International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 01 | Jan 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Impact of Electric Vehicle (EV) Adoption on Power Transmission System Suman Mysore Senior Transmission Engineer, Pittsburg, California, USA ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - Governments across the globe are increasingly
vehicles reduce carbon emissions considerably. In fact, according to the United States Department of Energy, electric vehicles produce zero direct emissions [3]. Unlike conventional vehicles, whose combustion engines require more parts to manufacture and assemble, electric vehicle engines are simple and hence do not require more parts, further reducing the carbon footprint of electric vehicle manufacturing. Overall, multiple studies agree that electric vehicles can reduce carbon emissions by 50 to 70 percent.
adopting policies to encourage the adoption of electric vehicles. While this move has numerous benefits for the climate, it raises new concerns about its ramifications on the grid. This piece of writing discusses the impact of EV charging on the grid and explores some of the upgrades that can be implemented on the grid to reinforce it for EV charging. Key Words: Grid, Power supply, Electric vehicles, EV chargers, Voltage, Systems.
Although the proliferation of electric vehicles is good for the environment, the widespread adoption of the technology has various impacts to the global power transmission infrastructure. Pure electric vehicles are solely powered by electricity. This implies that as masses adopt the technology, the pressure on power transmission systems will significantly increase. Widespread adoption of the technology will mandate grid upgrades and the development of new infrastructure to support the new demand. These upgrades may involve increasing power supply to meet the surging demand, developing charging points, and securing the grid from downtimes such as those caused by cyber threats. This piece of writing discusses the projected assimilation of electric vehicles and the impact of the adoption to power systems, and explores some of the strategies that can be exploited to enhance the efficacy of power systems to meet the increased demand.
1. INTRODUCTION Climate change is emerging as one of the major problems in the 21st century. The deteriorating weather patterns across the globe are not only affecting food security and undermining the quality of ecosystems but also displacing populations and leading to the loss of species. According to the United Nations, weather conditions such as frequent severe storms, increased drought, floods, and heat waves, which stem from climate change, are not only hindering food production but also impeding other economic activities [1]. Extreme weather events combined with air pollution aggravate diseases and mental health. Although climate change can be attributed to a myriad of factors, evidence suggests that fossil fuels are the main drivers of climate change.
2. ELECTRIC VEHICLES ADOPTION
According to a UN report, fossil fuels are by far the largest contributors to global climate change, accounting for over 75 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions and nearly 90 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions [1]. According to the United States Department of Energy, highway vehicles release about 1.5 billion tons of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere each year [2]. The report further notes that each gallon of gasoline produces 20 pounds of greenhouse gas, translating to 5 to 9 tons each year for a standard vehicle. As the global economy and population continue to grow, the number of highway vehicles will also continue to surge. This implies that the quantity of greenhouse gas emissions will worsen in the future, causing more implications for the climate.
The presence of electric vehicles in the global market has significantly grown over the past decade. According to Gomez-Ramirez et al, only 120,000 electric vehicles were sold globally in 2012 [4]. In 2021, this number had surged to 6.6 million, denoting a growth of over 5400 percent in just 10 years. They further note that by 2021, electric cars accounted for 10 percent of global car sales, and more than 16.5 million users were driving electric cars. In 2022, electric car sales were 75 percent higher compared to 2021 sales. The International Energy Agency (IEA) asserts that electric car sales have been growing at an annual rate of 60 percent and projects that over 130 million electric vehicles will be in use by 2030. According to Automotive Dive, electric vehicles will account for 62 percent to 86 percent of global car sales by 2030 [5]. Goldman Sachs report projects that by 2040, electric vehicles' annual sales will reach 73 million [6]. The report further notes that developed markets, such as the European Union, may completely get rid of tailpipe cars by
To combat the impact of automobiles on the climate, world governments have launched initiatives to promote the adoption of vehicles with low carbon footprints on the environment. Such vehicles are electric vehicles, commonly abbreviated as EVs. With no exhaust pipe, pure electric
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