International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 12 | Dec 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
BIODIESEL AND GLYCERINE FROM WASTE COOKING OILS: DIFFERENT METHODS AND THEIR EFFECTIVENESS Beena Kumari I P1, Aruldev A2, Aswathi P3, Sarath Krishna S4, Aleena S Kumar5 1 Asst. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ahalia School of Engineering and Technology, Kerala, India. 2UG Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ahalia School of Engineering and Technology, Kerala, India. 3UG Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ahalia School of Engineering and Technology, Kerala, India. 4UG Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ahalia School of Engineering and Technology, Kerala, India.
5UG Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Ahalia School of Engineering and Technology, Kerala, India.
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Abstract - The growing demand for renewable energy and
these oils for biodiesel production offers a dual benefit: it reduces waste disposal challenges while simultaneously contributing to the production of a sustainable energy source. Compared to virgin vegetable oils, WCOs offer multiple advantages, including lower raw material costs and a reduced environmental footprint. The process of converting waste into energy further enhances the ecological benefits, making WCO-based biodiesel a more sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional biodiesel sources (Dias et al., 2011).
rising environmental concerns have fueled increased research into producing biodiesel from waste cooking oils (WCOs). This review offers an in-depth examination of methods for producing both biodiesel and glycerin from WCOs from 2020 to 2024. It evaluates various transesterification approaches such as alkaline, acidic, enzymatic, and supercritical methods by assessing yield, purity, and economic feasibility. The study also explores glycerin processing, a key byproduct, and its diverse applications. In addition, it highlights the challenges and future outlook in biodiesel production from WCOs, emphasizing the critical role of sustainable practices and technological advancements. By addressing these factors, the review underscores the potential for WCO-based biodiesel and glycerin to make meaningful contributions to renewable energy solutions and environmental sustainability by addressing these factors.
The production of biodiesel from WCOs typically involves a chemical reaction known as transesterification. This process involves the conversion of triglycerides present in the oils into fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), which are the primary component of biodiesel, and glycerine as a by-product. Transesterification has become the most commonly employed method for biodiesel production due to its efficiency and established protocols in the industry. This chemical reaction allows for the transformation of the raw WCO material into a high-quality biodiesel fuel suitable for various applications (Freedman et al., 1984). Over the past few years, a number of advanced transesterification methods and modifications have been introduced to improve biodiesel yields, reduce the need for costly reagents, and increase overall efficiency.
Key Words: WCOs, FAMEs, FFAs, Transesterification, NaOH, Methanol, Glycerine, Biodiesel.
1. Introduction Fossil fuels have long been the dominant source of energy worldwide. However, their adverse environmental impacts, such as the release of greenhouse gases and air pollutants, have led to growing concerns over their sustainability. These environmental challenges have prompted an accelerated global shift toward renewable energy sources, which are seen as essential to mitigating climate change and ensuring energy security in the future. Among these renewable alternatives, biodiesel has emerged as a promising substitute for conventional diesel fuel. Derived from vegetable oils and animal fats, biodiesel is not only renewable and biodegradable but also reduces dependence on fossil fuels. It has been widely regarded as an eco-friendly solution to reduce emissions and improve air quality (Knothe et al., 2005).
This review aims to comprehensively examine the methods used for biodiesel and glycerine production from WCOs between 2020 and 2024. The focus will be on evaluating the effectiveness of these methods in terms of biodiesel yield, fuel purity, and economic feasibility. By reviewing and comparing recent advancements, this paper provides an updated understanding of the most promising techniques and their potential for large-scale implementation. Through this analysis, the review will contribute to the ongoing development of biodiesel production strategies, addressing both environmental and economic concerns
Waste cooking oils (WCOs), which are abundantly available and inexpensive, have gained considerable attention in recent years as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. WCOs, which are typically discarded after use in households, restaurants, and food processing industries, are a significant source of waste in many regions. The reuse of
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2. Methods for Biodiesel Production from WCOs Several methods have been utilized for biodiesel production from WCOs, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. This section delves into the most commonly
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