A REVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FIBER REINFORCEMENT ON STRENGTH CHARACTE

A REVIEW OF THE EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF FIBER REINFORCEMENT ON STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF M30 GRADE

OF CONCRETE

1M.Tech , Department Of Civil Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College for Degree and PG Courses(A), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India.

2Assitant professor, Department Of Civil Engineering, Gayatri Vidya Parishad College for Degree and PG Courses(A), Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, A.P, India. ***

Abstract - This study aims to investigate howthe inclusion of polyester and glass fibers influences the mechanical properties of concrete used in construction. Two different concrete mixes will be prepared, and varying amounts of fibers will be added to each mix. The compressive, split tensile, andflexural strengthpropertiesoftheresultingfiberreinforced concrete will be compared to those of conventional concrete. While it is anticipated that an increase infiber content will correspond with aproportional increase in strength properties, it is important to note that beyonda certainpercentage,strengthmayactuallydecrease.

Both glass fiber and polyester fiber are commonly used in construction to improve the properties of concrete and prevent micro-cracks.Inparticular,alkali-resistantpolyester fiber is suitable for use in pavement quality concrete (PQC) and overlays. The study aims to determine how different percentages of each fiber impact the compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength of concrete. It should be noted that while both fibers are effective at enhancing concrete properties, they may have differing effects on the final strengths of the concrete.

In summary, the addition of fibers to concrete can lead to improved mechanical properties, but it is crucial to carefully consider the percentage of fibers addedto avoiddiminishing returns. Finally, it is important to compare the effects of different fibers on concrete properties when choosing the appropriate fiber for a particular construction project.

Key Words: Glass Fiber , Polyester Fiber , Conventional Concrete , Fiber-Reinforced Concrete , Mechanical Properties,MicroCracks,CompressiveStrength,Flexural Strength,SplitTensileStrength.

1.INTRODUCTION

Fibersarecommonlyaddedtoengineeringmaterials,such as ceramics, plastics, cement, and gypsum products, to enhancetheircompositeproperties.Thisincludesimproving their tensile and compressive strength, elastic modulus, crack resistance, crack control, durability, fatigue life,

resistance to impact and abrasion, shrinkage, expansion, thermalcharacteristics,andfireresistance.

Whileconcreteisaversatilematerialthatcanbeadjustedby changing its ingredients, including cementitious material, aggregate, water, and special additives. Despite its versatility,concretealsohassomedrawbacks,suchaslow tensile strength, poor post-cracking capacity, brittleness, limitedductility,lowfatiguelife,inabilitytoaccommodate significantdeformations,andlowimpactstrength.

Plain concrete is inherently weak due to the presence of micro cracks at the interface between the mortar and aggregate. However, this weakness can be overcome by incorporating fibers into the concrete mix. These fibers, which may be made of materials commonly used in compositematerials,enhancetheconcrete'stoughnessand abilitytoresistthegrowthofcracksbydistributingloadsat internal micro cracks. The resulting material is known as fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC), which is essentially a compositematerialcomprisingregularconcreteormortar reinforced with small fibers. FRC is commonly used in applications where high strength and durability are required, such as industrial floors, bridges, tunnels, and airport pavements. The choice of fiber type and amount depends on the specific application and the desired propertiesoftheFRC.

The presence of fibers in fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) helps to transfer loads to internal micro cracks, which enhances the material's mechanical properties. FRC is a cement-basedcompositematerialthathasgainedpopularity inrecentyearsduetoitsexcellentcharacteristics,including highflexuraltensilestrength,resistancetospalling,impact resistance,andsuperiorpermeabilityandfrostresistance. The incorporation of fibers into the concrete mix is an effectivewaytoimproveitstoughness,shockresistance,and resistancetoplasticshrinkagecracking.Thesefibersoffer numerous benefits to the material and contribute to its overallstrengthanddurability.

1.1Ceramics

Incorporatingfibers,suchassiliconcarbideoralumina,into ceramicscanincreasetheirstrength,toughness,andfracture resistance.Thisisbecausethefibersactasreinforcements andpreventcracksfrompropagatingthroughthematerial.

1.2Plastics

Addingfibers,suchascarbonorglassfibers,toplasticscan increase their stiffness, strength, and toughness. This is because the fibers add strength and rigidity to the plastic matrix,makingitmoreresistanttodeformationanddamage.

1.3Cementandgypsumproducts

Incorporatingfibers, suchassteel or synthetic fibers,into cement or gypsum products can improve their crack resistance,durability,andimpactresistance.Thefibershelp todistributestressesmoreevenlythroughoutthematerial, reducingtheriskofcrackingandincreasingitstoughness.

1.4FiberReinforcedConcrete

FiberReinforcedConcrete(FRC)isatypeofconcretethat incorporates fibrous materials to enhance its structural strength. The fibers used in FRC are short, discrete fibers thatareevenlydispersedandrandomlyalignedthroughout theconcretematrix.Commonfibermaterialsincludesteel, polyester, glass, and natural fibers. The characteristics of FRCvarydependingonthetypeofconcrete,fibermaterial, fibergeometry,distribution,orientation,anddensityused. The addition of fibers to concrete can effectively mitigate crackformationatbothmacroandmicrolevels.

Typesoffibers:

The following are the different type of fibers used in concrete:

(a)Steelfiber

(b)Glassfiber

(c)polyesterfiber

(d)Carbonfiber

1.4.1PolyesterFiberReinforcedConcrete(P.R.C)

Polyester Fiber Reinforced Concrete (P.R.C) is a type of concrete that incorporates short, discontinuous polyester fibers intothe mixture. These fibers aretypicallyadded in small amounts, typically around 0.1% to 0.5% of the total volumeoftheconcrete.

Theadditionofpolyesterfiberstoconcretecanimproveits mechanicalproperties,suchasitsstrength,toughness,and durability. The fibers act as a reinforcement, helping to

distributestressesthroughouttheconcreteandpreventing crackingandothertypesofdamage.

Inadditiontoitsmechanicalproperties,P.R.C.alsohasother benefits. It can be easier to work with than traditional concrete,asthefibershelptoreducetheamountofshrinkage andcrackingthatcanoccurduringthecuringprocess.Itcan also be more resistant to corrosion and other types of damage,makingitidealforuseinharshenvironments.

P.R.C. can be used in a variety of applications, including buildingconstruction,roadandbridgeconstruction,andin precastconcreteproducts.Itistypicallyusedincombination withothertypesofreinforcement,suchassteelrebarorwire mesh,tocreateastrong,durableconcretestructure.

1.4.2 Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete (G.R.C)

GlassFiberReinforcedConcrete(G.R.C)isatypeofconcrete thatincorporatesfineglassfibersintothemixture.Theglass fibersaretypicallyaddedintheformofchoppedstrandsor woven mats, and are dispersed throughout the concrete matrix.

The addition of glass fibers to concrete can enhance its mechanicalproperties,suchasitstensilestrength,flexural strength,andimpactresistance.Thefibershelptodistribute stressesthroughouttheconcreteandpreventtheformation ofcracksandothertypesofdamage.Additionally,itishighly resistanttocorrosionandweathering,makingitidealforuse inharshenvironments.

G.R.C. can be used in a variety of applications, including building facades, cladding, decorative elements, and sculptures.Itistypicallyusedinthinsections,asthefibers arenotaseffectiveinlargersections.

2.LITERATUREREVIEW

[2.1] Study Of Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete –(2010)

Authors : GauravTuliet.al

The paper highlights that the addition of glass fibers in certain percentages improves the strain properties, crack resistance, ductility, flexural strength, toughness, and modulus of elasticity of concrete. While most research in fiber reinforcedconcrete hasbeendevoted tosteel fibers, glassfibershaverecentlybecomeavailable,whicharefree fromthecorrosionproblemassociatedwithsteelfibers.Itis often combined with other composites such as plastic or carbon fiber to enhance its strength, reduce thermal expansionandincreasecorrosionresistance.

ThestudyusedCEM-FILLanti-crack,highdispersion,alkaliresistantglassfibersofdiameter14micronswithanaspect

ratio of 857 in percentages varying from 0.33 to 1% by weightinconcrete.Theresultsshowedthatthemodulusof elasticity of glass fiber reinforced concrete increased by 4.14%comparedtoconventionalreinforcedconcrete.

Moreover, the addition of glass fibers resulted in a 5.19% increase in flexural strength and a 37% increase in compressive strength of various grades of glass fiber concretemixescomparedto28dayscompressivestrength. Theresearchalsoindicatedthatonlyasmallvolumeofglass fiber is required, up to 0.33% of the weight of cement content. Further addition may decrease the strength of concrete.

[2.2] POLYESTER FIBER IN THE CONCRETE AN EXPERIMENTALINVESTIGATION – (2011)

Authors

Thestudyinvestigatedtheuseofnon-biodegradablewaste, specifically polyester fibers, in concrete to enhance crack resistanceandstrength.Aconcretemixwithacompressive strengthof25MPawasutilized,andsampleswerecreated usingvariousfibercontentsrangingfrom0%to6%,withan increment of 0.5%. The compressive, split tensile, and flexuralstrengthsofthemodifiedconcretewereevaluatedat different ages (3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days). The results indicatedthatthestrengthoftheconcreteincreasedwiththe percentageoffiberupto3.5%andthendecreasedupto6%. The maximum deflection was observed for the modified concretewith6%fiber,withavalueof1.16mm,whereasthe concretewith3.5%fiberexhibitedamaximumdeflectionof 0.82mm.Theutilizationofpolyesterfibersinconcretecan minimize non-biodegradable waste and increase the strengthoftheconcrete.Themodifiedconcreteexhibiteda 36.2%, 24.3%, and 15.13% increase in compressive, split tensile, and flexural strengths, respectively, compared to conventional concrete at 28 days. Furthermore, the loadcarrying capacity of fiber-reinforced concrete beams was higher.Itisrecommendedthatthepercentageofpolyester fibers in concrete be limited to 3.5% from a strength perspectiveand6%fromadisposalperspective.

[2.3] FATIGUE PERFORMANCES OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCEDCONCRETEINFLEXURE-(2011)

Authors:YanLvet.al

Astudywasconductedtoevaluatethefatigueperformance of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) under flexural fatigueloadingatvariousstresslevels.Thestudyfoundthat GFRCexhibitedbetterfatigueresistancecomparedtoplain concrete.Todeterminethefatigue-livesofGFRCatdifferent stresslevels,63beamspecimensofsize100X100X400mm, incorporating 0.6%, 0.8% and 1% glass fiber volume fraction, were tested under four-point flexural fatigue

loading by a universal testing system. The statistical distribution of GFRC's fatigue-life was found to be in agreementwiththetwo-parameterWeibulldistribution.The coefficients of the fatigue equation were determined for GFRC corresponding to different survival probabilities, allowing for the prediction of flexural fatigue strength for desired levels of survival probability. The findings of the study suggest that the fatigue performance of GFRC is superiortoplainconcrete.

[2.4]ANALYSISOFPOLYESTERFIBERREINFORCED CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO ELEVATED TEMPERATURES –(2013)

Authors:Siddeshpalet.al

Thepaperdiscussestheproblemofsteelcorrosionleading to the deterioration of concrete structures at high temperatures.Theuseoffiberreinforcementwithmaterials likepolyesterissuggestedasapotentialsolutionforcreating durablerepairmaterialsthatmeetseveralcriteria,including low shrinkage, good thermal expansion, and high tensile strength. The bonding between the fibers and concrete is crucial, and little is known about the effect of fiber percentageonpropertiessuchasflexuralandcompressive strengths.

Thestudyshowsthatthecompressivestrengthofpolyester fiber reinforced concrete decreases with increasing temperature.Thereductioninstrengthismoresignificantat highertemperatures,andtheadditionoffibersalsoleadsto a decrease in compressive strength. Similarly, ultrasonic pulsevelocityvaluesdecreasewithincreasingtemperature andfiberpercentage,withamoredrasticdecreaseobserved forspecimenscontaining0.5%and1%fibers.Thestudyalso foundthatspecimenscontaining1%fibermixshowedlower surface temperatures than those containing 0.5% and 0% fiber,indicatingthatincreasingfiberpercentagecanhelpthe specimen withstand high temperatures and remain cool. Overall,thestudyhighlightsthepotential benefitsoffiber reinforcement for creating durable repair materials for concretestructuressubjectedtohightemperatures

[2.5] STRENGTH AND FIRE RESISTANCE PROPERTIES OF GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE –

(2013)

Authors:C.SelinRavikumaret.al

A study was conducted to investigate the mechanical propertiesofglassfiberreinforcedconcrete.Theadditionof glass fibers increased the strength of the material by increasingtheforcerequiredfordeformationandimproving toughness by increasing the energy required for crack propagation.Thestudyalsofoundthatglassfiberconcrete has better fire-resistant properties compared to normal

concrete. Over the years, the use of fibers in concrete has increased significantly for enhancing properties such as tensile strength and ductility. Glass fiber is a recent introduction to the field of concrete technology and has advantages such as higher tensile strength and fire resistance.Inthisinvestigation,glassfiberswithalengthof 450mmwereaddedtoconcreteuptoavolumefractionof 1% to determine their strength and fire-resistant characteristics.Thestudycomparedthestrengthandfireresistanceperformanceofconventionalconcreteandglass fiberconcrete.

Thestudyconcludedthatwith0.5%additionofglassfiber, therewasa13%increaseincompressivestrength,a42% increase in flexural strength, and a 20% increase in split tensile strength compared to conventional concrete. With 1%additionoffiber,theincreaseincompressivestrength wasdetermined.

[2.6]GLASSFIBREREINFORCEDCONCRETEUSEIN CONSTRUCTION – (2013)

Authors:N.Shakoret.al

Glass-fibre reinforced concrete (GRC) is a cementatious materialcomposedofcement,sand,water,andadmixtures, in which short length glass fibres are dispersed. GRC is widelyusedintheconstructionindustryfornon-structural elements due to its lightweight, fire resistance, good appearance, and strength. It can be used for high-rise buildingconstructionpanel,decorativepanels,andevenfor the production of new products like composite walls and flooring.Inastudyconductedtoindicatethedifferencesin compressivestrengthandflexuralstrengthbyusingcubesof varying sizes, trial tests for concrete with glass fibre and withoutglassfibrewereconducted.Theresultsshowedthat 1.5%ofglassfibresusedinconcretegavemaximum7days average compressive strength. At lower or higher percentages,areductioninstrengthofabout15%to20% wasobserved,althoughthereductionreducedby5%to10% after28days.Increasingtheweightofglassfibreinnormal concreteaffectsthecohesivenessbetweentheparticlesof concrete, resulting in the degradation of compressive strength, flexural, and tensile strength. For M60 mix, a percentage ofglassfibre of 2%gavea flexural strength of 6.15MPa, whichis10% more thanthatobtainedat1.5%. However, glass fibre does not affect high-performance concrete,especiallyifitcontainsalargegradationofcoarse concrete because it leaves more porosity and spaces between the particles and allows air to move between. Duringmixingwithconcrete,careshouldbetakenwithglass fibre as it should not be mixed for more than 1 minute, otherwise, it will break into tiny pieces and cannot be worked with. Overall, the study indicates the tremendous potentialofGFRCasanalternativeconstructionmaterial.

[2.7] COMPRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OF POLYESTER FIBER REINFORCED SUBJECTED TO SUSTAINED ELEVATEDTEMPERATURE – (2014)

Authors:NarayanaSureshet.al

The study investigated the effects of polyester fiber reinforcement on normal-strength concrete structures exposed to sustained elevated temperatures ranging from 100 to 800 degrees Celsius for 2 hours. A total of 72 specimenswereprepared,consistingof0%,0.5%,and1% volume fractions of 12mm polyester fibers in a 150mm concretecubewithawater-cementratioof0.475andamix of M20. The addition of fibers to the mix contributed to delaying the failure of the structure when exposed to temperatures between 25 and 400 degrees Celsius. The results showed an increasing trend in the residual compressive strengthof normal-strength concreteupto a sustainedelevatedtemperatureof400degreesCelsiuswith theadditionof0.5%volumefractionofpolyesterfibers.The hand-mixingfactorhadasignificantimpactontheresidual compressivestrengthoffiber-reinforcedconcrete.Thestudy concludedthat0.5%volumefractionwastheoptimaldosage of polyester fibers, despite a decrease in concrete workability, providing better resistance to residual compressive strength reduction at sustained elevated temperatures.

[2.8] STUDY OF STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF POLYSTERFIBERREINFORCEDCONCRETE –(2016)

Authors:

Theexperimentinvestigatedtheeffectofaddingpolyester fibertoconcretemixesofM25gradeatvaryingpercentages ofweightofthecement(0.25%,0.5%,0.75%,and1%).The goal was to determine the optimal percentage of fiber additionthatwouldimprovethestrengthpropertiesofthe concrete, including compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC)isarelativelynewconstructionmaterialthatconsists ofconventionalconcretereinforcedbyrandomlydispersed short length fibers of specific geometry made of steel, synthetic(polymeric)ornaturalfibers.Theadditionoffibers helpstomodifythelowtensilestrength,brittleness,andlow strain at fracture of plain cement concrete, making it strongerandmoreductile.

The study used Recron 3s polyester fiber and found that adding 0.25% and 0.5% by weight of cement in the mix designincreasedthecompressivestrengthby16.20%and 6.80%,respectively,comparedtothecontrolmix.

The optimal percentage of fiber addition varied for each strength property, with 0.25% being the best for compressivestrength,0.75%forsplittensilestrength,and

0.5%forflexuralstrength.Overall,thestudydemonstrated that adding polyester fiber can improve the strength propertiesofconcrete,buttheoptimalpercentageoffiber addition depends on the specific strength property being targeted.

[2.9] EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON FIBRE REINFORCEDCONCRETE – (2016)

Authors:EArunakanthiet.al

Thepurposeofthisstudywastoinvestigatetheeffects of glassfiberandsteel fiberonthestrengthofconcrete. The additionoffiberreinforcementtoconcretecanimproveits tensilestrengthandfireresistance.Inthisstudy,M20grade concretewasusedwithamixproportionof1:1.96:2.63and awater-cementratioof0.45.Thefiberreinforcementwas added at percentages of 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and 3%. The compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strengthweremeasuredafter28days.Theresultsshowed that there was no significant difference in strength and ultimatecompressioncapacitybetweentheadditionof0.5% and 1.2% fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) for M20 grade concrete. However, there were significant differences in flexural strength and split tensile strength between the different types of FRC used. The percentage increase in strength was observed for each fiber reinforcement percentageat28days.

[2.10] PERFORMANCE OF EXTRUDED POLYESTER FIBERREINFORCEDCONCRETE – (2016)

Authors:Y.M.Ghugalet.al

Anexperimentalinvestigationwasconductedtostudythe effectsofextrudedpolyesterfibersonvariousstrengthsof concrete.Thefibercontentwasvariedfrom0.5%to5%by weight of cement, and a concrete mix with a compressive strength of 40 MPa and a water-cement ratio of 0.37 was used.Testswereconductedonspecimensofdifferentsizes, includingcubesforcompressivestrength,beamsforflexural strength, and cylinders for split tensile strength. The specimens were cured for 7 and 28 days and then tested. Workabilitywasmeasuredusingtheslumpconetest,and wet and dry densities were obtained. The results showed thatasfibercontentincreased,workabilityandwetdensity decreased, but improvements in various strengths were observed, although not significant. The load deflection behaviorshowedimprovedductilityofthecomposite,and verygoodcrackcontrolwasobservedat5%fibercontent. The elastic constants were found to be within the normal range. The study concluded that the addition of extruded polyester fibers in concrete could improve its strength, durability,andcrackresistance.

[2.11] EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON UTILIZATION OF POLYESTER FIBER FOR IMPROVEDPROPERTIESOFCONCRETE – (2016)

Authors:VaibhavShirodharet.al

Thestudyaimedtoenhancethetensilestrengthandflexural strengthofconcrete,whichisgenerallyweakintensionbut strong in compression, by adding different percentages of polyester fibers. The fiber percentages considered were 0.2%,0.4%,and0.6%byweightofcement,andtheconcrete usedintheinvestigationhadacompressivestrengthof20 MPaandawater-cementratioof0.3.Thestudyfocusedon determiningthecrackresistance,splittensilestrength,and maximumstrengththatcanbeachievedbytheadditionof fibers. The results showed that the addition of 0.4% fiber gave the highest increase in compressive strength, split tensilestrength,andflexuralstrengthcomparedtoconcrete with0%fiber.Overall,theinvestigationaimedtodetermine the effect ofpolyester fiberson the strengthproperties of concrete and to find the optimal percentage of fibers to improveitstensileandflexuralstrength.

[2.12] COMPARATIVE STUDY ON STRENGTH BETWEENPOLYESTERFIBERANDGLASSFIBERIN CONCRETEMIX – (2016)

Authors:S.CharanRajuet.al

Thispaperpresentsanexperimentalstudythatinvestigates theeffectsofaddingpolyesterandglassfiberstoM30grade concrete with OPC 53 grade cement and a water-cement ratio of 0.5. The percentages of fibers added range from 0.1%to0.4%forpolyesterfiberand0.1%to0.3%forglass fiber,andtheresultsarecomparedwithamixthatcontains 0% fibers. The study concludes that the optimum percentagesforachievingmaximumcompressivestrength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength are 0.3% for polyester fiber and 0.2% for glass fiber. Any percentages beyond these values lead to a decrease in strength parameters.

[2.13] STRENGTH CHARACTERISTIC STUDY OF POLYESTER FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE –(2018)

Authors:AlexTharunPJet.al

In this study, the use of polyester fibers and fly ash in concretewasinvestigated.Theadditionoffibersindifferent percentages (0% to 1%) to a concrete mix made of M30 gradecementwithawater-cementratioof0.4improvedthe properties of the concrete, such as compressive strength, tensile strength, impact strength, and abrasion resistance. Thefibersprovidedsupporttotheconcreteinalldirections andpreventedcorrosion.

Theuseofflyashasasustainablematerialintheconcrete industry reduced carbon dioxide emissions, as it replaced some of the cement in the mix. The workability of the concretedecreasedwithanincreaseinfibercontent,asseen in the slump value and compression factor. However, the addition of polyester fibers increased the compressive strength by 21.5%, split tensile strength by 65.5%, and flexuralstrengthby66.66%.Theimpactductilityindexalso increased with an increasing fiber content due to high bondingofthefiber.Thereplacementofflyashcreatedan economicalandworkablemix.

[2.14] STEEL AND GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE:AREVIEW-(2018)

Authors:Er.LakshitaGuptaet.al

Thispaperdiscussestheapplicationofglassfiberreinforced concrete(GFRC)tominimizedamageduringfireaccidents and its potential for creating sheet piling, head walls, and other passive elements. The study shows that GFRC can reduce damage by up to 30% compared to conventional concrete, thereby increasing its service life. The paper identifiesthechallengesofusingconventionalconcreteand the potential of steel and glass fiber reinforcement in mix design to address them. The addition of these fibers enhancesthecompressive,tensile,andsplittensilestrength ofconcrete,withglassfibersprovidinghightensilestrength and fire-resistant properties, while steel fibers improve flexuraltoughness,energyabsorptioncapacity,ductility,and durability.Thereviewconcludesthatreplacingcementwith glassandsteel fiberscanincreaseconcrete'sfundamental properties,butonlyuptoacertainpercentagetopreventa lossofstrength.

However,theuseoffibersreducesconcreteworkability,so theirapplicationmustbelimited.Thestudyalsoobserved improved surface integrity and reduced bleeding in most cases of fiber reinforced concrete. Finally, the addition of steelfibersimprovesthebrittlenessofconcretemorethan glassfibers.

[2.15]GlassFibrereinforcedconcrete –(2018)

Authors:MuhammedIskenderet.al

Thispaperdiscussesthebenefitsofaddingfiberstoconcrete mixes, specifically glass fibers, which can improve the material's resistance to wear and tear, permeability, and atmospheric effects like corrosion. Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a versatile building material that is lightweight,strong,fireandweatherresistant,impermeable, andaestheticallypleasing.GFRC'sphysicalandmechanical properties depend on the quality of materials and production methods. The addition of glass fibers can increase compressive strength and flexural strength, but

excessive amounts can reduce workability. GFRC has a longerservicelifethantraditionalconcreteduetoitsability to control micro-crack propagation and its lower permeability.

However, glass fibers have a positive effect on the stressstrain curve and flexural strength of GFRC due to the increaseinaspectratiooffibers,resultinginanincreasein pull-outandenergyabsorptionoftheGFRC.AlthoughGFRC canbemoreexpensivethantraditionalconcrete,advancesin technology may change this in the future. GFRC is widely usedinarchitecture,building,andengineeringapplications and can be produced in complex forms and decorative materialsusingdigitaltechnologies.Moreresearchisneeded tofurtherimprovethepropertiesofGFRC.

[2.16] HIGH PERFORMANCE GLASS FIBRE REINFORCEDCONCRETE – (2020)

Authors:DineshKumaret.al

Thestudyinvestigatedtheuseofglassfibersinconcreteto improve its mechanical properties such as compressive strength,flexuralstrength,anddurability.Theresearchers experimented with different variations of Glass Fiber ReinforcedConcrete(GFRC)mixedwithconcreteofgrade M20 and M30 as per IS 10262:2009 and IS 10262:2000, respectively.ForM20gradeconcrete,thestudyfocusedon reducing the water content from 0% to 20% and adding glassfiberinthreedifferentpercentagesof0.33%,0.67%, and1%toevaluatetheeffectoncompressivestrengthand workability. The results showed that the compressive strengthofconcretemoderatelyincreasedfor7and28days with the addition of 0.33% of glass fiber, achieving 19.23 N/mm2and41.32N/mm2,respectively.

Moreover,theflexuralstrengthofM20with1%glassfiber graduallyincreasedto14.5 N/mm2and18.8N/mm2at7 and28days,respectively.Thestudyalsoexaminedtheeffect ofplastizeroncompressivestrengthandworkabilityofthe concrete. Overall, the investigation aimed to evaluate the effective utilization of glass fiber on concrete and its potentialtoenhanceitsmechanicalproperties.

3.CONCLUSION

Based on the literature review, it can be concluded that adding fibers to concrete can improve its properties, includingstrength,durability,crackresistance,andimpact andabrasionresistance.Theuseofspecificfiberswasfound tobeeffectiveinachieving higherstrengthat earlystages comparedtoconventionalconcrete.

However, it was also found that the strength of fibers decreases as the percentage of fibers increases. The performance of fiber-reinforced concrete is influenced by fiber geometry, volume fraction, and aspect ratio.

Additionally,whiletheinitialcostofusingfiber-reinforced concrete may be higher, the long-term cost savings from reducedmaintenanceandrehabilitationmaymakeitamore financiallyviableoptioninthelongrun.

Futureresearchshouldexploretheoptimalpercentageand mix designs for different scenarios while considering economicfactors.Themajorityofthereviewedstudiesused 1to6%offiberswithanincrementof0.5%todeterminethe optimum value for strength properties. These findings encouragefurtherexplorationoffiberadditiontoconcrete byacademicsandconstructionengineeringpractitioners.

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