International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 01 | Jan 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
A Hybrid Routing Protocol to Support Mobility in LLNs Alaa Althalji1, Souheil Khawatmi2, Bader Aldin Kassab3 1PhD Student, Systems & Computer Networks, Aleppo University, Syria.
2Associated Professor, Systems & Computer Networks, Aleppo University, Syria. 3Associated Professor, Systems & Computer Networks, Aleppo University, Syria. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------1.1 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Abstract - The development of devices and Networks [3]: communication technologies has led to the concept of the
Internet of Things (IoT), aiming to connect everything to the Internet to facilitate communication and interaction between people and smart devices. However, smart devices often face limitations in power and memory. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard has low power consumption and bandwidth limitations, is well-suited for smart devices, and relies on the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL). Nonetheless, RPL lacks support for mobile nodes, posing challenges in achieving mobility without casuing overhead in low-power and lossy networks. This paper proposes HRP protocol which uses hybrid routing as an alternative to proactive routing in RPL. By using hybrid routing, updates in the routing table are reduced when nodes move, resulting in fewer control packets, so reduced overhead. A performance evaluation of HRP shows it is superior to the proposed protocols in previous studies. The proposed approach improved efficiency by minimizing updates and overhead, thus addressing the challenge of supporting mobile nodes in low-power and lossy networks. This research contributes to supporting mobile nodes without affecting the network performance.
The RPL routing protocol, developed by the Routing Over Low-Power and Lossy Networks (ROLL) group, is specified in RFC 6550. In RPL, a root node acts as a gateway to the Internet, enabling communication among devices in the network. The topology is organized as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) with the root node. The root node periodically sends DODAG Information Object (DIO) messages to invite neighboring nodes to connect with the root node. Each node that receives the DIO message and desires communication with the root node responds by sending a Destination Advertisement Object (DAO) message. This process continues until all nodes in the network are connected, as illustrated in Figure 1. To manage the timers for DIO messages and minimize overhead in the networks, so RPL uses the Trickle algorithm. The Trickle algorithm adjusts the transmission rate of control messages based on network stability. When an unstable state is detected, the transmission rate increases to spread the updates. Conversely, when the network stabilizes, the transmission rate decreases,reducing unnecessary overhead[4].
Key Words: Proactive, Reactive, Hybrid, IoT, LLN, RPL.
1.INTRODUCTION The Internet of Things (IoT) enables ubiquitous connectivity for smart devices, allowing them to connect to the Internet at any time and location [1]. Smart devices, characterized by low power and limited processing and memory capabilities, form a self-organizing network without the need for infrastructure, with nodes acting as routers. Smart devices utilize the IEEE 802.15.4 standard [2] and the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) [3]. However, RPL lacks support for mobile nodes, leading to increased overhead due to the transmission of additional control packets in the network.
Fig -1: Example of using RPL in network The parent node is selected using Objective Function (OF0) that depends on hop count. OF is developed to MRHOF (The Minimum Rank with Hysteresis Objective Function) [5], which the parent node is selected based on the value of the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) that determines the quality of the link.
So much research improved RPL to support moil nodes. Our paper proposes a lightweight hybrid routing protocol. Unlike reactive routing, the hybrid protocol minimizes the number of control packets and reduces the frequency of routing table updates compared to proactive routing. This approach is well-suited for devices with limited resources.
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1.2 Routing types There are three types of routing protocols: proactive, reactive, and hybrid. Proactive protocols maintain up-todate routing information in tables and scatter update
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