International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 10 Issue: 04 | Apr 2023
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
“A Systematic Review of HCR, PDR, and ARR-Based Approaches for Enhancing Bloody Fingerprint Evidence” Pawan Mandal, Isha Rajput ----------------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------Abstract With the development of new reagents, sophisticated materials, and cutting-edge processes during the past ten years, the field of blood fingerprint enhancement has made considerable advancements. Blood fingerprint enhancement is an important part of forensic science, even though it is not as visually appealing as latent fingerprint development. It provides important evidence for identity verification, forensic investigation, and crime scene reconstruction. For improving blood fingerprints, conventional chemical reagents that target heme, protein, and amino acids are frequently utilised. These reagents have been modified and optimized to improve sensitivity, selectivity, and contrast. However, false positives remain a significant concern, and partial blood fingerprint enhancement is still challenging. Emerging enhancement techniques based on advanced materials, new equipment, or methods have also shown great potential. For instance, magnetic nanoparticles, fluorescent dyes, and micro-structured surfaces have been used to enhance blood fingerprints with high sensitivity and specificity. However, the compatibility of blood enhancement techniques with DNA analysis remains a crucial issue.Other critical issues in forensic science related to blood fingerprint enhancement include fingerprint age determination, the development of standard operating procedures, and the validation of enhancement techniques. Additionally, the use of blood enhancement techniques in different environmental conditions and substrates requires further investigation. To address these issues, researchers in the field must collaborate to establish a standardized protocol for blood fingerprint enhancement, develop techniques with low false-positive rates and high sensitivity and specificity, and investigate the compatibility of enhancement techniques with DNA analysis. In conclusion, blood fingerprint enhancement is a vital area of forensic science, and recent advances in conventional chemical reagents and emerging techniques have provided promising avenues for further research. However, there are still many critical issues that need to be addressed before blood fingerprint enhancement can reach its full potential in forensic science.
Keywords: Fingerprint enhancement; reconstruction; nanoparticles; Amino acids; validation; emerging techniques 1. Introduction Fingerprints have maintained their unparalleled importance in forensic science since Henry Faulds first discovered their evidential value over a century ago [1]. With the unique ridge details, lifetime invariability, and detectability at crime scenes, fingerprints remain the gold standard for identification [2]. Despite the advent of modern technologies, such as DNA analysis, the individuality of fingerprints and their ability to link a suspect to a crime scene has never been shaken [3]. In the realm of forensic investigation, there are two primary forms of fingerprints: latent and patent [4]. While patent fingerprints are visible to the naked eye, most prints found at crime scenes are latent or invisible. This has led to a greater focus on the development of latent fingerprints by forensic investigators and researchers in chemistry, materials science, and optical science [5]. In recent decades, there has been a surge of interest in the combination of nanotechnology and fluorescence imaging for the detection of latent fingerprints [6]. This innovative approach has resulted in higher sensitivity, higher contrast, and higher selectivity in latent fingerprint detection. As a result, forensic scientists can now extract more information from latent prints than ever before, aiding in the identification and prosecution of criminals [7]. Contrary to popular belief, blood fingerprints can sometimes be patent marks, meaning that specific treatment is not required to visualize them [8]. However, this doesn’t mean that development methods for blood fingerprints are given less attention. In fact, despite their potential visibility, it is still necessary to use specific methods to enhance their visibility in cases where the bloodstain is blurry due to low amounts or longer aging times, or when the background color is similar to that of the bloodstain. It is a well-known fact that blood can often contaminate fingerprints found at crime scenes, especially in cases of violent crimes [9] However, with the help of advancements in technology and materials, there have been significant developments in
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