportation and stationary power generation.
vehicles (FCEVs) has prompted intensive research into efficient methods for measuring hydrogen consumption within these vehicles. Among these methods, flowmeterbased measurement systems have emerged as a promising avenue due to their accuracy, reliability, and compatibility with onboard vehicle systems. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of flowmeter-based measurement techniques employed in the quantification of hydrogen consumption in FCEVs. It explores various types of flowmeter technologies, including thermal, ultrasonic, and mass flow sensors, highlighting their principles of operation and performance characteristics. Furthermore, the paper discusses key considerations in the design and implementation of flowmeter-based measurement systems, such as calibration procedures, sensor placement, and data processing techniques. Additionally, it examines the challenges and limitations associated with flowmeter-based measurements, such as sensitivity to operating conditions, accuracy under dynamic flow regimes, and potential sources of error. Through a critical analysis of existing literature and case studies, this review aims to provide insights into the state-of-the-art methodologies and emerging trends in flowmeter-based hydrogen consumption measurement in FCEVs, offering valuable guidance for future research and development efforts in this burgeoning field.
2.INTRODUCTION The transition to sustainable transportation has fueled the development and adoption of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) powered by hydrogen. These vehicles offer zeroemission operation and the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional internal combustion engine vehicles. Central to the efficient utilization of hydrogen in FCEVs is the accurate measurement of hydrogen consumption. Among various methods employed for measuring hydrogen consumption in FCEVs, flowmeter-based techniques have emerged as a promising solution. Flowmeters provide direct and real-time measurements of hydrogen flow rates, offering advantages such as high accuracy, rapid response times, and compatibility with dynamic operating conditions. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of flowmeter-based measurement techniques for hydrogen consumption in FCEVs. It will delve into the principles underlying flowmeter operation, highlighting the different types of flowmeters utilized in FCEV applications, including thermal mass flowmeters, Coriolis flowmeters, and volumetric flowmeters. Furthermore, the paper will explore the calibration procedures and accuracy considerations essential for ensuring precise measurement of hydrogen flow rates. In addition to technical aspects, this review will also address the practical challenges and limitations associated with flowmeter-based measurement systems in FCEVs, such as sensitivity to temperature and pressure variations, maintenance requirements, and cost considerations. Moreover, the integration of flowmeter-based measurement systems into onboard hydrogen storage and dispensing infrastructure will be discussed, emphasizing their role in enabling efficient refueling operations and extending the driving range of FCEVs. The review will highlight recent advancements and emerging trends in
Key Words: fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen consumption measurement, flowmeter, thermal flow sensor, onboard vehicle systems, emerging trends. 1.BACKGROUND Fuel cell technology has a rich history spanning over two centuries. Its roots can be traced back to the groundbreaking work of Sir William Grove in 1839 when he first demonstrated the principle of converting chemical energy into electricity through hydrogen and oxygen. Throughout the 20th century, fuel cell research progressed steadily, buoyed by interest from both scientific and industrial communities. NASA's involvement in the 1960s propelled fuel cells into the spotlight, especially with the development of the Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) fuel cell for space missions. Despite early successes, commercialization faced hurdles due to high costs and technical challenges. However, the late 20th century saw significant strides in cost reduction and
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