International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 04 | Apr 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Spatial Distribution of Groundwater Quantity and Quality in Neeva basin, Chittoor District, India Shanmukha Srinivas Gorantla 1*, Prudhvitej Immadi2, Pradeep Kumar G N 1 1 Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University College of Engineering, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh,
India. 2 Indian Administrative Service, Government of Andhra Pradesh.
------------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract - The present study is to use Geographic Information System (GIS) for determining the best areas having groundwater quantity and quality in Neeva basin. Themes such as slope, rainfall, groundwater level and land use/land cover was developed in GIS. Thematic layers were weighed and groundwater potential zones map was developed through weighted overlay analysis. Results indicated that 80.26 (61.27 %), 26.07 (19.9%) and 24.67 (18.83%) sq.km. of area has good, moderate and poor groundwater potential. On the other hand, National Sanitation Foundation method was applied for evaluating water quality index in the basin at 43 observation wells and samples were tested for physico-chemical analysis for eight parameters and study revealed that 20.93%, 74.42% and 4.65% of area has good, moderate and poor quality of groundwater. Based on the obtained results, some suggestions for groundwater management in general and for the basin in specific were made.
Keywords: Groundwater Potential, Groundwater Quality, GIS, landuse, Water Policy 1.
Introduction
Water has been, is, and will be one of the most important resources for the survival of mankind. Most of the cities and towns are built on the banks of rivers or some water bodies (Ahmad et. al, 2005). Water is required for drinking, irrigation, industrial and commercial purposes. Sustainable Development Goal no 6 aims to “Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all” (UN Resolution). Rapid increase in population and use of natural resources are hampering our efforts to achieve this goal. A multitude of factors have caused surface water a less commonly used source of water, especially in India (GEC, 1997; GEC, 2015). Throughout the arid and dry regions of the country, the people depend on the groundwater resource to meet their water requirements because groundwater is relatively purer with respect to surface water and easier to obtain in these parts of the country. This makes groundwater is an important, finite resource and is an essential part of the hydrological cycle. Hence, it becomes very imperative for everyone in general and administrators in specific to understand the hydrological cycles manage the diminishing resource of groundwater (Anu et. al. 2012; Rehman et. al., 2024). It is necessary to understand the dynamics of groundwater so that they could be properly monitored and managed. Quantification of groundwater resources if very critical and no single comprehensive technique not yet identified for estimating accurate groundwater assessment (Sutradhar et. al., 2022). The main reason behind this is that accurate estimation needs a multidisciplinary approach to the problem. Various physical, geological, morphological and hydrological properties of the surface determine the groundwater environment (Maitre et. al., 1999). The first order indicators such as recharge or discharge zones, moisture content of soil and vegetation are directly related to the groundwater system (Atar Singh et. al., 2024). The second order indicators are rock types, soil, structures, fractures, landforms, drainage and anthropogenic activities on surface (Magesh et. al., 2012). These are a fair number of surface indicators, which can provide information for groundwater (Tariq et. al., 2023; Naik and Awasthi, 2003).
2. Material and Methods 2.1 Study Area Andhra Pradesh is a predominantly agrarian state located in the Eastern coast of the country. Three major rivers namely Godavari, Krishna and Pennar run across the state. A major part of the area is underlined by gneissic complex, sedimentary and alluvial formations. The alluvial formations are confined mainly in the delta region where the tube wells yield from 1560 cu.m./hr. Rainfall in the state varies from 561 mm in Rayalaseema Region to about 1113 mm in the north-eastern part of the state. This study was carried out in Neeva River, Chittoor District which lies in between 12037’ - 14000’ North longitudes and 78003’ - 79055’ East latitudes with an aerial extent of 15151-sq.km. The district is having population of 41.74 lakhs (Census, 2011) of which urban population is 12.31 lakhs and rural population is 29.43 lakhs. Neeva River is one of the major tributaries of the Ponnai River that flows through the district. It starts near Bhumireddipalle village and
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