“Study of Geosynthetics and use of Non – Woven Green Geocomposite Blanket for Erosion Control and Sl

“Study of Geosynthetics and use of Non – Woven Green Geocomposite Blanket for Erosion Control and Slope Protection for Embankment”

Student, M. Tech Transportation engineering, SRCEM (PALWAL) INDIA

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Abstract – Geosynthetics are versatile material made of eithernaturalorartificialfiberslikejute, coconut, hemp, coir or synthetic polymeric fibers. Geosynthetics have application in Geotechnical Engineering, Marine Engineering, and Environmental Engineering. Geosynthetic used with soil improve it strength by modifying its properties. In geotechnical, engineering Geosysthetics have a number of application like – soil reinforcement for MSE wall, Slope stabilization,andimprovebearingcapacityofweaksub – soil, drainage, Erosion Control, soil stabilization. Geotextile, Geogrids, Geocomposite, Geocells, Geonets, Geomembranes, Geofoam,Pre – FabricatedVerticalDrainaremaineighttype of Geosynthetics.

The primary functions of a Geosynthetics are Reinforcement, Separation, Filtration, Drainage, Barrier Protection, and Surficial Erosion Control. However, in some cases the Geosynthetic have dual function. Geotextile, Geocell and Geocomposite blanket are mainly use for Erosion control element for Embankment of railway & highway and Landfilling side slope protection. Embankment slope erosion and failure due to rainfall & wind is one of the most difficult problem in Geotechnical Exposed soil surface of road embankmentssideslopessubjectedtoimpactofraindropsand wind velocity that creates detachment of soil particles, this causeErosionTherefore,weneedtoprotectthesoilandslope with environmental friendly and sustainable product.

Key Words: Geosynthetics, Geotextile, Geocells, Geocomposite, Erosion Control, Slope Stabilization, Reinforecement,Filtration,Separation.

1. INTRODUCTION

“Geosynthetics”aremadeofsyntheticandnaturalfibers.It has high tensile strength, which is used to improve properties of soil in geotechnical engineering, Marine Engineering,andEnvironmentalEngineering. Geosyntheic usewithsoilformodifyingtheengineeringpropertiesand improve strength of weak soil. Natural and artificial both typeoffibersusedforgeosynthticsmanufacturing.Coconut coir, hemp, jute are some natural product used for geosyntheticinIndiaonwidelevelbecauseIndiahashuge production capacity. Natural geosynthetic like coconut coirmat,jutecoirmatandothernaturalproductusedinindia onlargescale,thesehavingapplicationasreinforcementfor

low–volumeroad,erosioncontrolelementforembankment slope,actasbarrierforsmallreservoir.

 Natural:Coir,Jute,Hemp(Cannabissativa)

 Artificial:Polymericandmetallic.

The long and short-term properties of geosynthetics depends on the polymer, which is used to make geosynthetic.. Polyester and polypropylene are the most widely used synthetic polymers, followed by nylon and polyethylene.

Permeablegeosyntheticmadeoftextilematerialsis called geotextile. Geotextiles aremade by weaving together a varietyofdifferenttypesoffibersandthreadstocreateflat, textile-likestructures(Holtzetal,1997).Staplefibers,which areshorterfilaments,maybelongfilaments,verylongthin typeofapolymer,between20and150millimetersinlength. Inmostgeotextiles,nonwovenandwovenmaterialsmakeup the bulk of the material. Nonwoven textiles are made by continuously extruding, spinning, blowing, or otherwise depositing synthetic polymer strands or filaments on a moving belt. After the filaments have been mechanically entangledbyabedofneedlesorheat-bonded,thenonwoven massiseitherneedle-punchedorheat-bonded.

It is possible to employ Geosynthetics for filtration and drainage as well as separation and strengthening. Geotextiles, which functioned as filtration layer in coastal andriverbank area,prevent soilfrom entering riprapand otherarmormaterials.Low-permeabilitysoilsmaydrained usinggeotextilesorgeocompositesasdrainagemedium.In order to keep the design thickness and integrity of the highway intact, geotextiles are employed as separators between the road foundation materials and the soft subgrade.Asastructuralmaterial,geotextilesandgeogrids may utilized to strengthen a soil matrix by increasing its tensilestrength.

1.1 Types Of Geosynthetics:

Geosyntheticsmaycategorizedintomanygroupsdepending on manufacturing process. According to International SocietyofGeosynthetics,theyareclassifiedintofollowing:

1. Geotextile

2. Geogrid

8.

1. GEOTEXTILE: Geotextilesaretheprimarygeosynthetic tobeintroduceintotheengineeringusealongwiththe soils.Geotextileisasheetlikeproduct,whichareeither naturalor,artificialusedforvariouspurpose.Geotextile arepermeable,allowtopassthewaterthrough,henceit actasseparation&filtrationlayer.Otherapplicationare drainage,erosioncontrolsheetforslope&subsoiland reinforcement. Synthetic fibers make them textiles in the conventional sense. Because of their inability to decompose,theyhavealongerexpectedusefullife. Now a day very high strength geotextile are manufacture up to 700KN/m. Although the level to which geotextiles are permeable to liquid flow varies widely,allgeotextilesareporoustosomedegree.

ThegeotextileareavailableinGSM(Gramspersquare). TherearetwotypeofGeotextile:

a. WovenTypeGeotextile

b. Non–WovenGeotextile

2. GEOGRIDS: Geogrids,whicharepolymersmoldedinto an open, grid-like pattern, have large spaces between the machine's individual ribs and across the machine directions. The geogrid having large opening so, have excellentinterlockingwithaggregatemediaorsoilwhen the geogird are sandwiched between these materials layer. Stiff polymer geogrids generate a mechanically stabilizedlayerinsidethesoilandtherebyincreaseits load-bearing capacity. Vertical loading cause lateral shearthathavepreventedbythegrid'sapertures,which containorconfineaggregateorsoilparticles. Geogridhasclassifiedasuniaxialandbiaxial:-

a. Uniaxial Geogrid – The plastic sheet stretched in longitudinal direction for production of uniaxial Geogrid. It possess high tensile strength in longitudinal direction,usedmainlyasreinforcement.

b. BiaxialGeogrid–Thisgeogridpossessequal tensile strength in both direction –longitudinal and transverse, because it stretchedinbothdirectionlongitudinaland transverse. These are also use as reinforcementanderosioncontrolsystem

3. GEONETS: Geonets are also a planner product and havingstructurelikegeogridconsistoffilamentintwo

directionlongitudinalandtransversebuttheiraperture openings are of shape like diamond. The filament of geonetistwodirectionalandtwoplanner.Geonetsare alsoknownasGeospacesometimes.Theseareusedfor liquidtransport;themajorfunctionofapipingsystemis to drain into the in-plane drainage zone. The main application of Geonet are – Erosion Control and Drainage.

4. GEOMEMBRANE: Geomembrane ispolymericsheets that are impermeable to liquids, are often utilized as liningsandcoveringsforstoragefacilities i.e. landfills, reservoirs,canals,andothercontainmentstructures.As a result, the fundamental role of the barrier is always one of containment. In addition to geo-environmental applications,thenumberofapplicationsingeotechnical, transportation, and hydraulic engineering is steadily increasing.

5. GEOPIPES: Geopipes are polymeric pipes having a strong wall. It has wall of two type – solid and perforatedbasedonrequirement.Geopipeareusedto drainageandtransportationpurposeofliquidsorgas, oil and other liquid. A geotextile filter has be used to cover the perforated pipe in certain situations. The geopipe have huge application in wastewater transportation (Sewage transportation) because it is highlysustainableinchemicalactionofsewage.

6. GEOCELL: Geocellsarethree–dimensionalstructureit is manufactured by welding ultrasonically the perforated HDPE sheet hence when expanded in field this make honeycomb like structure act as cellular confinementsystem.Thisopenhoneycombedstructure maybefilledwithsoil/granularmaterial,concreteans othermaterialmakeitasreinforcedhencethebearing capacityandmanoeuvreabilityonlooseorweaksubsoil base increased. Geocell is also known as Cellular Confinement Systems (CCS).

GeocellaremadeofHDPEsheethavingthicknessabout 1 -1.2mm and 1 – 1.5mm for plain and textured type respectively, the welding is done through of height havingintervalof300mm–450mmtogethoneycomb likeshapewhenexpended.

Geocell have applications in construction like canal lining, embankment reinforcement for highway & railwayembankmentanderosionprotectionsystemfor slopesurface,slopestability.

7. GEOFOAM: Whenapolymerexpands,itcreates"foam," whichismadeupofnumerousclosed,gas-filledcells. Theunexpandedpolymericsubstanceiswhatgivescell wallstheirskeletalstructure.Inmostcases,theresultis astackofmassive,buthighlylight,blocksthatmightuse

as lightweight fill in a wide variety of situations. Polystyreneisthemajortypeofusedformanufacturing ofgeofoam.

8. PRE – PERBRICATED VERTICAL DRAINS (PVD): The prefabricated vertical drain having shape of long flat tube,itismadeofacoreinsidesurroundedbywovenor non-woven Geotextile. In cross section of a prefabricated vertical drain consist of an outer core of a geotextilethatactsasafilterandthereisaninnercore that acts like the drainage medium. In addition, this innercorecouldbemadeofinthesimplePVDs,itcould bejustacorrugatedplasticsheet,plasticcoreorinmore complicatedsystems.

For construction of structures on soft cohesive soil, strata require ground improvement. For this type of groundimprovementourintentiontopreventbearing capacity failure or to avoid excessive total and differential settlements for foundation. The soft soils withverylowbearingcapacitybecauseoftheirlower shear strength, in this condition for improving the bearingcapacityofsoilandremovingtheexcesswater present inside the soil mass Pre – Fabricated Vertical drainsisused.ThePVDacceleratesconsolidationofsoft soil.Forconstructionofsubgrade&foundationonvery softclay,cohesivesoil,saturatedsoilPVDareused.

9. GEOSYNTHETIC CLAY LINERS (GCL): Thesearemade bysandwichingthegeomembranewithtwogeotextileat both side. Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) are key material having primarily application in landfills. GCL arealsoofpolymericandnaturalaccordingtotheirbase component. Sometimes for GCL manufacturing bentonite is use in core surrounded by geotextile by helpofchemicaladhesivesandneedling.

10. GEOCOMPOSITES : “Geocomposite - Combination of two different type of Geosynthetics” Combining geotextilesandothermaterialsinaprefabricatedunit has known as geocomposite. An ideal geocomposite shouldbeabletoprovidearangeofservicesincluding containment as well as the ability to filter and drain water.Prefabricatedverticaldrain,Drainagecomposite isexampleofgeocomposite, thisconsist oftwo part –innercoreandouterfiltrationlayer:

a. Innercore–maybeGeonetandothercorrugated plasticsheet.

b. Outercore–Geotextile.

1.2 Properties of Geosynthetics.

The performance and characteristics of geosynthetics depends in its application. , for different application have differentfunction.Theperformanceofgeosyntheticsdepends

on various factors - amount &rate of stress applied, temperature,durationtoexposetosunlight.

TheGeosyntheticstestedforvarious properties.Thereare followingpropertiesofGeosynthetics:

a. PhysicalProperties

b. MechanicalProperties

c. DegradationProperties

d. EnduranceProperties

The main objective of testing are:

a. Foridentificationofproduct.

b. For selecting the suitable product as per design requirementandstandard.

c. Forqualitycontrolduringmanufacturing.

d. Qualityassuranceduringapplicationstage.

Properties of Geotextile: Therearefollowingpropertiesof Geotextiles:

1. Physical Properties: Physical properties are fundamentalproperties.Theseare:-

a. SpecificGravity

b. Thickness

c. Massperunitarea

d. Stiffness.

2. Mechanical Properties:mechanicalpropertiesare basicallystrengthoftextile,theseare:-

a. Compressibility

b. Tensilestrength

c. Burststrength

d. Fatiguestrength

e. Teartest

f. Impacttest

g. Puncturetest

h. Pullouttest

i. Frictionbehavior

j. Impacttest.

3. Hydraulic Properties:hydraulicpropertiesarevery important because of its application in drainage, filtration,andpermeability.theseare:-

a. In–PlanePermeability

b. Cross–PlanePermeability

c. LongTermPermeability

d. GradientRatio

e. ApparentOpeningSize.

Properties of Geogrids: There following physical and Mechanicalproperties:

1. Apertureopening&percentopenarea-Thisdefines theinterlockingPropertieswhenhaveapplicationas reinforcementwithmateriallike(earth&aggregate).

2. Thicknessofribsandjunctions

3. Numbersofribspermeterlength

4. Masperunitarea(unitweight).

5. Tensile strength – This is very important when geogridusedasreinforcementlayer.

Tensile strength = (Peak tensile load * no of ribs pertmeterwidth)/No.ofribs.

6. Interfacefrictionalstrengthinshearandpullout.

7. Connection strength between facing blocks and Geogrids.

Properties of Geomembrane: Geomembranes having application in landfills and fluid flow barriers. There are followingtesthasconductedonGeomembranes:-

1. Thickness.

2. Density

3. Tensilestrength&elongation

4. Permeability

5. Peeltestonseams

6. Sheartestonseam

1.3 Functions of Geosynthetics.

Thefunctionofageosyntheticinanygivenfieldapplication is a major factor in the choosing of the type. There are numberoffunctionofgeosynthetics,arefollowing:

1. R–Reinforcement

2. S–Separation

3. F–Filtration

4. D–Drainage

5. B-Barrier

6. P–Protection

7. E–SurficialErosionControl

1. Reinforcement: Adding geosynthetics to a soil mass improvesthesoil'smechanicalcharacteristics,whichin

turnenhancesthereinforcingfunction.Reinforcedsoil is a composite material that has both strong compressive and tensile strength when it is coupled with soil. In order to keep the soil mass stable, the geosynthetic (mainly Geogrid) is used as soil reinforcement act as tension member attached to the soil/fill material counterbalance the tensile stress by frictionalforceandinterlocking,orconfinement.

Reinforcing characteristics of Geosynthetics use for roads & railway embankment, road & airstrips pavements,roadsideslopes,earthenretainingwalletc. TheuseofgeosyntheticinIndiaareforroadsaswellas water works departments in charge of embankment protection.

TheGovernmentAgencieslike-NHAI,PWD,BRO,Water Works Dept., etc. or the concessionaires/contractors suggestingtheuseofGeosyntheticsintheirdesigns

2. Separation: Separation function is advised for geosynthetics in any application where nearby soil and/or fill materials need to be separated during constructionandoveritsprojectedservicelife Grainfill and soft soil cannot mixed together, and this is why geosyntheticsareused.Forkeepingsoilfinesoutofthe granularsub-basesandtracks,ageotextilelayermight utilized.Itcouldalsousetokeepgranularparticlesout ofthe soilsubgrade. Oneof themostcommonusesof geosyntheticsistouseageotextiletoprovideseparation oftwolayerswithdifferentsoilproperties.

Separation is the placement of a flexible geosynthetic material, like a porous geotextile, between dissimilar materialssothattheintegrityandfunctioningofboth thematerialscanremainundisturbedorevenimproved.

3. Filtration: Geosynthetic acts as a filtration layer to preventingintermixingandwashingofmaterialwhen subjectedtowaterflowthrough.Ageosyntheticmayuse as a filter to keep soil particles from moving over its planeduringtheapplicationincondition,allowingfor appropriatefluidflow.Thefilteringmechanismalsoaids in the separation of different substances. However, depending on the volume of fluid and the degree to whichitaffectsgeosyntheticselection,adifferencemay made between filtration and separation functions. However, if water seepage is not a problem, then the isolationbecomesthemostimportantfeature

4. Drainage: Aslongasthegeosyntheticremainsinplace anddoesnotenablesoilparticlestomigrateacrossits plane to any of the application's many outputs, it is considered to be performing the drainage function. Waterfromthebackfilliscollectedandtransportedto theretainingwall'sweepholesbyageosyntheticlayer

next to it. Allowing water to flow in and over the geosyntheticallowsexcessporepressuretodissipateas itfiltersanddrains.

5. Fluid Barrier: A geosynthetic acts as a nearly impermeable membrane to restrict the passage of liquids or gases form one place to another. Geomembrance,thinfilmGeotextile,Geocomposite,clay linersareusedasfluidbarrier.

6. Protection: Theprotectionisnormallyprovidebyusing thickernon-wovengeotextiles,geocompositeclayliners. Theprotectionfunctionrelatestoincludingaprotective geosyntheticforstrengthorresistancetosurrounding conditions as part of a geocomposite in a situation where the material used to provide a major function. GeocompositessuchasGCLs(GeosyntheticClayLiner). Otherkeyproductscateringtotheprotectionfunction are Geotextile Tubes and Geobags for embankment protectionfromriver/seawater,aswellasGeonetsand PolymerGabionsinretainingwalls.

7. Erosion Control: Thegeosyntheticactstoreducesoil erosion caused by rainfall impact and surface water runoff. For example, temporary geosynthetic blankets and permanent lightweight geosynthetic mats has placed over the exposed soil surface on slopes. Geotextile silt fences has used to remove suspended particles from sediment-laden runoff water. Some erosion control mats are manufactured using biodegradablewoodfibres

2. EROSION CONTROL AND SLOPE PROTECTION OF EMBANKMENTS

Water,wind,andgravityallhavearoleinsoilerosion,which is the process by which the soil's topsoil is lost to the environment.Thetwoformsofsoilloss,geologicalandrapid, aredistinct.Allterrainissubjecttosoilerosion,whichisa normal. Exposed soil surface of road embankments side slopes subjected to impact of raindrops and wind velocity thatcreatesdetachmentofsoilparticles.Therefore,weneed toprotectthesoilandslopewithenvironmentalfriendlyand sustainableproduct.

Theembankmentofhighwayhasprovidedwithsideslopeof 1(V):2(H)or,1(V):1.5(H)forstabilityofembankment.The slope are subject to erosion by various natural forces like rainfall,andWindStrom.Forstabilityofroadstructure,the controlofsoilandwaterismostimportant.Properprovision ofdrainageandlandscapedevelopmentISrequireforerosion control;herewediscussthemethodologyforimplementing forerosioncontrolandslopeprotectionwork.

2.1 Erosion Controland slope protection withuseof Non – Woven Green Geocomposite Blanket with Vegetation

Use of erosion control blanket made non-woven geo compositeblanketfromnaturalcoconutfiberandreinforced withUVstabilizedHDPEpolymernettocontrolsoilerosion &protecttheslopeofhighwayembankments.

Materials:

 ProvidingspeciallydesignedNon-Wovengeocomposite blanket made from natural coconut fibre (85%) reinforcedwithUVstabilizedPP/HDPEpolymernettings (15%) with minimum opening of 2mm is suitable for performingallfunctionsrelatedtonaturalgeotextile.

 Slope length greater than 10-mtr requires two side polymernettingblanketwithminimumtensilestrength of 7.5kN/m inlongitudinal direction and 1.5kN/min transversedirection.

 Theminimumnominalweightoftheblanketshouldbe 650GSMandthickness7-8mm.

 Blanketshallsuppliedinarollofwidthnotlessthan2m withalengthsuitabletoslopelengthoftheembankment.

 The product approximately contains 500-510gms of coconutfibreand90-100gmsofPP/HDPEperSqm.

 ‘GIU’ shaped hook size 12”X3”X12” made of hardened spring steel with a diameter of 3.8mm to 4mm and skillfullysharpenedontheedges.

Benefits ofErosionControl GreenGeocompositeBlanket:

 Create favourable condition for growing plant & vegetation

 The coconut fibres are biodegradable, after decomposition adds organic material to insert soils whichactasmanureforgrowthofplant&vegetation.

 The fibres of blanket absorb water and maintained moistureinlowrainareas.

 UV stabilized PP/HDPE polymer nettings provide high tensilestrengthaswellasresistancetotear.

 Theprocessforinstallationiseasy,notrequiremuchskill labourandmachinery.

 Degradationofblankettakesverylongtime(2–3year), duringthistheplantcreatesarootsystemtocontrolthe erosion.

Non – Woven Green Geocomposite Blanket’s Specification:

 600GSM, with Brown PP thread netting stitched both sideswithopeningsizeof(9mmX9mm).

 Forslopelength=<10mtr,minimumtensilestrengthof two sided polymer netting blanket is 4.0 kN/m in longitudinal direction and 1.0 kN/m in transverse direction.

 For slope length >10 mtr minimum tensile strength of two sided polymer netting blanket is 7.5 kN/m in longitudinal direction and 1.5 kN/m in transverse direction.

 CoconutFiberErosionControlBlanketSpecificationSheet consistof:

100%CoconutFiber.

Polypropylenenet.

PolypropyleneNettingisPhotodegradable.

Size of opening of PP netting – 9 mm x 9 mm

Dimensions: width – 2.4 m, Length – 50m, Thickness–(7-8cm), Mass–590-620gm.

 Vegetation: After Laying of Blanket Vegetation is very important – Vetiver grass is use, which have much potentialforerosioncontrolbecauseofitscomplexroot system. This Grass require lesser water, maintenance andanytypeofsoilissuitableforitsgrowth.

Installation Methodology:

ThereareFollowingStepforinstallationofCoirmatatsitefor SlopeProtectionwork:

1. PurposeofprovidinggreenBlanketorEquivalentover embankmentslopesof1(V):2(H)issoilretentionand enhancementofsurfacestability.Sitedressingofslope shallcarriedoutbyremovalofunwantedmaterial& vegetation,slopesurfacedressing,outspreadalayerof suitablesoilmixwithmanureandaddonekg/sqmof organicsoilconditioner.

2. Markingoftrenchesofsize300mmx300mmorhigher sizeonouteredgeofembankmentandtopedgeofthe slopeinwhichblanketanchored.Thetrenchshallfilled withsoilofsamespecificationtoputweightoverthe blanketandrammedadequately.Lengthofthe slope depends on the height, degree of inclination and propertiessoilallasdirectedincontract.

3. Laying of the Green composite blanket done with overlap of minimum 10mm and metallic hooks (J –hooks) of steel used, J – hook tie at every one-meter interval, the blanket over dressed slopes to hole the blanket.

4. AnchoringshallbedonebyprovidingGIUhook1No persqmofsize12”X3”X12”madeofhardenedspring steel with a diameter of 3.8 mm to 4.00 mm and skillfullysharpenedontheedges.Average1hookper sqmtoholdtheblanketshallbeprovided.15%ofan additional quantity of blanket or equivalent will be required for overlapping and anchoring while calculatingthesurfaceslopeareaforestimation.

5. A mix of hundred grams of native grass seeds like centrumsseigneursarebroadcastedpersquaremeter ofslopeareaintwoorthreeinstallments.Spreadingof nativeseedsorplantationofshrubs,livecutting,grass orcreepersifavailableincloseproximityshallcarried outduringmonsoonseason.

6. Wateringforaround3monthsshallbecarriedout@5 ltrs/Sqm.perdayduringmonsoonseasonand7ltrs/ Sqm.perdayinotherseasonsplantationofseeds.The way of watering shall be suitably engineered to minimizewasteofwater.

7. Providetotalsafetyandsecuritytothethreadslopetill vegetationsustainsonitsown.Thetreatedsiteshould be protected from cattle grazing, littering / toxic materials/inflammableitems/throwinggarbageand constructionwasteespeciallythepostinstallationtill vegetationdevelops.

8. The slope stabilization shall be carried out for five yearstoensuregrowthofvegetationonentiresurface of the green geotextile blanket. Any damage to the blanketduringthecurrencyofthemaintenanceperiod shallberectified/replaced.

3. CONCLUSIONS

With the help of the above study and analysis the Geosynthetic is versatile material must used in Civil engineering projects. A geosynthetic is a sheet, strip, or three dimensional structure formed from a synthetic or natural polymer in geotechnical or civil engineering applications. Geosynthetics are most adaptable and costeffectivematerialforenhancingsoilproperty.Intermsofthe services,theyserve–

 Erosioncontrolandsurfaceprotection.

 Drainageandfiltration.

 Reinforcementandstability.

 Separationandsurfaceerosioncontrol.

Geotextilesapplicationareeffectivetreatmentinthefieldof thecivilengineerforimprovingthegeotechnicalproperties ofsoiltosolvegeotechnicalproblems.

Use of Non – Woven Green Geocomposite Blanket:

 For Erosion control and slope protection, we have achieveourobjectivethatdevelopacomplexnetworkof rootsystemandvegetationcoveronembankmentslope after1–2year.Thecoirfibersprotectssteepsurfaces from heavy rainfall, surface runoff with high tensile strength.Geotextileshavepermeabilitypropertyused for prevention of soil movement from migration, and maintainingthewaterflowwithoutanyobstruction.

 TheNon-WovenGreenGeocompositeBlanket(Coconut coir mat) is able to hold water and moisture for long timeforthegrowthofplant,anditisbiodegradableso, afterdecompositionitactasmanuretosoilforplanation growth

 Thesearecoversunstableslopesoilagainsterosionand promote growth of vegetation for make protective groundcovers.Thehairytextureofcoconutfibershelps holdtheseedsandsoiltogether.Thishavingalonglife so,canItcansupportupto3years.

 TheorganicmatterPromotesvegetationgrowth.

 Waterabsorptioninlowrainareas,hencesuitablefor theregionwithlowprecipitation.

 Vetiverhaswiderangeapplicationforanytypeofsoil and any climatic conditions. It can survive in extreme dry weather after proper growth once, such as in dry areas in Rajasthan and other place. During flood, submergence it hold soil particle by extreme root system. Temperature range from - 22oC to 60oC is acceptableforvetiver.

 Easytoinstallforanycontoursandgroundslopeforsoil surface.

REFERENCES

[1] AditiVirupakshKhurd, NitinRavindraMore,Vishwajeet VilasNarnawar, DarshanaRajendraPatil,ShrutiDilip Lokhande, “Soil stabilization using coconut coir”, May 2021,DOI:10.13140/RG.2.2.36178.89284.

[2] G.S.Jadhav, S.S.Salunkhe, K.S.Patne, S.H.Khandekar, M.B.Ghorpade,“REVIEWPAPERON-GEOSYNTHETICS”, Oct.2019,InternationalResearchJournalofEngineering andTechnology(IRJET)Vol.6.

[3] Office of the Textile Commissioner Ministry of Textile GovernmentofIndia,“StudyonDevelopingMeasuresto PromotetheUseofGeosyntheticsinIndia”,Dec.2013

[4] ALAO, OLUKAYODE OLAWALE, “USE OF GEOSYNTHETICS IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION (CASE STUDY – GEOTEXTILE)”, Sept.2011, DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4259.1204

[5] Hamed Niroumand, Khairul Anuar Kassim , Amin Ghafooripour,RamliNazir“TheRoleofGeosyntheticsin

Slope Stability” Article in Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering , ,(2012). Vol. 17 [2012], Bund.R,(2740–2747)

[6] Prof.K.Rajagopal(DepartmentofCivilEngineeringIIT, Madras) NPTEL Lectures , “Geosynthetics and ReinforcedSoilStructures:.