International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 03 | Mar 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Liquid Cooled Thermal Management System for Lithium-Ion Batteries: A recent review Kirti Mangliya1, Vivek Trivedi2 1ME Scholar, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Gujarat, India. 2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Automobile Engineering, L.D. College of Engineering, Gujarat, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Traditional fuels and internal combustion engines are the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions and cause
environmental pollution. Electric vehicles (EV) are considered a green energy solution for a pollution-free future. The importance of the environment has grown significantly in recent years, and companies operating in several technological sectors are moving towards environmentally friendly solutions. One of the most discussed topics in the automotive industry is lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and their battery thermal management systems (BTMS). Electric cars use Li-ion batteries for energy storage and have many challenges, such as low efficiency at low and high temperatures, high temperature electrode life, and safety issues related to the thermal drainage of Li-ion batteries, which directly affect performance, vehicle reliability, price and safety. Overheating caused by the movement of electrons during chemical reactions during the process of charging and discharging at high temperatures can cause batteries to die. That’s why an efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is one of the most important technologies for the long-term success of electric vehicles. As the use of lithium-ion batteries increases, higher demands are placed on battery thermal management systems. Compared with other cooling methods, liquid cooling is an effective cooling method that can control the maximum temperature and maximum temperature difference of the battery within a reasonable range. This article reviews the latest research on thermal management systems for liquid-cooled batteries from the perspective of indirect liquid cooling. Key Words: electric vehicle; battery thermal management system; liquid cooling; indirect liquid cooling; CFD simulations; heat transfer
1. INTRODUCTION As the energy crisis and environmental pollution become prominent, the vigorous development of clean energy, the improvement of the environment and the promotion of green and low CO 2 construction have become an important task. Conventional fuel vehicles run mainly on non-renewable fossil energy, which not only consumes more fossil energy, but also produces emissions that contribute to the greenhouse effect. In this context, electric vehicles have attracted much attention due to their advantages such as low pollution and high efficiency [1]. A central task in the development of electric vehicles is to find a suitable energy storage system that allows battery vehicles to drive for a long time and accelerate quickly. Current lithium-ion batteries (LIB’s) have been widely used in electric vehicles and have high specific energy, high specific capacity, low self-discharge rate, high voltage, relatively long service life and good recyclability is considered the most suitable energy storage for electric vehicles [2]. However, the operating and uniform storage temperature affects the performance of Li-ion batteries. In general, the optimal operating temperature range of Li-ion batteries is 15-40°C, and the maximum temperature difference of the batteries should be regulated within 5°C [3]. The maximum temperature rise is the maximum difference between the battery temperature and the ambient temperature. The maximum temperature difference is the maximum difference value stored in the battery. High temperatures increase the reaction rate resulting in higher power and output but at the same time cause even higher temperatures and increased heat load [4]. If the heat is not dissipated at least as fast as it is generated in the batteries, temperatures can rise uncontrollably, leading to degradation of materials and components or even thermal runaway of the batteries. Thermal runaway is an event that leads to a sudden increase in temperature, gas formation and even battery explosion, which endangers the safety of the vehicle and its occupants [5]. Therefore, a reasonable and efficient battery thermal management system (BTMS) is necessary for the safe operation of the battery module and good charging and discharging performance. There are two main sources of heat production in a battery cell which are electrochemical action and joule heating caused by the movement of electrons in the battery cells [6]. The temperature of 15°C to 40°C provides ideal working conditions for lithium-ion batteries, and if the temperature rises above 50°C, it becomes harmful to the life of the batteries. Premature wear of even one cell can significantly reduce the performance and efficiency of the entire battery [7]. The main purpose of BTMS is to regulate the temperature of the battery cells and thus extend the life of the battery. Currently popular BTMSs can be divided into air cooling, liquid cooling, phase change material (PCM), heat pipes and composite cooling.
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