International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 01 | Jan 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Mass Fatality Incidence and Disaster Victim Identification- A Comprehensive Review Pragati Jain1* 1MSc Forensic science, University Institute of Applied Health Science, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
-------------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of managing mass fatalities resulting from disasters, with a specific focus on the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) process. Drawing insights from a wealth of data, the article navigates through the challenges and methodologies inherent in victim identification after mass disasters. Key aspects covered include the multidisciplinary nature of DVI, guided by international protocols such as those outlined by INTERPOL. Distinctions between open and closed disasters are explored, shedding light on their impact on DVI response strategies. Categorization into natural and human-made disasters illuminates the diverse dimensions of their effects. The review meticulously examines primary and secondary identification methods, encompassing friction ridge analysis, forensic odontology, DNA analysis, and anthropological considerations. It acknowledges the unique challenges presented by mass disasters, where traditional methods encounter limitations. Real-world applications are exemplified through case studies, including the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, 2013 Uttarakhand Catastrophe, and 2010 Haiti Earthquake. These cases underscore the importance of strategic planning, international collaboration, and adherence to protocols in the DVI process. The article serves as a valuable resource for professionals in disaster management, forensic sciences, and humanitarian efforts, providing a holistic overview of mass fatality incidents and the evolving nature of DVI practices. Through this analysis, the review contributes to a deeper understanding of the complexities involved in victim identification, offering insights for improved preparedness and response strategies in the face of future disasters. Keywords: Disaster Victim Identification (DVI), International protocols, Identification methods, Case studies, Preparedness and response strategies etc.
1. INTRODUCTION India is widely recognized as one of the most disaster-prone nations globally, with approximately 80% of its geographical area deemed susceptible to various natural disasters. Between 2000 and 2009, an average of 65 million individuals in India experienced the impact of disasters annually, encompassing 3.25 million pregnant and lactating mothers. Furthermore, each year, around 8.45 million children under the age of 5 are affected by disasters, with 1.25 million of them experiencing malnutrition [1], [2]. A disaster denotes a profound disturbance in the operational fabric of a society, leading to substantial human, material, or environmental casualties that exceed the afflicted community's capability to effectively mobilize its own resources. Disasters, whether arising from natural forces or human activities, typically manifest as unanticipated occurrences characterized by unpredictable and considerable magnitudes of devastation. Responding to and managing disasters has consistently posed one of society's most formidable challenges. Disasters, especially those of human origin, cannot be accurately predicted but frequently lead to numerous injuries and fatalities [3]. The identification of victims assumes a pivotal role following any disaster (Nuzzolese E, 2007). Post-disaster victim identification encompasses all methods and procedures employed in mass victim identification, with ethical considerations playing a crucial role in DNA identification of human biological material from mass disasters [4]. In instances of mass fatalities, specialists from diverse disciplines are mobilized to swiftly locate and repatriate the deceased to their next of kin. Victim identification is not solely driven by religious and personal motives but also holds significant social-legal implications [5]. The disaster victim identification process can be broadly categorized into five stages: scene investigation, mortuary procedures, collection of deceased information, reconciliation, and data destruction [6]. Internationally recognized guidelines, such as those outlined in the INTERPOL (International Police) DVI manual, stress the application of standard quality and the dignified and respectful treatment of victims. Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) encompasses a five-stage procedure: scene investigation, mortuary processes, collection of ante-mortem data, matching, and cross-examination [7]. The Interpol DVI Standing Committee initially published disaster victim identification guidelines in 1984, advocating for a multidisciplinary approach and "best practice" utilization in DVI operations [8].
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