Hybrid Inverter Using Solar Battery Charger
Priyanshu Dad, Swarup Maity , Varad Barbhai, Prof.Amit Kumar Patil
1Btech Student, Dept, Electronics & Communication Engineering, MIT ADT UNIVERSITY, Maharashtra, India
2Btech Student, Dept, Electronics & Communication Engineering, MIT ADT UNIVERSITY, Maharashtra, India
3Btech Student, Dept, Electronics & Communication Engineering, MIT ADT UNIVERSITY, Maharashtra, India
4 Assistant Professor, Dept, Electronics & Communication Engineering, MIT ADT UNIVERSITY , Maharashtra, India ***
Abstract - This report presents a studyonthehybridinverter using solar charger, which combines two renewable energy sources, solar energy andelectricity from the grid,togenerate power for domestic and commercial use. The hybrid inverter technology has gained popularity in recent years due to its high efficiency, reliability and cost effectiveness. The report describes the design and working principle of the hybrid inverter, including its components such as solar panels, batteries, and charge controllers. The results of testing and analysis indicate that the hybrid inverter is a promising technology that can contribute to the reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions.
Key Words: Hybrid, Inverter , Solar , Battery, charger, Renewable, Energy
1.INTRODUCTION
Theincreaseinglobalenergydemandandthedepletionof fossilfuelshaveledtotheexplorationofalternativesources of energy, including solar energy. Solar energy is a renewable source of energy that is abundant, environmentallyfriendlyandcost-effective.Theuseofsolar energycanbecombinedwiththeelectricityfromthegridto generatepowerusingahybridinverter.Thehybridinverter technologyhasgainedpopularityinrecentyearsduetoits highefficiency,reliabilityandcosteffectiveness.
electricityfromthegrid,togeneratepowerfordomesticand commercialuse.Thedeviceconsistsofsolarpanels,batteries, chargecontrollers,andaninverter.Thesolarpanelsconvert sunlight into electricity, which is then stored in batteries through the charge controller. The inverter converts the direct current (DC) stored in the batteries to alternating current (AC), which can be used to power domestic and commercialappliances
The hybrid inverter is designed to operate in two modes, namely,thegrid-tiedmodeandthestandalonemode.Inthe grid-tiedmode,theinverterisconnectedtothegridanduses electricityfromthegridtosupplementthepowergenerated bythesolarpanels.Instandalonemode,theinverteruses only the power generated by the solar panels and the batteries.
2. TITLE INFORMATION
An intelligent hybrid inverter, also known as a smart grid inverter,isanewtypeofdedicatedU.P.S.(Uninterruptible Power Supply) systemthat canchargethesystem storage batteryusingbothelectricalandsolarenergy.Thesystem storagebatterycanthenbeusedtogenerateelectricityifone or both energy sources are unavailable. Solar energy is typicallyonlyproducedduringtheday,withmiddaybeing the peak time. This electricity fluctuates and is not coordinatedwiththehousehold'suseofelectricity.Energy must be stored for later use and managed intelligently in ordertoclosethegapbetweenwhatisproducedandwhatis needed during the evening hours when solar electricity productionisnottakingplace.
ADC-ACpowerconverterisessentiallywhataninverteris. In the context of power electronics, the term "inverter" refers to a type of power conversion circuits that operate fromasourceofdcvoltageordccurrentandconvertittoac voltageorcurrent.Althoughadcsourceistheinputto an invertercircuit,itisnotunusualforthisdctocomefroman acsource,suchasautilityacsupply.Hence,forinstance,a
1.1 Design And Working Principle
Thehybridinverterusingsolarchargerisadevicethat combinestworenewableenergysources,solarenergyand
utilityacvoltagesupplythatistransformedtodcbyanacto dcconverterandtheninvertedbacktoacusinganinverter couldserveasthemainsourceofinputpower.Hence,the output could have a frequency and magnitude that differs fromtheinputac.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Severalresearchatthenationalandinternationallevelshave looked into ways to cut back on electricity use and boost energyefficiencyininstitutionalandgovernmentalbuildings during peak times. These studies demonstrate that it is relatively feasible to restrict the growth in energy use without suffering harmful consequences. In order to diversify energy sources and streamline the energy requirements of various activities without impeding developmentgoals,theEgyptiangovernmenthasdeviseda strategytoimplementanumberofpoliciesthroughtheyear 2022.
3.1 Components
3.1.1Solar panel
Solarpanelswithphotovoltaictechnologyusesunlightas a source of energy to produce electricity. A bundled, connectedassemblyoftypically6x10photovoltaicsolarcells is known as a photovoltaic (PV) module. A photovoltaic system's photovoltaic array, which generates and supplies solarelectricityforuseinbothcommercialandresidential applications,ismadeupofphotovoltaicmodules.According to its DC output power under standard test circumstances (STC),eachmoduleisgivenarating,whichnormallyvaries from100to365Watts(W).An8%efficient230Wmodule willhavetwicetheareaofa16%efficient230Wmodulefor the same rated output. This is because module efficiency impactsmodulesize.Solarpanel3.1.1
Solarpanelswithphotovoltaictechnologyusesunlightasa sourceofenergytoproduceelectricity.Abundled,connected assemblyoftypically6x10photovoltaicsolarcellsisknown as a photovoltaic (PV) module. A photovoltaic system's photovoltaic array, which generates and supplies solar electricity for use in both commercial and residential applications,ismadeupofphotovoltaicmodules.According to its DC output power under standard test circumstances (STC),eachmoduleisgivenarating,whichnormallyvaries from100to365Watts(W).An8%efficient230Wmodule willhavetwicetheareaofa16%efficient230Wmodulefor the same rated output. This is because module efficiency impactsmodulesize.
3.1.2RECHARGABLE BATTERY
Arechargeablebattery,LeadAcidbattery,secondarycell,or accumulator is a type of electrical battery which can be charged,dischargedintoaload,andrechargedmanytimes,as opposedtoadisposableorprimarybatterywhichissupplied fullychargedanddiscardedafteruse
3.1.3 Op Amp
TheIC741operationalamplifierlookslikeasmallchip.The most significant pins are 2, 3 and 6, where pin 2 and 3 denotes inverting & non-inverting terminals and pin6 denotes output voltage. The triangular form in the IC signifiesanop-ampintegratedcircuit.Thecurrentversionof thechipisdenotedbythefamousIC741opamp.
3.1.4 12V Single Changeover Relay
Anelectricallycontrolledswitchisarelay.Solid-staterelays are one type of working principle, although many relays employanelectromagnettomechanicallyoperateaswitch. Relays are employed when multiple circuits need to be controlledbyasinglesignalorwhenaseparatelow-power signalisrequiredtocontrolacircuit.
3.1.5 Diode
Thediodesareoftheaxialkind.Theyaresimpletomounton themultipurposePCB.Thisdiode'skeycharacteristicsare:
Goodreliability
lowforwardvoltagedrop
highcurrentcapacity,
highsurgecurrentcapacity
3.1.6 Transistor
A transistor is an NPN (negative-positive-negative) transistorthatisemployedinavarietyofapplications.Itcan beusedastheactivecomponentforswitchesandamplifiers along with other electrical parts including resistors, coils, andcapacitors.ThiskindofNPNtransistorhasanemitter terminal,abaseorcontrolterminal,andacollectorterminal, muchlikeallotherNPNtransistors.
3.1.7 Transformer
A transformer is a static device with no moving elements that transfers electrical power between circuits while varyingthevoltageandcurrentbutnotthefrequency.
Astep-downtransformerisonethatreducesvoltagefrom primary tosecondarybyhavingfewersecondary winding turnsthanprimarywindingturns.Astep-uptransformeris one with more secondary winding turns than primary winding turns and boosts voltage from primary to secondary. The mutual induction theory underlies the operationofanelectricaltransformer.
4. WORKING PRINCIPLE OF HYBRID INVERTER –USING SOLAR BATTERY CHARGER
Hybridinverterusingsolar charger iscombinationoftwo circuits
1.Chargingcircuit.
2.Invertercircuit
4.1 Charging Circuit
When the solar panel's output reaches 12 volts in the chargingcircuit,thebatteryischargedusingsolarenergy. The battery is charged using the AC mains power source whenthesolarpanel'soutputfallsbelow12volts.The12 voltSPDT(singlepoledoublethrow)relayisusedforthis switchover.
In direct sunlight, a solar panel consistently produces 12 volts. When this happens, the Zener diode enters the breakdownzoneanddelivers11voltstothecomparator's invertingterminal.Thecomparator'soutputturnshighand isshownbyaglowinggreenlightatthispointsinceitsnoninvertinginputhasreceivedagreatervoltage.Thetransistor thenconductsandtherelayenergizes.
4.2 Inverter Circuit
Operation-1: Charging From AC Mains
The battery receives the charging current from the transformer-based power source through the Normal Close(N/C) and common contacts of the relay when solar powerisnotavailablebutACmainsis.Thispowersupply has a step down transformer that converts 230 volts of alternating current to 15 volts of direct current, two rectifyingdiodes,andasmoothingcapacitorthateliminate voltageripple.
TherelaychangestoACpowerwhenthesolarpanel'soutput islessthan12volts,chargingthebatteryfromtheACmains while the indicator red LED illuminates. When the solar panel'soutputisgreaterthan12volts,therelayswitchesto solarpower.
Operation-2: Charging from Solar Panel
The12V,10Wsolarpanelproduces12voltsDCandupto0.5 ampsof currentunder directsunlight. Acapacitor buffers the power from the solar panel, while a diode protects against reverse polarity. OP-AMP is employed as a straightforwardvoltagecomparator.
Thenon-invertinginputoftheICreceivespowerfromthe solar panel, while the inverting input of the comparator receivesareferencevoltageof11voltsfromtheZenerdiode. IndicatedbyaflashinggreenLED,thecomparator'soutput
turns high when the solar panel delivers 12 volts at its outputport.Therelaythenenergizestothenormally-open (N/O)stateandthetransistorconducts,allowingthebattery toreceivethesolarpanel'schargingcurrentthroughitsN/O andcommoncontacts.Soweareabletocontinuouslycharge thebatteryusingboththeACmainsandthesolarpanel.
Operation 3: To Operate The Load
Now, we operate an ac load while charging the 12 volt batterywithdcelectricityinsidethechargingcircuit.Thus, to increase the voltage to 230 volts, we first utilize an invertercircuitandthenatransformer.
Themultivibratorcircuitthatcontrolstheoutputfrequency is made up of two MJE13003 NPN transistors, two 1F electrolytic capacitors, two 680 resistors, and two 16.5K resistors. It's mainly the 1µF capacitors and the 16.5KΩ resistors that chiefly set the frequency. The time constant thattheoutputswitchesonandoffatisgivenbytheformula =RC= (16.5K)(1F)=0.0165s because the resistor and capacitorpairformsanRCnetwork.Thefrequency,orf,is equal to or less than the time constant, or 1/0.0165s, or 60Hz.
A multivibrator makes up this portion of the circuit. It producesawaveformthatresemblesasinusoidalwave.Both transistors are off when one is turned on. Because of the capacitor'snearlysinusoidalchargingcycle.
5.
RESULTS
A hardware prototype is a standard model that complies withtheproject'srequirements.Theprototypeshownbelow cansuccessfullyusesolarenergyaswellasacmainsandcan providetheloadcontinuously.
Charging circuit:
The charging circuit which offers two modes of battery chargingi.eonefromACmainsandotherfromsolarpower.
Inverter circuit:
Thiscircuithelpstoinvertthe12vdcto230vactooperate theloads
6. Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantage
Thedailyoutputwillbemore stable-sincetheinverteris run by two sources. Both energy source may offset the variation in output mutually. The overall system will be morestableduringthedayandduringthenight,sincemain powersupplyisnotlimitedbysunlight.Ofcourse,thesupply willbehigherduringthedaybutisdoesnotdroptozeroat night.
Providinguninterruptablepowersupply-whensolarpower supplynotavailableloadconnectwithmainpowersupply andmainpowersupplynotavailableloadconnectedwith inverterpowersupply
Disadvantage
One of the main problems in Solar Inverter system is inefficient charging of Battery during cloudy weather condition. The high battery requires more than 1 Ampere currentforpropercharging.Tosolvethisproblem,wemade a”HybridSolarcharger”circuit.Sothechargerhastwosides. One side gets power from Solar panel and the other side
from a Step-down transformer. If the voltage from Solar panelreducesbelow9volts,thechargershiftstoACmode andbatterychargesviathecurrentfromtransformer.
7. Conclusion
The hybrid inverter using solar charger is a promising technology that combines two renewable energy sources, solarenergyandelectricityfromthegrid,togeneratepower for domestic and commercial use. The technology is cost effective, environmentally friendly, reliable, and has high efficiency.TheuseofHybridinvertercancontributetothe reduction of energy consumption and carbon emissions. Therefore, the hybrid inverter is recommended for use in domesticandcommercialapplications
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