International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 05 | May 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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REVIEW ON AUTOMOTIVE BRAKE FRICTION MATERIALS Vijaykumar B P 1, Chandrashekar M2, Abhishek kumar K 3 Prasad E 4 Usha k 5 1Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology and
Management, Ballari, Visveswaraya Technological University , Belagavi, Karnataka, India 2-5 UG Student ,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ballari Institute of Technology and Management, Ballari, Visveswaraya Technological University , Belagavi, Karnataka, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract Frictional brake lining materials are broadly made
pads. This invention came during her first long and historic distance trip by a car in 1888(Blau, 2001)[8]. The earliest brake pad material was woven, but in the early1920's, moulded materials which were made of crysotilefibres, a plentiful mineral were used to replace it. In the 1950's, metallic pads that were resin–bonded were introduced, and semi–metals which contain higher amount of metal additives were developed in the 1960s (Nicholson 1995). Industrial brake pads usually contain many constituents such as ceramic particles and fibres, metallic chips, minerals solid lubricants and elastomers in a matrix material like phenolic resin. Also, Ole–Von et al. (2005) investigated the use of antimony in brake pads. The results show that the use antimony (Sb) in friction materials should be suspended as it posed a human cancer risk due to considerable concentrations of Sb in the material. Agricultural products are also emerging as inexpensive and new materials in the development of brake pad material with commercially viability and environmental acceptability (Bledzki and Gassan, 1999)[11]. Cyraetal.(2001) reported that among the different kinds of agricultural products investigated, lignocelluloses fillers are most times considered as attractive materials to be utilised as fillers of thermoplastic polymers due to its excellent properties. It is possible to obtain composite materials with properties very similar to the existing synthetic–filler reinforced plastics with their superior properties such as low density, energy recovery, low cost, enhanced recyclability and biodegradability. Garcia et al. (2007), Bledzki and Gassan (1999) and Seki, (2006), also reported the use of rice husk thatone of the agricultural products which can be potentially utilised as fillers in friction pad production is the. It was stated that rice is the most important food crop grown and planted in the world today and they can be grinded and burned at low temperature. This burning and grinding process produced white ashes which consist of about 80% silica. The rice straw comprises of 20% hemicelluloses, 30% cellulose and lignin, 10% water and about 15% mineral ash. This mineral ash is composed mainly of 95% silica, insoluble silicates of iron, aluminium, calcium and magnesium (Van–Hoest, 2006)[15].Concerted efforts have been channelled towards replacing asbestos and other carcinogenic materials in the production of brake pads. In the work of Nakagawa et al. (1986), metal fibres were used in the production of brake pads so as to counter the environmental pollution caused by asbestos.During this study, a semi– metallic type of pad material was developed from chattered–
of asbestos as their constituent. But asbestos is dangerous for handling due to health hazardous. Asbestos has ample physical, mechanical and tribological properties. The material replacing it should have all these properties with no undermine. In this paper a study on asbestos base and asbestos free brake lining material is presented. Purpose behind this is combining the demerits of asbestos free and asbestos base materials with comparable properties. Some organic waste from farm like banana peel, palm kernel shell, were also tested for the replacement of asbestos and they found worth through comparison with each other Key Words: material, mechanical properties, tribological properties, environment, friction
1. INTRODUCTION Brake pad material is a heterogeneous substance composed of different elements. Each constituent element has its own functions which include improvement of at low and high temperature, reduce noise, prolong life, increase strength and rigidity as well as reduce porosity. Changes in the weight percentage or types of elements in the formulation may result to the alteration of the chemical, mechanical and of the brake pad materials developed (Jang et al., 2004; Cho et al., 2005 and Mutlu et al., 2005; Zaharudin et al., 2012)[1]. Early researchers have concluded that no simple correlation exist between wear and friction properties of frictional materials with the mechanical and physical properties (Talibet.1al.,2006;Todorovic, 1987 and Tanaka et al., 1973)[6]. As a result, each new formulation developed requires to be subjected to several tests to evaluate its wear and friction properties using on–road braking performance test as well as abrasion testing mechanism to ensure that the developed friction pad material meets the minimum requirements of its intended use (Talib et al., 2006).Modern brake pad development has history spanning over the past 100 years. Herbert Frood was credited to be the first to invent brake pad materials in 1897. This pad was a cotton– based material that was used for wagon wheels as well as early automobiles and coupled with bitumen solution. This invention led to the formation of the manufacturing company known as Ferodo Company, a firm which still supplies frictional materials till date. Bertha Benz, the wife of Carl Benz was the first to invent patented automobile friction
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