A Review on Study of the Behavioral Similarities Between Marshal Stability and Indirect Tensile Strength Values in Bituminous Concrete Containing Carbon Black and Cement
ABSTRACT: The problems of rusting, displacement, cracking, distortion, and fatigue concern pavement engineers. ITS is used to determine the tensile properties of bituminous mixes as well as Marshall Stability tests to determine their compressive characteristics. For preparation of bituminous concrete samples using aggregates, carbon black and cement as filler material. There have been several studies on Marshall Stability and ITS separately, but they have not been studied together. In this proposal, an effort is made to examine their behavioral similarities. Research on this topic will also determine if Marshall Stability values correlate with Indirect Tensile Strength values for Bituminous Concrete. In this research were determine stability values as well as tensile values at temperature 600C for Marshall technique and 250C for ITS. It will also determine if these tests are appropriate for mix design. In the study, guidelines will be provided to the designer to establish the relevance of conductingbothtests.
Key Words: Carbon Black, Cement, ITS, Marshal Stability and Bituminous Concrete
1.
INTRODUCTION
India is the second largest country in the world which has largest developing economy. Due to the increase in traffic, wear and tear of the pavement is increasing day by day. “The life of bituminous pavement and quality of riding surface get decreased. Durability of roads also decreases if there are extreme changes in weather, high rainfall intensity, adverse terrain condition and poor subgradeofsoilconditions.Attemptsarethereforebeing made to make durable pavements. Therefore, for increasing the pavement life, different types of stabilizing additives like carbon black, cement, fibers, rubbers,polymers,flyash,artificialsilica,andbrickdust or a combination of these materials and modifiers such as polymers and fibres can be used. So, in present days, for enhancing the durability of roads, different types of fillers are using in bituminous mix at very fast rate. A
good and long-lasting road network requires proper planning, designing, construction and maintenance approach. India has the world's second largest road network. According to the National Highways Authority of India, roads carry approximately 64% of freight and 79% of passenger traffic. National Highways carry approximately40%oftotalroadtraffic,despitecovering only about 2% of the road network. With the country's cities,towns,andvillageshavingbetterconnectivityover time, road transportation has gradually increased.Averagegrowthofthenumberofvehiclesper annum has also been increasing over recent years affecting the performance of the pavement. Research activities are continuously carried out in order to enhancethepropertiesofbituminousmixenableflexible pavements to meet the present challenges. In a developing country like India, it is necessary to provide cost-effective solutions. Therefore, there is vast scope and need to improve the properties of bituminous pavement. The Marshall Stability of bituminous materialsreferstotheirresistancetostressesthatcause distortion or displacement. Bituminous pavement occasionally experiences heavy traffic loads, so it's importanttousebituminousmaterialwithgoodstability andflow.Theeffectoftrafficloadoverlongperiodcould affect the strength of an asphalt mixture showing early signs of fatigue cracks. To determine this damage is commonly used the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS). Though much research has been done on Marshall Stability and Indirect Tensile Strength using various agentsandfillermaterials,butnocomparativestudyhas been done in this regard. Marshall Stability Test works on compressive loading and ITS test being Indirect Tensileloadalsoworksoncompressionload.Therefore, it is a matter of concern if ITS test is relevant with respecttoMarshallStability”
1.2 Marshall Stability Test
“In this method, a compacted cylindrical specimen of bituminous mixture is loaded diametrically at a deformation rate of 50 mm per minute and the
resistance to plastic deformation of the specimen is measured. The Marshall stability of the mix is determinedbythemaximumloadthatthespecimencan support at a standard test temperature of 60 °C. The correspondingdeformationatmaximumloadistheflow value. Finding the optimum binder content for the type of aggregate mix being used while satisfying other criteriaistheprimeobjectiveofthistest”
1.3 Indirect Tensile Strength Test
“
In the laboratory, a cylindrical specimen is loaded with a single compressive load that actsparallel toand along theverticaldiametricplane.TheMarshallmethodofmix designfordensebituminousmacadamisusedtoprepare test specimens at the optimum bitumen content. Each specimen is tested at the temperature 250C to determine Their Indirect Tensile Strength achieved by usingbreakingheadundera loadappliedata rateof50 mm per minute. Guidelines in ASTM D6931and ASTM D1074 code for indirect tensile strength test are applicable” . The load at failure recorded and ITS is computedbyusingthisformulawhichisgivenbelow:
σx = 2P/πDt
σx =Horizontaltensilestress/tensilestrength,N/mm2
P=Failureload,N
D=Diameterofthespecimen,mm
t=Heightofthespecimen,mm
2. NEED AND SCOPE OF STUDY
2. To evaluate the behavioral similarities of addition of Carbon black and Cement on Stability, Flow, Density and other Properties of mixese.g.,VMA,VFB,andAirVoidsforBC.
3. To determine the changes if any in optimum binder content BC on account of addition of CarbonblackandCementinBC.
4. To find out the Indirect Tensile Strength value forBCforVG-30gradebitumen
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Galooyak Saeed Sadeghpour (et.al) “studied the effect of carbon nanotube on the rheological properties of bitumen. In this study, different contents of carbon nanotube are used for the modification of the conventional bitumen. For the samples prepared by the ultrasonic mixer, it is observed that the agglomerated Nano-materials are peeled off and uniformly dispersed inbitumen.Thenclassicalexperimentsofbitumen,xray analysis, and rheological tests using Dynamic Shear Rheometer, were conducted on the modified bitumen. Master curves are plotted, and the results depicted that addition of 1.2 % by weight of carbon nanotubes to the bitumen have improved rheological properties of bitumen at high and low temperature service, significantly. Also, addition of nanotube increased the stiffness and reduced the phase angle of base bitumen. So, the use of carbon nanotubes as additives has significantly improved the classical properties of bitumen (softening point, penetration, etc.) and performance of modified bitumen compared to base binder”[1]
“
Though much research has been done on Marshall Stability and Indirect Tensile Strength using various agentsandfillermaterials,butnocomparativestudyhas been done in this regard. Marshall Stability Test works on compressive loading and ITS test though being Indirect Tensile load, also is derived from compression load. Therefore, it is a matter of concern if ITS test results have correlation with respect to Marshall Stability.Thisstudyisaadvancementofearlierresearch in a way that here it is finding behavioral similarity betweenMarshallStabilityandIndirectTensileStrength values as it will tell relevance of ITS test for the bituminousmixe” s.
3. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY
1. Todeterminetheoptimumbindercontentofthe bituminous mixes namely Bituminous Concrete (BC).
Khodary Farag (et.al) “explained the mechanical properties of modified asphalt concrete mixtures using Ca(OH)2 as nanoparticles. Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles were synthesized bysol.gel methodand analyzed by XRDand TEM. The effect of Ca (OH) 2 nanoparticles on the mechanical properties of unmodified and modified asphalt concrete mixtures was investigated. The results showed significant improvement on both physical and mechanical properties of modified asphalt concrete mixtures. The addition of 5% Ca (OH) 2 nanoparticles decreases the penetration grade of the blend by nearly 30%.Softeningpointwasincreaseby15°C(45%) and the viscosity was decreases by 7%. Unmodified specimens had the lowest value of indirect tensile strength, while Ca(OH)2 nanoparticles modified asphalt concrete mixtures has the highest value of indirect tensile strength specially at modification level 4%. The modified asphalt concrete mixtures with 5% have a higher increase of compressive strength. Finally the modified asphalt concrete mixtures with Ca (OH) 2 are preferable to be used in hot climate as well as heavy
trafficloadarea.FromtheresultsofvarioustestusingCa (OH) 2 nanoparticles can improve road mechanical properties, including rutting resistance and enhance bitumenperformancetoresisthightrafficloads”[3].
Kumar M. Veerendra(et.al) “didthecomparativestudy of wet and dry blending of plastic modified bituminous mixusedinroadpavements.Utilisationofwasteplastics in bituminous road pavements have been investigated currently under two types of blending namely wet mix anddrymix.InthisstudyengineeringpropertiesofWM & DM is evaluated. The optimum bitumen content determinedintermsofMarshallStabilitytestwasfound to be 4.98%. The enhancement in the performance was obtained at 8% partial replacement by waste plastic in both WM & DM. In comparative study of WM & DM, DM is better option to improve the performance of road pavements in terms of its fatigue, strength, stiffness by utilizationofwasteplastics.Utilizationofplasticwasteis found to be an eco-friendly solution for waste disposal andeconomyinpavementconstruction”.[5].
Patil S.B (et.al) “studied the influence of imperial smelting furnace slag aggregate on properties of bituminousmixes. Heinvestigatedthefeasibilityofusing this slag aggregate in bituminous binder course mixes. The Marshall method was used to design control bituminous mixes and evaluate the potential performance of these ISF slag aggregate bituminous mixtures. The investigation of different bituminous mixesincludingDBMandBCwasdonewithreplacement of natural aggregates by ISF slag from 5% to 25%, at different binder contents. The properties of these mixes such as bulk density, stability, void content, void in mineral aggregate and voids filled with bitumen were determined. Leachate analysis was also done on bituminous mixes containing ISF slag. The result indicates that ISF slag aggregate can successfully employed in bituminous binder course mixes. Replacement of 20% sine aggregates by ISF slag in bituminous concrete and dense bituminous macadam mixes satisfies all the requirements of MORTH Specifications. Economy is achieved in saving the crusher broken fine stone aggregates to the extent of fuel, electricity, mechanical energy etc. The disposal problem of waste is also minimized in an environmentallyacceptablemanner”[6]
Raghuram K.B. (et.al) “studied the performance evaluation of stone matrix asphalt using low cost fibres. SMA ishotmixasphaltwhichprovidesbetterresistance torutting. SMA iscoarse aggregate skeleton with higher binder content, even though the use of higher binder content improves the durability of the mix, it will also leadtoasphaltdraindown.Cellulosefibrehasbeenused to reduce the draindown of asphalt from SMA mixes.
This investigation considers the use of various low-cost stabilizers & also high viscosity binders as draindown retarders. The performance ofmixis evaluated in terms of stability & the resistance to rutting. The stability of SMA is checked by using the standard Marshall procedure. The rut depth is captured using wheel track test setup where rut depth achieved after 20,000 repetitions is used to evaluate the performance of SMA mixes. SMA mixes stabilized with FERP exhibit lower draindown than the SMA mixes with other fibres. FERP & jute fibres resulted in higher stability values when compared to other fibres. Jute fibres are effective in resistingthepermanentdeformationwhencomparedto all other fibres used in this study. Jute & FERP might replacethehigh-costcellulosefibresinSMAmixes”.[7].
Ranadive M.S. (et.al) “studiedtheenhancingstabilityof flexible pavements using plastic waste and fly ash. The use of national thermal power plant by product fly ash instead of mineral filler and waste plastic from solid waste in DBM was investigated. The Marshall stability and flow values have been determined to evaluate the strength and deformation characteristics. Marshall Properties of mix with fly ash are on lowering side as compared to mix with fly ash and plastic. Marshall test conducted on bituminous mix with 5% fly ash have maximumstabilityvalueof1560kg,correspondinglythe valuesofflowis2.3,Percentageairvoidsis4.2%,VMAis 13.4% & VFB is 68.2%. Also Marshall test conducted on bituminous mix with combination 5% fly ash & 2% plastic waste have higher value of stability 1700 kg, correspondingly the values of flow is 2.4, percentage air voids is 3.9%, VMA is 13.1% & VFB is 70.0%. Marshall Testconductedonbituminousmixwiththecombination of 2% plastic & 5% fly ash have the values of stability, flow, percentage air voids, VMA & VFB are within the limits of specifications given by MORTH. But these results are based on lab performance; field studies in futurewillsubstantiatetheresult”[8]
Satyakumar M. (et.al) “determinedthetexturedepthfor sandmixasphaltmodified withsulphur,slurry&flyash. The safety & riding quality depends on surface texture (macro texture), which influences water dispersal & ability of tire to contact the road surface. This paper deals with the texture depth contribution to tire pavement contact. Three test stretches, each having a length of 275m was made for study by adding mineral fillerssuchasflyash,slurry&sulphurwithbeachsand& bitumenatdifferentcombination.Astepwise regression analysis was used, to indicate the separate & distinct effect of several mixture properties such as percentage of air voids, flow value & unit weight on the texture depth of the experimental surface mixtures along with the skid resistance. The result of investigation showed that sand mix asphalt mix modified with mineral fillers
suchassulphur,slurry&flyashexhibitssuperiorsurface characteristicscomparedtoconventionaldensemix.The texture depth has not much significant effect on skid resistance of sand asphalt mixes, which are considered fortheinvestigation”[9].
Tewari Y.C. (et.al) “studied the role of nanotechnology in highway engineering. It deals with understanding, controlling & manipulating matter at the level of individualatoms&moleculesintherangeof0.1-100nm & creating materials, devices & system with new properties and functions. In this study the innovation of relevant nanotechnology and its impact on highway engineeringpracticeisintroducedforbroadeningvision and inspiring the creativity of highway engineering. Addition of nano scale materials into cement could improve its performance. Carbon nano tubes may be appliedtoimprovemechanicalpropertiesofcement.The addition of nano particles in asphalt improves mechanical performance, durability, reflectivity & skid resistance, better binding, quicker curing, better maintenance & sustainability. Although the cost of nanotechnology-enabled materials and devices may hinder their widespread application for highway engineering at the current stage, their price is expected todropinthenearfuture.Inaddition,the benefitsfrom nanotechnology’sapplicationcouldjustifytheadditional cost. However, the useful improvements that nanotechnology might bring highway infrastructure couldbe minimizedifthere islack ofappropriate vision andawareness”.[10]
Shunyashree et al. (2013) “studyoftheeffectofuseof recycled materials on Indirect Tensile Strength of asphaltconcretemixes.Forthelaboratoryinvestigations reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP. These test results were comparedwithconventionalmixesandasphaltconcrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimumbindercontent(OBC)decreasedwithincreased inRAPinACmixes.TheIndirectTensileStrengthforAC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when comparedtoconventionalACmixesat300C”[11].
Erarslan N. & Williams D.J. (2011) “investigated the effectofcyclicloadingontheIndirectTensileStrengthof rocks. This paper presents the results of laboratory experimentsduringtheinvestigationofthestress–strain characteristics of Brisbane tuff disc specimens under
diametral compressive cyclic loading. The ITS of Brisbane tuff disc specimens was measured using the Brazilian tensile strength test. The reduction in ITS was found to be 33% with sinusoidal loading tests, whereas increasingcyclicloadingcausedamaximumreductionof 37%. It is believed that the fracturing under cyclic loading starts at contact points between strong grains and weak matrices and that contact points at grain boundaries are the regions of stress concentration (i.e., indenters). Trans granular cracks emanate from these regions and inter granular cracks sometimes pass through the contact points. Once cracking begins, there is a steady progression of damage and a general ‘loosening’ of the rock, which is a precursor to the formationofintergranularcracks”.[12].
Anurag K. et al. (2009) “didlaboratoryinvestigationof Indirect Tensile Strength using roofing polyester waste fibresinhotmixasphalt.Theuseofthesematerialswas proved to be economical, environmentally sound and effectiveinincreasingtheperformancepropertiesofthe asphaltmixtureinrecentyears.Theprimaryobjectiveof thisresearchwastodeterminewhetherhomogeneously dispersed roofing waste polyester fibers improve the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and moisture susceptibility properties of asphalt concrete mixtures containing various lengths and percentages of the fiber in various aggregate sources. The results of the experiments found that, in general, the addition of the polyester fiber was beneficial in improving the wet tensile strength and tensile strength ratio (TSR) of the modifiedmixture,increasingthetoughnessvalueinboth dryandwetconditions,and increasingthevoidcontent, the asphalt content, the unit weight, and the Marshall Stability”[13].
Gandhi T. et al. (2009) “estimatingtheIndirectTensile Strength of mixtures containing anti- stripping agents using on artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict the Indirect Tensile Strength (ITS) and Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR) of various mixtures considering five input variables such as asphalt binder source, aggregate source, anti-striping agents (ASA), conditioning duration, and asphalt binder content. The results indicate that ANN-based models are effective in predictingtheITSandTSRvaluesofmixturesregardless of the test conditions. In addition, the developed ANN models can be used to predict ( or estimate ) the ITS values of the mixtures used in other research projects. Furthermore, the results also show that the asphalt binder source, aggregate source, and asphalt binder contentarethe mostimportantfactorsinthedeveloped ANNmodelswhiletheconditioningdurationisrelatively unimportant (i.e., it has less effect on the ITS values in comparison with other variables). In addition, the sensitivity analysis of input variables indicated that the
changes of ITS values are significant as the changes of themostimportantindependentvariables”.[14].
Chen X. & Huang B. (2008) “evaluation the performance of moisture damage in hot mix asphalt (HMA)andSuperpaveIndirectTensileTest.Evaluatethe moisture damage of dense-graded surface HMA mixture using simple performance test (SPT) and super pave Indirect Tensile Test (IDT). Asphalt binders (PG 64-22) with and without amine-based antistrip additive (ASA) were used to make mixtures for laboratory moisture damage evaluations. The dynamic modulus, Superpave IDT creep, resilient modulus and strength tests were performed on conditioned and unconditioned specimens.Theresultsfromthisstudyindicatedthatthe SPT dynamic modulus test and the Superpave IDT with F-T were effective to characterize lab-measured moisture susceptibility of HMA mixtures. Increasing F-T (freeze-thaw)cycleswouldincreasemoisturedamagein HMA mixtures. Amine-based antistrip additive was effective to decrease the moisture damage in HMA mixtures. Increasing coarse aggregate angularity (CAA) levels could increase dynamic modulus; however, it seemed that CAA had no significant effects on the labmeasuredmoistureresistanceofHMAmixtures”[15].
Huang B. et al. (2005) “did the comparative study of semi-circularbendingandIndirectTensileStrengthTest forhot mixasphalt. The ITS test a standardtest method of AASHTO and ASTM, which is adopted by most highwayagencies.Twotypesofaggregateareused(lime stoneandgravel)andtwotypesofasphaltbinder(PG6422) and (PG76-22) were considered. The permanent deformation under the loading strips is undesirable and in same case unbearable for the calculating of the cracking potential of asphalt mixes. Semi-circular bendingtestcouldsignificantlyreducetheloadingstripinduced permanent deformation and thus is more suitable Indirect Tensile Test for calculating tensile propertiesofhotmixasphaltmixtures.Theresultsfrom this study indicated that semi-circular bending and IndirectTensileStrengthTestwerefullycomparableand convertible”[16].
5. RESEARCH METHODOLOG
SamplesofBCmixwillbemadewithbitumengradeVG30 in this study. “The Indirect Tensile Strength method will be used to determine the tensile strength of bituminous concrete mixes. The Marshall Test will be used to determine the stability of bituminous concrete mixes. A comparative study is to be made between ITS values and Marshall Stability values to interpret the suitabilityofthesetestsforbituminousmixes” .
Aggregate, stone dust, bitumen, carbon black, and cement collection
Sample preparation and determination of control mix parameters in bituminous concrete
The preparation of samples of bituminous concrete with VG-30 binder content
ITS and Marshall stability tests should be performed at VG-30 bitumen grade
Evaluate the similarities between the properties determined by the ITS test and different binder contents
6. EXPECTED OUT COMES
i. Variouspropertiesofmixwithfillergivesbetter results.
ii. Optimum binder content is batter in addition of carbonblackascomparetoothermixes.
iii. Stability value is more after addition of carbon blackascomparetocontrolmix
iv. Density is nearly same in Marshall stability test andITStest.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Gupta L. & Suresh G., “Determination of Indirect Tensile Strength of bituminous concrete mix prepared using stone dust and cement as filler materials”, International Congress and Exhibition Sustainable Civil Infrastructures: Innovative Infrastructure Geotechnology,Springer,pp.249-261,2018
[2] Bansal S., Misra AK., and Bajpai P., “Evaluation of modified bituminous concrete mix developed using rubber and plastic waste materials”, International
JournalofSustainableBuiltEnvironmentvol.6,pp.442–448,2017.
[3] Chandra S. & Choudhary R., “Performance Characteristics of Bituminous Concrete with Industrial Wastes as Filler”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,25(11),pp.1666-1673,2013.
[4] Shunyashree, T., Archana, M.R. & Amarnath, M.S., “Effect of use of recycled materials on Indirect Tensile Strength of asphalt concrete mixes”, In IC-RICE Conference,pp.226-232,2013.
[5] Erarslan N. & Williams D.J.,“Investigatingtheeffect of cyclic loading on the Indirect Tensile Strength of rocks”,Springer,(45),pp.327-340,2011.
[6] Anurag K., Xiao F. & Amirkhanian S. N., “Laboratory investigation of Indirect Tensile Strength using roofing polyester waste fibers in hot mix asphalt”, Construction and Building Materials, 23(5), 2035
2040, 2009.
[7] Gandhi T., Xiao F. & Amirkhanian S.N.,“Estimating Indirect Tensile Strength of mixtures containing antistripping agents using an artificial neural network approach”, International Journal of Pavement Research andTechnology,2(1),pp.1.,2009.
[8] Chen X. & Huang B., “Evaluation of moisture damageinhotmixasphaltusingsimpleperformanceand Superpave Indirect Tensile Tests”, Construction and BuildingMaterials,22(9),pp.1950-1962,2008
[9] Huang B., Shu X. & Tang Y., “Comparison of semicircular bending and Indirect Tensile Strength Tests for HMA mixtures”, Advances in Pavement Engineering, pp. 1-12,2005.
[10] ASTM D6931–17, “Standard Test Method for Indirect Tensile (ITS) Strength of Asphalt Mixtures”, by ASTMInternational,PA,UnitedStates,2018.
[11] ASTM D6927, “StandardTestMethodforMarshall Stability and Flow of Bituminous Mixtures”, by ASTM International,PA,UnitedStates,2015.
[12] MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways), “Specifications for road and bridge works”, Indianroadscongress,NewDelhi,India,2013
[13] IRC-37-2018, “GuidelinesfortheDesignofFlexible Pavements (4th revision)”, Indian Roads Congress, New Delhi,India2018.