International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 11 | Nov 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
A NOVEL TRIANGULAR CONFIGURATION OF A RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA ARRAY FOR 2.45 GHz RF ENERGY HARVESTING John Nyamekye Ansah1, John Kojo Annan1 1Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Mines and Technology, Tarkwa, Ghana
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Abstract – In this paper, a novel compact-sized 3-element
systems and mobile base stations. A significant portion of the EM energy transmitted by these sources go to waste in free space even before reaching their intended target. Consequently, there exist an abundance of EM energy in space that can be trapped and converted into usable DC voltage to power these low-power electronic devices [1], [6], [7]. Thus, RF energy harvesting plays an imperative role in facilitating the development of battery-free devices [8].
rectangular patch antenna array with triangular configuration is proposed for radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting applications. The antenna operates effectively within the 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi band and measures a high gain of 11.24 dBi. Rogers RT 5880 is used as the dielectric substrate, with a dielectric constant of ε_r = 2.2, a loss tangent of δ = 0.0009 and the overall antenna size is 165 mm x 200 mm x 1.65 mm. The return loss and Voltage Signal Wave Ratio (VSWR) are recorded as -32.886 dB and 1.0464 respectively indicating minimal reflection and excellent impedance matching. The antenna achieved a total efficiency of 89.41 %. The design and simulation were performed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio 2019 software. The proposed antenna demonstrates satisfactory performance, making it suitable for deployment in RF energy harvesting applications.
The RF energy harvesting process involves collecting ambient RF power, primarily from wireless power transmission between a transmitter and receiver across long distances [2]. This technique has acquired significant research interest, driven by the increasing availability of RF energy from frequency bands such as GSM (900 MHz, 1800 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz), LTE (2600 MHz), Wi-Fi (2.4 GHz, 5 GHz), and WiMAX (3.5 GHz) [1]. Studies indicate that RF energy is densely concentrated within the 1700 MHz to 2650 MHz range [8]. An RF-EH system typically includes an impedance matching network (IMN), a rectifier, receiving antenna [2], and an energy storage system (ESS) [3] as depicted in Figure 1.
Key Words: RF Energy Harvesting, Microstrip Patch Antenna, Antenna Array, CST-MWS software
1. INTRODUCTION The recent rapid development in technology and improvements in wireless communication systems have resulted in a significant increase in the use of low-power wireless devices [1]. These portable electronic devices facilitate fluid communication among themselves and with their users by emitting electromagnetic (EM) energy through free space. Therefore, their energy requirements must be met in a sustainable and cost-effective manner [1], [2]. In the pursuit of adopting renewable energy sources, energy harnessed from ambient environment emerges as an ideal solution for powering these low-power devices [3], particularly given the environmental concerns associated with non-renewable power sources such as batteries and the cost involved in replacing them [2]. Additionally, these wireless devices are often installed on equipment with high maintenance costs, in inaccessible places such as ocean depths and dangerous locations [4]. Energy harvesting provides the means of capturing ambient energy from sources such as thermal, wind, solar power and radio frequencies [5]. However, scavenging energy from solar, wind and thermal entails high establishment and maintenance cost [6]. In contrast, RF proves to be most favourable for ambient energy harvesting due to its low cost and the increasing availability of RF sources [2], including smartphones, radio and TV transmitters, Wi-Fi routers, radar
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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of the RF Energy Harvesting System The antenna plays a crucial role by gathering ambient RF signals in space and converting them into AC voltage. An optimised matching network is essential to ensure that maximum RF signal power from the antenna is transferred to the rectifier circuit. The rectifier then converts this AC voltage into DC voltage, which can be used by these wireless devices or to charge their batteries. RF power density is typically much lower compared to other ambient sources such as thermal, solar and wind due to the long propagation distance between the transmit and receiving antenna. Theoretical principles, such as the inverse
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