International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 03 | Mar 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Measurement of Evaporation Using Pan Evaporation Rohith A1 Ashwini L K2 Pradeep C R2 1Mtech Student, Department of civil engineering, Bangalore institute of technology, Karnataka, India-560004.
2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarajeswari college of engineering, Karnataka, India-
560074.
3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Bangalore institute of technology, Karnataka, India-560004.
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Abstract - Pan Evaporation is the process of Evaporation
Evaporation rate is measured in the stilling well with the help of hook gauge. For ISI standard pan width was 1220 mm and depth were 255 mm, this is made up of copper sheets and should be placed 100mm above ground level. For Colorado sunken pan width was 920 mm and depth was 460 mm, this is made up of galvanized iron sheets and it was buried into the ground within 100 mm of the top. For USGS Floating pan width was 900 mm and depth were 450 mm, this was constructed on the surface of lakes or large water bodies for floating. As per this research the pans which discussed earlier was invented by researchers and those pans shows good results on evaporation. As per National weather service Class A pan is most widely used pan because of its best results.
which is influenced by various factors such as Meteorological Parameters. Small pan evaporation test is conducted in the Bidadi region of Ramanagara district for various Water Samples such as Fresh water, Salt water, Sewage water for two different exposure conditions such as Open field and Poly covered house. The Test results revealed that Open field exposure condition tend to produce greater evaporation compare to poly covered house and as per our study Fresh water has more evaporation rate than the Salt water and Sewage water. From this study small evaporation pan can also give good results and can replace large conventional evaporation pans. Key Words: Small Pan Evaporation, open field, Poly covered house, Fresh water, Salt water, Sewage water.
Our study aim is to make the cheapest evaporation instrument, during the research we got to know that small pan Evaporation is the best way to exhibit that so we consider small pan evaporation method, since now no researchers in India willing to use small pan evaporation method for only reason that except small evaporation pan all the evaporation pans having approved or certified pan coefficient values Kp, and having a standard dimension. As per the national weather data the pan coefficient For US class A pan ranges from (0.6 to 0.8), For ISI evaporation pan (0.65 to 1.10), For colorado sunken pan (0.75 to 0.86), For USGS floating pan (0.7 to 0.82), from this study observation small evaporation pan coefficient ranges from (1.1 to 1.4).
1.INTRODUCTION Evaporation is the process where liquid state of matter converted into a gaseous state of matter in the presence of heat. Technically evaporation occurs when some water molecule attains sufficient kinetic energy to break through the water surface and escape into atmosphere. Temperature, Wind speed, Surface area, Humidity are the main four factors which affects the rate of evaporation. There are so many methods to find evaporation rate such as Direct methods: Pan evaporation, Lysimeter and Indirect methods: Penman equations, Blaney criddle method, energy and water budget method. The above methods are invented by specialists, researchers.
The objective of this study is to Evaluate the efficiency of small evaporation pan under poly covered condition. To evaluate the efficiency of small evaporation, pan under open field condition. To reveal the the importance of using pan evaporation for irrigation scheduling. To reveal the evaporation rate of different water samples in different exposure condition.
This research study is based on Pan evaporation, pan evaporation is a measurement of evaporation which consider the effects of different climatic conditions such as temperature, rain fall, humidity, drought, solar radiations and wind speed. Evaporation is more in summer season: hot, windy, sunny days and evaporation is less in Rainy season: cloudy, rainy, humid. There are five different evaporation pans such as, US Class A evaporation pan, ISI Standard evaporation pan, Colorado Sunken evaporation pan, USGS floating pan and small evaporation pan. The basic concept is, for US Class A pan the diameter of pan was 1210 mm and height or depth is 255 mm, it is made up of galvanized iron sheets, the pan should be placed at a height of 150 mm above the ground with the help of wooden platform or base,
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2.MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study was carried out in the Bidadi region of the Ramanagara district Karnataka - 562109. Exactly our study location is 77°24′47.63 E longitude and 12°46′27.91 N latitude and 32 km from Bangalore and nearby farmers uses Nelligudde lake water as a source through a small channel which is situated near the study area, the average annual rainfall is about 952 mm. The climate is generally
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