International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 11 Issue: 10 | Oct 2024
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Comparison of the effect of increased exhalation to inhalation time with mood enhancing and exercise activities on vagal tone estimated from heart rate variability Anjana Dwivedi1, Paulami Ganguly2 1Assistant Professor, Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra,
Ranchi-835215, Jharkhand, India
2MTech. Student, Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi-
835215, Jharkhand, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------physiological compartments while the body is at rest. Vagal Abstract
activity has a variety of effects, including reduced heart rate, glandular action in the heart, vasodilation of blood vessels, lungs, digestive tract, and liver, immune system regulation, and control of gastrointestinal sensitivity, motility, and inflammation [1, 2].
Background: Vagus nerve regulates various bodily compartments and processes while the body is at rest. Heart rate variability is a trait indicator of vagal tone and psychophysiological adaptability. Lower heart rates and more heart rate variability are typically linked to increased vagal tone. This study examines the effect of different lifestyle interventions on vagal tone and to see how they can affect general well-being.
Vagal tone is typically not directly quantified, instead, measurements of the vagus nerve-affected processes, such as heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), are made and used to represent vagal tone [3]. Lower heart rates and more heart rate variability are typically linked to increased vagal tone (and hence, enhanced vagal activity). Heart rate variability estimation is a recognized technique for assessing cardiac and emotional health and shows how sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in the autonomic nervous system is balanced. Heart rate variability (HRV) is the physiological occurrence of fluctuation in the time interval between heartbeats. HRV is measured by the fluctuation in the beat-to-beat interval [4].
Method: Sixty participants (N=60, Nfemale =27) aged 18-25 were recruited from Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra and equally divided into experimental and control groups. The participants were put in a controlled laboratory setting in a sitting position where their ECG readings were taken. Informed written consent was taken from all participants. Results: The fixed breathing with greater exhalation to inhalation ratio and mood enhancing interventions showed increase in RMSSD and HF Power indicating an increase in vagal tone. The exercise intervention showed decrease in RMSSD and HF Power indicating sympathetic activation. The p values for paced breathing, acute exercise and mood enhancing activity was less than 0.05 indicating the statistical significance of the hypothesis.
HRV can be estimated in the time domain, frequency domain, or using non-linear measurements. Even though the root mean square of successive differences between normal heartbeats (RMSSD) categorizes the parasympathetic influences of the autonomic nervous system on cardiovagal tone, time-domain measures are pretty much exclusive variations of the standard deviation of normal to normal R-R intervals (SDNN) that reflect overall HRV [5, 6].
Conclusion: We concluded that fixed breathing with greater exhalation to inhalation ratio is one of the best ways to relax the body after stress and it is also good for the body in the long term as it shows the maximum increase in vagal tone.
The frequency-domain approach, in contrast to the timedomain, calculates the heart rate's power spectral density distribution into four frequency bands (high [0.15-0.4Hz], low [0.04-0.15Hz], very-low [0.003-0.04Hz], and ultra-low [0.003 Hz] frequency power), allowing for a reasonably excellent separation of the HRV components that represent the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems [7].
Key Words: Heart Rate Variability, HF power, pNN50, mood enhancing activity, paced breathing, RMSSD, short term exercise, SDNN, Vagal tone
1.INTRODUCTION Vagal tone is the activity of the vagus nerve, which is the tenth cranial nerve, and also a fundamental autonomic nervous system component of the parasympathetic branch. The fundamental role of this unconsciously managed nervous system component is to regulate various
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The parasympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart's cardiovagal activity, which in turn drives the high-frequency (HF) band of HRV, which corresponds with RMSSD [8].
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