Solar Energy Application: A Decade Review

Abstract

Solar Energy Application: A Decade Review

1Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

2Department of Electrical Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India ***

Sincetherehavebeentremendous increasesinall ofthosetechnologyandpopulation,the needforenergyisgrowingat suchanalarmingpaceonaglobalscale.Tofulfiltheincreasingneedforenergyinthefuture,itiscrucialtodeveloprenewable energy sources that are reliable, affordable, and unbreakable. As a way of reducing the long-term impacts of the energy shortage, solar energy offers many potentials and is easily available for free, along with other renewable energy sources. Because of the enormous demand of energy and the restricted availability for the primary valuable medium of energy generation(fossilfuel),thesolar(PV)businessisincreasingataconstantratearoundtheglobe.Thereareothernon-cheaper sources.Itisnowcost-effectiveafteryearsofintensivestudythatwasdonetohastenitsdevelopment,andasa result,ithas become a tool that can be used to improve the economic condition of developing nations and to support the lives of a large number of people who are living in poverty. When comparing to another types of non-conventional energy generating mediums, the solar (PV) sector is head and shoulders above the competition in terms of availability, cost-effectiveness, accessibility, capacity, and efficiency. This makes it a clear frontrunner for meeting the growing energy demand in next following years. This study will discuss recent advancements in solar energy in the previous decade and cover the many techniquesthatareutilizedfortheuseofsolartrackers,designingofsolarcellsandSolarcellsinavarietyofapplications.

Keywords:-SolarEnergy,Solartracker,solardryer,solarlamp,floatingsolarPVcell,etc.

1. Introduction

The major crucial challenge facinghumanityinthe twentyfirst century isfinding ways tohead off animpendingenergy catastrophe. Thebulk ofthe world'spopulation,whichisstillmostlyimpoverished, haslonghadincreasingenergydemands thathavebeenthesubjectofcontinuousresearch.Thishasbeendonetopreventpollutingourecosystems,usingupresources that will be needed by coming generations, and putting an undue amount of stress on regions of the world with abundant energyresources.Therapidpopulationexpansionandattemptsmadebythemostdensely populatedregionsoftheworldto progresstheireconomieshaveresultedinanunprecedentedincreaseindemand,whichmustbeovercomeinordertoachieve this aim. The world's population has expanded by approximately 2 billion people in the span of only one generation, with a significantportionofthatgrowthcomingfromemergingnations.Additionally,itisgoodtoknowthatthedemandforenergy rises at a pace that is directly proportionate to the expansion of the economy. The number of regions in developing nations that do not have access to electricity has not greatly decreased, despite the fact that several initiatives, policies, and expenditures have been made to increase generating capacity. One of the primary reasons why residents in non-electrified villagesarestilleconomicallydisadvantagedisthattheydonothaveaccesstoareliablesourceofelectricalpower.Asa result, it is of the utmost importance to construct the necessary infrastructure and set up the essential resources for decentralized energy production in order to fulfill the requirements of the global energy market[1]. Although it is not a brand-new idea, renewable energy is quickly being recognized as a viable option to fossil fuels and other types of energy sources that are harmful to the environment[2]. It is possible for non-conventional energy mediums like bio gas, wind energy, sun, hydroelectricity, and geothermal to offer continual energy supply by making use of domestic mediums that are consistently accessible. It is becoming more probable that we will make the switch to renewable energy[3] systems as the price of fossil fuels continues to climb and the price of non-conventional energy mediums continues to fall. Sun energy and air power systems have, over the course of the previous three decades, seen continuous improvements in their performance characteristics and have seen explosive development in terms of sales[4]. The costs of both the initial investment and the electricitygeneratedbysuchsystemshaveseenconsiderablereductionsinrecentyears.Thesechangeshavecreatedmarket possibilities to both innovate and capitalize on developing markets in order to advance renewable energy solutions. This is particularlytruewhenadditionalassistanceisprovidedbyboththegovernmentandthesentimentofthegeneralpublic.The

advancementandemploymentofnon-conventionalenergy[5]sourcescancontributetoanincreaseinthediversityofenergy supplysectors,a contributiontothelong-term security of energysupplies, a decrease in bothlocal and global airemissions, andtheavailabilityoffinanciallyappealingsolutionstosatisfyspecificenergyservicerequirements. Itisalsobecomingmore vitaltomakeuseofnon-conventionalenergymediums[6][7]inordertoslowdowntheconsequencesofclimatechange.Solar technologies provide a great deal of potential as a sustainable energy medium due to their output efficiencies[8] are always improvingandtheywillbeusedinsettingsofwiderange.Solarpowerishelpfulformanyreasons,particularlyfordeveloping nations,duetotheinherentpropertiesthatmakeitavaluableutility. Oneofthemaincausesisthatthemajorityofemerging nationsarelocatedinareaswithexcellentaccessheretosun'srays.Thebulkofnon-renewableenergyorenergyresources now available can only be used through mistreating the environment, which worsens civilization. Second, as the globe becomeslessdependentonfossilfuels,thedemandforsolartechnologyincreases.This,inturn,causestheessentialresearch toadvancemorequicklyanditscosts todecline.Inwealthynations'residential regions,solarpower[9]isgainingpopularity as the third option. This is because solar power systems can be deployed both in urban and rural settings, and they are also cheaplypriced.Lastbutnotleast,whenitcomestophotovoltaicsandconsideringrenewableenergyforbuildings,activesolar designs do quite well[8]. These designs are at the cutting edge of photovoltaics and may be used in conjunction with solar panels to reach the highest levels of comfort and sustainability. The table 1 that follows displays diverse research on solar energyandtechnologies.

2.

Sun tracking systems with their applications in such a wide range of human endeavors have been the subject of a significant number of published studies. Both uniaxial and biaxial classifications of solar trackers are possible, based on the architecture of the solar tracker system (PV trackers)[10]. Solar trackers that only have one axis of rotation revolve on a horizontal plane while following the sun using a variety of different algorithms. In this case, the daytime fluctuation in the heightoftheSunisnottakenintoaccountbyuni-axialsolartrackers.Thelatitudeofthelocationwherethetrackerisplaced is used to determine the angle at which the solar panel should be positioned. Due to the fact that they adjust for the Sun's fluctuatingheightthroughoutthedayandyear,biaxialsolartrackershaveanedgeovertheiruniaxialcounterparts.Numerous automaticbiaxialsolartrackersthatfunctionbasedonavarietyofalgorithmsarealreadyonthemarket. Thebulkofthetime, automaticsolartrackers'[10]algorithmsaredependentonthereadingsfromresponsivesensors,whichidentifythedirection ofthesun'speakintensityofradiation.AfurtherpossibilityistobasethealgorithmsontheSun'sknownascentacrossthesky as it moves in the Earth-related coordinate system. These algorithms are used by the trackers to determine the intended placementofthesolarpanel.Thisguaranteesthatthesolarbattery'ssurfacereceiveslightfromthesuninadirectionparallel toapanel.Iftheweathertakesaturnfortheworse,turningbrightskiesintofluctuatingcloudinessandrain,asolarpanelthat hasbeenmountedinahorizontalpositionwillgeneratemoreelectricity.Manytypesofthesolartrackerareavailable.

2.1 Uni Axial Solar Tracker:- Thistypeoftrackerperformsthefunctionofoneaxisofrotation.Theimplementationofsingleaxistrackerscantakemanydifferentforms,includingpolaraligneduni-axistrackers,inclineduni-axistrackers,vertical uni-axistrackers,andhorizontaluni-axistrackers.

2.2 Dual Axial Solar Tracker:- Dual-axialtrackersaredistinguishedbythefactthattheyincludetwodegreesoffreedomthat double as axes of rotation. There are many typical ways that dual-axis[10] trackers may be implemented. They are characterizedaccordingtothedirectionoftheircircularpath aboutthesurfaceoftheearth.Twocommonapplications of this technology are azimuth-altitude dual-axial trackers and tip-tilt dual-axis trackers. Because of their capacity to watch the sun in both a perpendicular and a horizontal plane, dual-axis trackers make it possible to harvest the maximumamountofsolarenergypossible.

3. Solar Applications

3.1. Solar lamp: - Asolarlamp,alsoknownasasolarilluminationorsolartorch,isalightingsystemconsistingofaLEDlight, solar cells, a battery, a charge controller, and sometimes a converter.. The light runs on solar-charged batteries (solar photovoltaic panels).The LTSHE project package consists of solar panels with a capacity of 20W, batteries, four lightemitting diodes (LED) lights, and an HP-based charging mechanism. It is estimated that the system will function for a max of 60 hours when it does not receive solar radiation. According to the government standard, the least amount of illumination flux that must be produced from every LED is approx. 374 lumens, and 124 lumens produced per watt. EachLTSHEmusthavefourLEDsandbeabletomaintainitspositionforaminimumoftenhourseachday.Additionally, theremustbeanautomateddimmercontrolforthebulb.LoadprofileconsistingofoneUSBconnectionanda3WLED.

3.2. Solar Dryer: - Utilizing a solar device collector allows the solar radiation to be immediately turned into either heat or electricity.Ontheotherhand,photovoltaic(PV)panelsaretypicallyemployedfornothingotherthanthegenerationof electricity.Conventionalsolarthermalcollectors,ontheotherhand,aredesignedtoconvertsunlightdirectlyintoheat. Commercial solar photovoltaic modules have an efficiency of roughly 17% when it comes to converting solar radiation into electricity. This implies that the efficiency only transforms the value of solar photons that collide directly onto the modulesinto power. Arise intheaveragetemperature ofthecellsresultsfrom the higher proportion of energy thatis not utilized being taken by the cells and transformed into heat there. On the other hand, as the temperature of the photovoltaiccellrises,sodoestheefficiencyofthePVmoduleandthepanelbothincrease,resultinginlesspowerbeing generated.Thermalsolarcollector[11]systems,asopposedtoPVmodules(withthesameareadimension),mayproduce heatmoreeffectively.Thisisdespitethefactthatsolarthermal-collectorsystemstakeupmorespace.

3.3 Solar energy powered Road and Rail Transportation: - Due to its flexible access, which can be done by putting solar panels in the own accessible places of road and rail transportation, solar power production is the most ideal and promising solution to provide a more sustainable power supply. This makes solar power generation the most viable option among variable renewable power generations. In order to make the most of the space they have on their properties,numerousorganizationsthatmaintainroadsandrailroadshavephotovoltaicpanelsandareoperatingtheir individual solar power production. When it comes to vehicular mobility, the most widespread approach is to include solar power production in electric vehicle charging stations. These stations can already be found in many different areas.Insituationslikethese,recharginganelectricvehicleusingsolarpowerresultsinanevengreaterreductioninthe vehicle's total carbon emissions. The Byron Bay Railway Company in Australia has introduced an electric train that is operatedonsolarpanelsplacedontop.Ontheroofsofthetrainsareuniquecurvedsolarpanelsthathavebeenfitand placed.16000solarmodules,eachhavinga245wattrating,areinstalledontheroofofa3.6kmonlongtraintunnelin Belgium.Thetrainlinesthatpassthroughitarebeingusedtogeneraterenewableenergyintheformofpower,making thissolartunnelthefirstofitskindinthewholeglobe.Thesolararrayhasatotalsurfaceareaof50,000squaremeters and generates 3,300-megawatt hours (MWh) of power annually. The energy that was generated by the solar power production that was built has been utilized to power not just the lighting, signals, and stations along the Belgian rail network, but it has also been used to power the electric trains that operate on that network. It is anticipated that the installationofsolarpanelsonthetopsoftraintunnelsinBelgiumwouldresultinayearlyreductionofcarbonemissions of2,400tones.Whenitcomestovehicularmobility,themostwidespreadapproachistoincludesolarpowerproduction inelectricvehiclechargingstations.Thesestationscanalreadybefoundinmanydifferentareas.Insituationslikethese, recharging an electric vehicle using solar power results in an even greater reduction in the vehicle's total carbon

emissions. In Shanghai, an electric car charging station with integrated solar power generating underwent testing in 2017.Thestationhad1002 solar modules andhasthecapacitytogeneratearound 500kWhofpowerona dailybasis. This electric vehicle charging point has the capacity to offer charging services for more than 400 electric vehicles in a singleday.

4. Designing of solar panel

4.1. Floating Solar panel: - TheaimoftheFloatingSolarPanelprojectistomakeaPVpanelactivity thatcanbedeployedin the water conditions of the ocean. Floating units are used as support for the panel, which helps to keep it dry and protectedfromtheocean.Thesolararrayismadeofmanydifferentphotovoltaiccellswhichareallattachedinseriesto providethedesiredvoltageforeveryindividualmodule.Intheformofadirectcurrentdistribution,theelectricalpower thatisproducedbythesolararrayissentout totheworldthroughanelectricaldistributionnetwork,beginninginthe oceanandendingonthebeach.Inconditionsofshadoworabsenceofsunshine,italsoservesasastoragefacilityforthe energy that is produced. The solar photovoltaic system that is floating is going to make advantage of the water for cooling. A mechanics for the thermo-electric producer is provided by the significant temperature differences between the two sides, one of which is hot due to exposure to direct sunlight and the other of which is cold due to shading provided by solar cells and cooling provided by water. In order to create more power, the TEG is placed in the area betweenthesolarpanels.Thisisanadditionalsourceofknowledge.

4.2. Plating Method for Silicon Heterojunctions Solar Cell Metallization: - Plating onto a patterned seed layer is one of the metallizationmethodsusedinsiliconheterojunctionsolarcells.Wedon'tneedpriceyconsumablesorprocessingstages withourmethods.Indiumtinoxideisfollowedbysuchablanketmetallayer,includingsuchAl isfirstdepositedinthe completeareaasadielectricorasthefirststepofindiumtinoxide(ITO).First,SiN2,SiO2,orAl2O3aredepositedupon thisITOfrontsurfaceofaprecursorforaSHJsolarmodule.Afull-areaPVDmetalcoatingcoverstheback.Thedielectric andmetal layerswouldbe depositedona productionline byaddingadditional targetstothesame toolthatis usedto deposit the ITO layer. Laser Forward NiV transfers are used to deposit a seed layer onto the front side of a cheap polyethylene foil. The secondary laser procedure will be needed to ignite the main layer with all the di-electric layers, dependentupondurabilityorthickness.Then,thefrontsideisplatedwithCuandAg.Thecathodicpotentialisapplied to the rear-side metal during plating to distribute the plating current. The second approach is placing a conductive covering film on the front and rear of a SHJ precursor's surface on an ITO substrate. Metals that can passivate themselves, like aluminum or titanium, are good candidates for use as conductive masks. Because of its very high conductivity,aluminumisamaterialthatperformswellinoureffortstoproducebifacialsolarcells.

5. Solar Energy Harvesting

An ultra-compact solar energy-collecting integrated circuit that only uses a single chip and has on-chip photodiodes is shown. This proposed device makes use of an on chip charge pump that collect power from a built-in PV cell and produce a significant load voltage and keeping a hold up explanation. Miniaturizing such systems too as much feasible, resulting in a strictsizeandenergybottleneck,isthebestwaytoensuretheleastinvasivenessforimplanteddevices.Miniaturizationshould be done to the greatest extent possible. The solar energy harvesting device that we have demonstrated can achieve high efficiencywithoutrequiringextrapadsorpackagingexpenses,makingitagoodfitforapplicationsthatcallforaffordable,very small, and reliable surgically implanted implants. The creation of a customizable charge pump consisting closed loop MPP tracking(MPPT)capabilitiesisthefollowingeffort.

1 IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC S

Table.1:-SignificantworkonSolarenergyandTechnology

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2018 37 Two-terminal tandem solar cells with leadbased PK top cells copper indium galliumselenide,copper zinc tin selenide, and monocrystalline silicon bottom cells are examined for life-cycle energyconsumption.

Findings

As tandem PV technologies evolve, high-efficiency longlifetime devices may haveanEBPTof27 days (0.9 months) andanEROIof105.

2 2017 7th International Conference onPowerElectr onics Systems andApplications - Smart Mobility,Power Transfer & Security(PESA)

3 IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC S

Concentrating Solar Thermal HeatStorageUsing Metal Hydrides[11]

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2012 63 Thisresearchexamines the current state of solar thermal heat storage devices based on metal hydrides, which, despite technologicalhurdles

The research examines metal hydride-based solar thermalheatstorage devices despite technological obstacles.

4 CSEE JOURNAL OFPOWERAND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Harvesting Roadway Solar Energy Performance of the Installed Infrastructure IntegratedPVBike Path[13]

A Perspective on Solar EnergypoweredRoadand Rail Transportation in China[14]

AdityaShekhar etal. 2018 35 That study discusses operational issues and performance factors using first-year recordedvalues.

Monocrystalline yielded the most at lowtemperatures.SR technique may provide locationspecific yearly outputs of 150 kWh/m2.

5 IEEEACCESS Comprehensive Review on RenewableEnergy SourcesinEgypt Current Status, Grid Codes and FutureVision[15]

LiminJiaetal. 2020 94 This study examined solarpowergeneration & transportation integration.

Lastly,it'sclearthata collaborative approach can not only help to create quite low-carbon, green, and sustainabletransport services, as well as help a lot with accommodating renewablepowerfor energychanges.

Hussein Abubakretal.

2022 146 The current developments in RESs, including photovoltaic (PV) cell, solar chimneys (SC), large scalesolarplant(CSP), and wind power, are discussedinthisstudy.

The current developments in RESs, including photovoltaic(PV)cell, solar chimneys (SC), largescalesolarplant (CSP), and wind power,arediscussed inthisstudy.

6

International

GuannanHeet al. 2016 22 This study proposes a general modelling technique for the optimum CSP plant proposal strategy in integrated 24-hour energy, backup, or regulatorymarketsthat isstochastictomarket price variability and resilienttosolarenergy variability

The model aids in managing the CSP plant inside the energy market and assesseshowitmay include renewable energy sources and boost flexibility economically. A multi-stage proposal choiceframeworkfor all day and current markets may be the subject of future research.

7

8

9 2017 7th

FloatingSolarCell PowerGeneration, Power Flow Designandits Connection and Distribution[19]

A.RamiReddy etal. 2015 39 In accordance with predictions of solar irradiance and battery backuplevel,thispaper presents Practical Power-Aware Method for Sun Sensors, a ground-breaking algorithmthatmodifies device duty cycles to maximize energy harvesting.

IvanGarcia et al. 2022 16 We use a computercontrolled simulation modeltodevelopmaps ofasolarcell'sgenuine performance for a variety of light spectrumcontents.

SaiFaiHui et al. 2017

6 The purpose of this articleistotalkabout theprojectthatinvolves theproductionofsolar electricity using sea water.

PPAASS needs modest computing power, making it suitable for IoT devices with limited resources.Becausea gadgetwithfarmore processingpowercan executethefirstthree phases. Therefore, the sensor gadget only conducts finalstagearithmetic.

A simplified set of comparable yearly spectra for a site is being produced to speedupenergyyield measurement and permit concentrator operation.

10

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Jayanth

2021 56 They investigate how the power demand of the two-terminal IIIV/Sitandemdevicesis influenced by the precision of the irradiancedata.

The design of photovoltaiccells,the connections, the distribution of electricity, the protection, the influence on the environment,andthe managementofshore side energy are addressed.

Yieldassessmentsfor silicon-based tandem solar cells compare technologies, particularly silicon single-junction devices.

12

13

Nancy M. Haegeletal.

2021 11 This quarterly publicationgathersdata from a variety of sourcesandorganizesit forIEEEJPVusersasa usefulreference.

IramAkhtar et al. 2021

47 This article examines the state, technology, accessibility, policies, important contributions, future potentials,andtrendsof solar energy and coalbasedgenerationinthe Indianpowerindustry.

Stefan Fischer etal. 2014 17 Underbroad-bandsubband-gap stimulation, we measured the external quantum efficiency of up conversion solar cell devices.

Users of IEEE JPV may refer to this quarterlypublication, which gathers data from a variety of sourcesandpresents itlogically.

This article shows that Singrauli has strong solar power productioncapability, thus localities with comparable metrologicalqualities may build a solar energy-based power generatingsystem.

This research found that UC increases short-circuit current density at low wide solar radiation concentrations.

14

15 CSEE JOURNAL OFPOWERAND ENERGY SYSTEMS

Simultaneous Optimization of RenewableEnergy and Energy Storage Capacity with the Hierarchical Control[25]

Frank Dimroth etal.

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Thisstudypresentsthe first working Ge and GaSb solar cells developed by FraunhoferISE.

Wafer bonding may combine III-V compound elements with significant lattice misfit, resulting in material choicesthathavethe best properties of materials for multijunctioncells.

16 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS

ASingle-ChipSolar EnergyHarvesting IC Using Integrated Photodiodes for Biomedical

Zhaodi Shi et al. 2022

36 This study reformulates this submodel as a consensus issue to reduce the system's overall investmentexpenses.

For multi-objective andhigh-dimensional systems, the proposed technique improves computation accuracy, and hierarchical distributedcontrolis far more efficient than single-level control.

Zhiyuan Chen etal.

2017 19 Thispaperdescribesa single-chipsolarpower generation IC with an on-chip solar cell for biomedical implantable devices.

Solar energy harvesting device works well for lowcost ultra-compact resilient subdermal implant applications

17 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONVERYLARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI)SYSTEMS

18 IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy

Implant Applications[26] without pads or packaging.

Accuracy Improvement of Energy Prediction for Solar-EnergyPowered Embedded Systems[27]

Adaptive Residual Compensation Ensemble Models for Improving Solar Energy Generation Forecasting[28]

QiangLiuetal. 2016 27 To strengthen solarenergy-powered systems, this research provides artificial neural network-based solar energy forecast accuracy improvements.

Heng-Yi Su et al. 2020 10 This paper provides a new supervised learning methodology towards solar power productionpredictions.

This research presents neural network-based methods to improve solar power prediction in energy extracting embedded devices.

This paper proposes an enhanced ensemble approach towardssolarpower forecastingusingARC &NSGA-II.

19 IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC S,

Novel Plating Processes for Silicon Heterojunction Solar Cell Metallization UsingaStructured SeedLayer[29]

20 Proceedings of theIEEE Review of Solar Thermal Storage Techniques and Associated Heat Transfer Technologies[30]

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2017 16 Wediscussplatingonto astructuredseedlayer metallization strategies for silicon heterojunction solar cells.

This substantial process reduction would make it possible to put the process sequence into industrial production using already accessible productiontools.

21 IEEEACCESS Increasing SelfSufficiency of Energy Community by Common Thermal Energy Storage[31]

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2012 55 The technologies for solar thermal storage and related heat transmission that help and improve these systems

This study describes the primary storage techniquesutilizedin commercial power plants and analyses the literature on materials and heat transfer difficulties andsolutions.

22 IEEE JOURNAL OF PHOTOVOLTAIC S

GalliumPhosphide WindowLayerfor Silicon Solar Cells[32]

Elahe Doroudchi et al

2022

40 Thisresearchcontrasts distributed thermal energy storage providedbyeachhome with specific electric heat energy storage, whichusescommunity solar PV output to create thermal energy viaheatstorage.

Ourcasestudyfound that developing an energy community with neighbors and pooling thermal storage may benefit building owners financially.

Markus

2016

32 The advancement of gallium phosphide (GaP) heteroepitaxial nucleationonsiliconis discussedinthiswork.

To maximize the potentialofthissolar cell design, the nucleation process has to be further enhanced.

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In smart buildings withintegratedsolar energysystems,fuzzy logic reduces energy consumption and improvesefficiency.

25 2020 10th International Conference on Power and EnergySystems

Research on Energy Storage Configuration Method Based on Wind and Solar Volatility[35]

Mathieu D. Amoursetal. 2018

38 This article examined how adding a solar harvesting system to power a cellular network base station affects energy management under varieddemand.

Wedemonstratethat, even when the unit cost of solar electricity is lower than the grid, deploying solar equipmentanywhere is not always the wisest course of action.

ShiXuewei et al. 2020

6 Thisstudyexaminesthe features of wind and solar power generation's15-to10minute fluctuations as well as the energy storagesystem'scontrol strategy.

Ananalysis of anenergy storage system architecture, mitigating wind power variations & monitoring expected productionaswellas research on energy storage capacity allocation technologies were both conducted in thisstudy.

26 202047thIEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

The Impact of CrackedSolarCells on Solar Panel Energy Delivery[36]

Andrew M. Gaboretal. 2020

7 We come to the conclusion that evaluations of the deterioration resulting fromfieldexposureand expedited testing should include values lower than 1-Sun as well.

We have demonstrated that a less sunny northern locationhasagreater influence on system energydeliverythan just a sunnier southernposition.

27 2017 International Renewable and SustainableEne rgyConference (IRSEC)

28 2018 6th International Renewable and SustainableEne rgyConference (IRSEC)

Improvement of Energy Efficiency of solar Hybrid Water Collector[37]

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The hybrid PVT collectors' two mounted reflectors made it possible to concentrate solar radiation, which increased the yield's energyefficiency.

Electrification of Rural and Arid Areas by Solar Energy Applications[38]

BrahimHachim etal. 2018 6 We want to demonstrate a solarpowered rural electricityconcept.

Additionally, the SOLEIL Inno-PV projectisfinancedby the Moroccan ResearchInstitutein SolarEnergy&New Energies(IRESEN).

International

29 2018 2nd International Conference on Green Energy andApplications

Study and Design of Energy-Saving Solar Lamp for Rural Area in Indonesia[39]

Naftalin Winantietal.

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This study would also demonstrate how the government's LTSHE equipment standard does not apply in certain areas of Indonesia with low solarirradiation,inthis example, the North Sumateraregion.

Thisstudywouldalso demonstratehowthe government's LTSHE equipment standard does not apply in certain areas of Indonesia with low solar irradiation, in this example, the North Sumatera region.

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2013 14 This research provides amicrocontroller-based energy-efficient hybrid automatedsun-tracking systemtoanalyzesolar energy conversion efficiencyimprovement.

Showed an efficient mechanism for monitoringthesun's rays.

31 2019 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radio electronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT)

32 The 9th International Renewable EnergyCongress (IREC2018)

Performance Comparison of Dual Axis Solar TrackerwithStatic Solar System in Ural Region of Russia[10]

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18

To analyze the solar power potential of Russian Federation's Uralarea,thisresearch compares the performance of Dual Axis Solar Tracker (DAST)andStaticSolar System (SSS), a fixedaxissolarsystem.

Studied on the performance assessment of two differentsolarpower systemvariants:fixed and dual axis systems.

33 2013IEEE39th Photovoltaic Specialists Conference (PVSC)

34 The 11th International Renewable EnergyCongress (IREC2020)

35 2016 International Conference on

SimpleDesignand Implementationof Solar tracking System Two Axis withFourSensors for Baghdad city[41]

Increased Energy ProductionofFirst Solar Horizontal Single-Axis Tracking PV Systems without Backtracking[42]

Performance analysis of solar heat generation system for multipurpose applications[43]

Design of a GPSBased Solar TrackerSystemfor

FalahI.Mustafa etal. 2018 10

An autonomous dualaxis sun tracking systemusingLDRwith DC actuators on a mechanical framework with gear box is designedanddeveloped inthisstudy.

This work designs and implements a two-axissolartracker for motor satellite dishes to properly monitorthesunand utilizeLDRsensorsto measure sunlight quantity.

Lauren Ngan etal.

2013 5

Using First Solar modules in several PV systems, T-Tgenerates 1.7%–2.5percentage points more energy annually than(Backtracking).

In kW- to MW-scale Photovoltaic system, T-T with First Solar panels generates 1.7%–2.5% more powerannuallythan similarBTsystems.

Mohammed Abdunnabi et al.

2020

17 Thisresearchsimulates multifunctional solar centralheatproduction system thermal performance.

Thesimulationshows that now the solar system may offer approximately 90% of space heating energy & 60% for desalination.

al.

10 Verticalsolarstilloffers bettercondensationbut less evaporation than

The solar trackercontrolled solar cell captured more sun

Smart Green Technology in Electrical and InformationSyst ems(ICSGTEIS)

36 2014 International Conference on Intelligent Green Building andSmartGrid (IGBSG)

37 2018 2nd IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control andEnergySyst ems(ICPEICES)

38 2019 IEEE International Conference on Automatic Control and Intelligent Systems (I2CACIS2019)

39 2017 IEEE PES Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference (APPEEC)

40 2020 International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA)

41 2018IEEE61st International Midwest Symposium on Circuits andSystems(M WSCAS)

a Vertical Solar Still[44] horizontalsolarstill. energy than the horizontally oriented solarcell.

Smart Controller Design for SolarGrid Hybrid System[4]

Krishna Neupaneetal.

2014 9 This work provides a digital signal processing-basedsmart controller for costeffective solar-grid coupled system operation.

This method is designedforareasin whichsolarenergyis solely utilized to charge the battery and is actively dumped during grid operation.

An Efficient Solar EnergyHarvesting System for Wireless Sensor Nodes[45]

Himanshu Sharmaetal.

2018 11 This study proposes a solar-powered batterycharging system using MPPTforWSNnodes.

Theefficiencyofour solar energy collecting technology is96%.

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Power & Energy Optimization in Solar Photovoltaic and Concentrated Solar Power Systems[47]

HybridPV-TSolar Collector using Amorphous Type of Solar Cells for SolarDryer[48]

New Design for Solar Panel Tracking System Based on Solar Calculations[49]

Nurzhigit Kuttybayetal

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In order to increase solar energy production, the research investigated an advanced AI solar trackingcontrolsystem.

Proposed approach generates18%more energy in overcast conditions than biaxialsolartracker.

Anupam Sharmaetal.

2017 65

Thisarticleinvestigates techniques to optimize solarpowerandenergy to decrease carbon footprint.

ElieserTarigan 2020 15 A tiny solar dryer is built and tested using amorphous PV-T collectors.

Site selection should alsoincludeclimate& radiation from the suntomaximizesolar PV and CSP power andenergy.

At 50°C, amorphous photovoltaic thermal workswellasasun dryercollectors.

ZuhalERetal. 2018 10 Thetrackerdesignwas developed utilizing a controller,accordingto the innovative techniqueofthisstudy.

Thisstudywouldbe applicable and practical for the application of producing electricity frompaneltocharge batteries.

International

42 2017 7th International Conference on Power Systems (ICPS)

Modeling of Solar Photovoltaic module using system identification[50]

Rohan S. Kulkarnietal.

2017 9

This paper shows that byapplicationofsystem identificationtechnique.

Thispapershowthat the dynamics of a solarPVarraysystem canbeidentifiedwith ablack-boxmodel.

43 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and ControlSystems

ICICCS2017

44 2017 15-th International Conference on Electrical Machines, Drives and Power Systems (ELMA)

Solar-WindHybrid Energy System UsingMPPT[51]

LigadeGitanjali Vasant etal.

2017 13 MPPT in a Solar-Wind Hybrid System is intended to improve both stability and efficiency.

Theissuewithenergy production from separate energy sources may be resolved by the hybridsystem,which also uses MPPT to boost productivity anddurability.

SolarPotentialFor Building Integrated Solar Collectors: Application in Bulgaria,Romania &France[52]

Gilles Notton etal.

2017 8

This research paper is used to calculate the solarenergyonvarious planes for a photovoltaicorthermal conversion.

Representtwocases

Case 1:- This paper will consist now to transform this collectedsolarenergy into electrical production via photovoltaicmodules and/or to convert it in thermal energy with flat plate solar collector.

Case 2:-The ambient temperature will haveahighinfluence on the performance and the gaps of production between the meteorological stationswillbemore significant because importantdifferences exist from the temperaturepointof view between the stations

45

Grid-Tie

Debadyoti

2017 7 In this study, we demonstrate the functioning of a dualaxis sun - tracking systemthatisbasedon toanARDUINO.

The study demonstrates how stepper motors operate in accordance with the signalproducedbya light sensor circuit for maximal luminosity.

8

TheIDDBCarchitecture have assessed as EMS foranindependentdcbased distribution

The IDDBC architecture have assessed as EMS for an independent dc-

Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES)

47 2016 IEEE Advanced Information Management, Communicates, Electronic and AutomationCon trolConference (IMCEC)

48 IEEESouth eastCon2018

Energy Management System for Standalone SolarBattery Applications[54]

Research and Design of Control SystemoftheSolar Panel Tracking[55]

XingZhikun 2016 6

networkinthispaper. based distribution network in this paper.

Design and performance analysis of three photovoltaic systems to improve solar energy collection[56]

Rocio AlbaFloresetal.

2018 12

In this research, the potential for adopting the IDDBC chopper architecture as power managementsystemfor connectingfreestanding dcloadstosolar-battery hybrid systems has beenassessed.

The design, improvement, and characterisation of a low-cost, small-scale solar tracking system are discussed in this paper.

UsinganSCMasthe primary component, its solar-tracking conceptaswellasits algorithms are used toconstructacontrol system for solartracking of solar panels.

The findings indicated that the solar tracker system was successful in generating a greater amountofelectricity.

49 2018 National Power Engineering Conference (NPEC)

50 2017 International Conference on Electrical and Computing Technologies andApplications (ICECTA)

Performance of Rooftop Solar PV System with Crystalline Solar Cells[57]

Performance EvaluationofSolar Tracking Systems for Power Generation Based on Simulation Analysis: Solar IslandConcept[58]

Karthik Atluri etal.

2018 20 This paper is investigating the simulated performance of 5 kW rooftop solar PV system with crystallinesolarcells.

This study, it is observed that, these modules perform betterwitha17.5% ofcapacityfactor.

Nada Al Safarinietal.

2017 11

Under this study, the idea of a floated solar tracking platform is introduced, and an investigation of other advancements throughout the globe that are conceptually comparable is carried out.

When compared to suchafixedPVsolar system, the evaluationofasolar PVsystemandaCSP solar system indicated a rise in power output of 14.8% and 15.03%, correspondingly, when compared to the fixed PV solar system.

6. Result and discussions

Different method of solar tracker

This figure illustrates the different solar racking techniques. The number of publications that have been written about solar tracker variations is shown below in this chart. I have chosen fifty publications on solar energy at random, and among thesefiftypapers,thereareseveralpapersbasedonsolartrackertechnology.Thissliceofpiewilldemonstratehowthesolar trackerhasimplementedavarietyofstrategies,suchasasingle-axissolartrackerandadual-axissolartracker.Thispiechart illustrates that 36 percent of the papers will work on the single-axis solar tracker technique, while 64 percent of the papers willworkonthedual-axissolartrackertechnique.

Thisfigureillustratesthecorrelationbetweenthenumberofpaperspublishedinjournalsandthosepresentedinconferences. I chose 50 papers on solar energy at random and read each one. This 50-paper presentation was given at the IEEE Access, 2017InternationalConference,andIEEEAccessConference.Andadditionalindividualpaperswerepresentedatthe20177th InternationalConference,IEEETransaction,ProceedingsoftheIEEE,and202047thIEEEConference,JournalofSolarEnergy, 9thInternationalConference,11thInternationalConference,and2019IEEEInternationalConference.Thisgraphwilldisplay the highest total number of articles taken from IEEE transactions, 2017 International conferences, and IEEE access. The

researchpresentedinthesejournalarticlesandconferencepapersfocusesonsolarenergyharvestingmethods, solarenergy conversiontechniques,andsolarenergyusagestrategies.

4PiechartoftheNo.ofpaperfordifferenttechniques

ThisfigureillustratestheNo.ofpapersfordifferenttechniques.Thischartdisplaysthehighestandlowestpossiblenumbersof paper-based different techniques. A pie chart will be used to display the number of articles that each represent a different strategyformakinguseofsolarenergy.Themanagementandenergyindustryhasthemostpapers,whilethehybridsystemof solarandwindenergyhasthefewestarticles.Thebiggestnumberofpapersisbasedonthemanagementandenergysector.

Fig5GraphinbetweenNo.ofpaperpublicationintheyear

ThisfigurewillillustratestheNo.ofpaperspublishedintheyear.Thisgraphwilldisplaythetotalnumberofarticlesthatwere publishedduringtheyear.Thisgraphdepictsthelargestnumber ofarticlesthatwerepublishedin2017,2018,andthisyear, with the majority of those publications focusing on solar tracking technologies and solar energy harvesting. The number of articles that are published at a high pace in 2021 and 2022 is unlikely. The number of publications that were published between2012and2014wasquitelow.Thenumberofarticlespublishedinthisyear,2015isrelativelylowaccordingtothis graph.

7. Conclusion

A review of solar energy for the futuristic world that includes the fundamentals of photovoltaic (PV) technology, the energy situation of the world, and emerging trends, and highlights the extraordinary amount of research that has been conducted in solar energy production, PV/T collectors, solar heaters, design enhancements, and materials for effective light absorptioninordertoadvancethetechnologyofsolarpanel.Wediscussedaboutthesolartechnologiesthatarenowthemost widelyused,analyzethemanydifferentwayssolarelectricitymaybeputtouse.

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