“EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH AND GGBS IN CONCRETE”

International

Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)

“EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH AND GGBS IN CONCRETE”

1&2 Department of Civil Engineering, P.E.S College Of Engineering, Aurangabad, Maharashtra

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Abstract - Sewage sludge management is a growing worldwide trouble for water treatment plants (WTPs) and governments. Considering the insufficiency of raw materials in many parts of the earth and rival properties of sewage sludge ample research have been conducted on the utilization of sewage sludge in the manufacturing of construction materials such as bricks, roof tiles, lightweight aggregates, cement, concrete, and geopolymers. This paper reviews the development in the utilization of sewage sludge in construction materials, by consolidating results from recent studies. Research findings have to divulge that affiliation of 10.5% sewage sludge ash in concrete is adequate with a small reduction of mechanical performance. Using the sewage sludge ash the concrete presented better mechanical strength. Concerning sewage sludge ash application in concrete, 10.5% replacement of cement by sewage sludge ash and GGBS was considered the ideal value for the application in a variety of concrete without adverse effects on concrete mechanical performance. Furthermore, this paper reviews the properties of sewage sludge ash and its application as supplementary cementitious material in concrete. A workability test was carried out on fresh properties of concrete while compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength was carried out on hardened concrete.

Key Words: SewageSludgeAsh(SSA),GroundGranulatedBlastFurnaceSlag(GGBS),CompressiveStrength,SplitTensile Strength,FlexuralStrength,andWorkability.

1. INTRODUCTION

SincethetimeoftheGreekandRomancivilizations,concretehasbeentheprimarymaterialforcreatingdependableand durablestructures.Themostoftenutilizedconstructionmaterialworldwideisconcrete.Morenoveltechniquesandmaterials arebeingdevelopedforthemanufacturingofconcreteasaresultoftherisingdemandforit.Cement,water,andaggregates withorwithoutchemicaladmixtures makeupconcrete.Cementisthecomponentofconcretethatismostcrucial.Whenused asasolebinder,cementgeneratesalotofhydrationheat.SincetherearesignificantCO2emissionsduringthemanufactureof thisrawmaterial.Thecementindustry'scarbondioxideemissionshaveasignificantnegativeimpactontheenvironment. Many studies have been conducted recently to lower CO2. Utilizing industrial by-products or supplemental cementing ingredientsincludingsewagesludgeash(SSA),groundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag(GGBS),flyash(FA),silicafume(SF),and metakaolinareviablewaystoreduceCO2emissionsfromthecementindustry(MK).Tosolvetheseissues,cementisbeing replacedinthecurrentexperimentalworkwithSSAGGBS.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW ON SEWAGE SLUDGE ASH

Mourtada Rabie G [1] They estimated a new way of discarding the large amount of sludge produced from wastewater treatmentplantsinEgypt.Onetrackofthissolutionistoutilizesewagesludge inConstructionfieldconcretemixturesand manufacturinginterlockbricksamples,evaluatedthereuseofsewagesludgefromurbanwastewatertreatmentplantsina mixture with cement, and develop new construction materials. They did the testing program comprising obtaining fresh propertiesbyapplyingtheslumptestandthecompressiveStrengthofallsamplesat7,28days.Theyexaminedthepropertiesof concretelikeworkability,compressivestrength,anddensitiesTostudyallthesepropertiesofconcretebyutilizingdryandwet sludgeasanadditive,sewagesludgeAshwasusedatacontentof0,5,10,15,and20%ofcementweight.Toobtainthesamples forCompressiontestingthe15X15X15cmmoldcubeswereused.

Chen Z, Poon CS [3] Thisstudywasproposedtoidentifythemechanismsbehindsomebeneficialeffectsofsewagesludgeash onthestrengthdevelopmentofmortarsthroughacomparisonstudywithfinesewagesludgeash(FSSA)andpulverizedflyash (PFA).ThefindingsofthisstudyrecommendedthatthepresenceofsewagesludgeAshacceleratestherateofheatevolution fromcementhydrationwhilepulverizedflyashdoesnotproducethiseffect.Ahighercontentofsewagesludgeashorfine sewagesludgeashproducesagreatereffect.Replacingcementwithsewagesludgeashorfinesewagesludgeashupto10%did notinducesignificantchangestotheporestructureofthepastes.Thepulverizedflyashreducesthedryingshrinkageofthe mortars,butSSAcausesgreaterdryingshrinkageduetotheincreasingcontentofmesoporeswithsizeslessthan0.025mm

Fontes CMA, Toledo Filho RD, Barbosa MC [4] Themainaimofthispresentedstudyistheutilizationofsewagesludgeafter thecalcinationprocess,asamineraladmixtureintheproductionofconcrete.High-performanceconcreteswereengendered with substitution content of 5% and 10% by weight of Portland cement with sewage sludge ash (SSA). The physical and mechanicaltestswereconductedtoanalyzetheinfluenceofsewagesludgeash.Analysisshowedthatthemixturescontaining sewagesludgeashhavelowervaluesofcompressivestrengththanthereference.Theresultsofabsorptivity,porosity,and hastenedpenetrationofchlorideions,presentthatmixturesholdingashshowedreductionscomparedtothereference.This indicatesthatSSAprovidedrefinementoftheporestructure,whichwasconfirmedbythemercuryintrusionporosimetrytest.

Nakic D [5] ThisstudyfocusedonthepotentialenvironmentalbenefitsofusingSSAasasupplementarycementitiousmaterial havebeeninvestigatedandquantifiedbythelifecycleassessment(LCA)modelonaconcreteexample.Inthisinvestigation,the ControlledcombustionofsewagesludgecollectedinCroatiafromthewastewatertreatmentplant(WWTP)inZagrebproduced SSAthatwasusedasanalternativeforcementinconcreteproduction.ThisstudyhasprovedthattheuseofsewagesludgeAsh asapartialcementreplacementisatechnicallyworkablesolution,i.e.when10%ofthecementwasreplacedwithSSA,with onlyaminorincreaseintheshareofsuperplasticizer,concreteofthesamepeculiarity(flexuralandcompressivestrength, workability,waterpermeability,totalshrinkageandleachingconcentrationsofheavymetals)asthereferencewasobtained.

Dunuweera SP, Rajapakse RMG [6] This study presented the different types of cement products, their compositions, properties, and typical uses. The cement manufacturing processes are correlated with emissions of large quantities of greenhousegasesandenvironmentaladulterants.Theyhavegivenquantitativeandqualitativeanalysesoftheenvironmental impactofcement.AsthecementindustryisoneofthebiggestCO2emitters,itispertinenttoconferencedifferenttechniquesor methodsandmeansofCO2capture,whichwillbedonenext.Thisstudyinvestigatedanaccountoftheproductionofnano cementandtheadvantagesrelatedtonanocement.Nanofillerssuchasnano-titania,nano-silica,andnanoaluminacanbe generatedonalargeindustrialscaleviathehierarchicalviewpointofreducingthesizeofnaturallyavailablebulkrawmaterials tothoseinthenanorangeof1nm–100nm.Theymentionedthepreparationofnano-titaniaandnano-silicafromSriLankan mineralsandsandquartzdeposits,respectively,foruseasadditivesincementproductstoenhanceperformanceanddiminish theamountandcostofcementproductionandresultantenvironmentalcollision.Inthisstudy,thenewesttrendofmaking nano-cementanditsdevelopmentconcerningthecurrentgrowingandmodernizingworldismarkedoutinadvance.

Liu M, Zhao Y, Xiao Y, Yu Z [7] StudiedthePerformanceofcementpastescontainingsewagesludgeash(SSA)atelevated temperatures.Anexperimentalprogramwascarriedouttoinvestigatetheresidualcompressivestrengthsandtherelated physical,chemical,andmicrostructuralevolutionatelevatedtemperatureswasmeasuredbyXRD,FTIR,DTA,MIP,andSEM analysis by preparing the SSA blended cement pastes which are subjected to thermal treatment at 600–1000 C. In this investigation,theresultsshowedthattheSSAblendedcementpastesexhibitedhigherrelativeresidualcompressivestrength thanplaincementpaste,indicatingtheincorporationofSSAenhancedthehigh-temperatureresistanceofcementpastes.

Krejcirikova B, Ottosen LM, Kirkelund GM, Rode C [8] Thisstudywascarriedouttoinvestigatethepossibleuseofash procuredasaburnedby-productinsewagesludgetreatment,asapossiblesupplementarycementitiousmaterial.Theresults frompreviousstudiesarepresentedandcomparedwiththephysicalandhygroscopicpropertiesofcement-ash-basedmortar. Theeffectofdifferentratiosofcementreplacementandtwopre-treatmenttechniquesforash,i.e.ashgrindingandwater washing, on the physical properties of mortar were investigated by using density, porosity, and compressive strength as essentialindicatorsofthemortarquality.Thehygroscopicsurfaceassimilationpropertiesofthediscreteconstituentsalone andtheresultingmortarsamplesweredescribedbysoakingupisothermsforwatervaporandbyacapillarywaterabsorption test. The Results showed that the SSAs consistently comprise larger particles compared to the cement particles. The incorporationofashisderivedinmoreporousmortarstructurescomparedtocement-basedmortar,whichhigh-flowsthe material’smechanicalpropertiessuchascompressivestrength.28-daycompressivestrengthdecreasedwithincreasingash contentandporosity.28-daycompressivestrengthreducedwithenlargingashcontentandporosity.

Ishwarya G, Singh B, Deshwal S, Bhattacharyya SK [9] ThisstudyexaminedtheEffectofsodiumcarbonate/sodiumsilicate activator on the rheology, geo-polymerization, and strength of fly ash/slag geopolymer pastes. In this investigation, a CompositemixofFlyashandslagwasinitiallydriedinanovenat100±5oCfor24htoremovetheirsurfacemoisture.To

studytheeffectofsodiumcarbonate/sodiumsilicateactivator,theactivatingsolutionofNa2CO3andsodiumsilicatesolution wereamalgamatedintheratioof1.5:1andthoroughlymixedwiththehelpofamechanicalstirrerandthecompositionof variousgeopolymerpasteswascastina25x25x25mmcubemold.Thesampleswerecuredatroomtemperature(27±2oC) for24h,de-molded,andthenstoredfor28daysforegoingtotest.

Lynn CJ, Dhir RK, Ghataora GS, West RP [10] Thisstudyexaminestheuseofsewagesludgeashinconcreteandconcreterelatedimplementation.Inthisinvestigation,thephysicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofmaterialsandtheiruseasrawfeed forcementclinkerandascementcomponentsinproducingcementpaste,mortar,andconcretemixtures,aswellasfine,filler, andconcoctedlightweightaggregates.Theexperimentalresultsshowedthatusingsewagesludgeashintheproductionof concrete,normalweightandaeratedblocks,andcontrolledlow-strengthmaterials,throughthedevelopmentoftheviable applicationofthematerialcanonlybeconsideredatexistingattheinitialstages.

Chakraborty S, Byung WJ, Jun HJ, Zafar B [11] Thisstudyfocusedoninvestigationdealswiththeutilizationofrecycled sewagesludgeash(SSA)combinedwithquicklime(QL)andblastfurnaceslag(BFS)asacementitiousmaterialincontrolling thephysicalandmechanicalperformancesofmortar.Theperformanceofthesewagesludgeash-basedmortar(SAM)was evaluatedbymeasuringthebulkdensity,apparentporosity,compressivestrength,flexuralstrength,shrinkagestrain,etc.The obtainedresultsshowaneffectivealternativetechniquefordisposingofsewagewasteutilizingSSAasapotentialalternative cementitiousmaterialforconstructionpurposes.Inthisinvestigation,theeffectofalkali-activatedSSAcombinedwiththeQL andBFSincontrollingthephysicalandmechanicalpropertiesofthemortarwasstudied.Basedontheresults,itisascertained thatthebulkdensityandtheapparentporosityoftheSSA-basedmortarincreaseanddecrease,respectively,withtheincrease inalkaliactivatorandQLcontent.

Kappel A, Lisbeth MO, Gunvor M. Kirkelund [12] The main aim of this presented study is to determine the color, compressivestrength,andworkabilityofmortarwhencementispartlyreplacedbysewagesludgeash(SSA).Inthestudy,an iron-richsewagesludgeashwasdry-milledintosixdifferentfractions.Theresultsshowedthatthecolor,compressivestrength, and workability parallel to one another gently changed when the particle sizes of the sewage sludge ash decreased. The grinding of the sewage sludge ash altered the performance of mortars to the amount that the compressive strength and workabilitywerecomparabletotheperformanceofordinarymortar.Atthesametime,thecolorincreasedtotheextentthat themortarchangedcolorfromgreytoareddishcolorastheparticlesizeoftheSSAdecreasedduetobetterdistributionof smallerparticlesinthematrix.Overall,theresultsofthestudyshowedthatsimplepre-treatmentsofSSA:drying,andmilling affect the performance of the mortar, which provides an occasion to adjust the sewage sludge ash in conferring with requirementssetfortheapplication.

Xinyu C, Shuang Lu, Yunhe G, Yan Y, Mohamed E, Xianming S [13] Themainaimofthislaboratorystudyinvestigateda varietyofmodificationmethodsaimedatimprovingthevalueofsewagesludgeAsh.Forpre-treatment,theyhaveselectively performedthreedifferentmethodsofphysicalmodificationincludinglow-temperaturedrying,grinding,andhigh-temperature calcination.TheyalsoexploredtheMicrowavetreatmentasasubstituteforthecalcinationprocedure.byamalgamationwith quicklime(QL)forlikelychemicalactivationconsequently,chemicalmodificationofthesewagesludgeAshwasperformed.The effectivenessofthesetreatmentswasappraisedintermsoftheleachabilityofheavymetalsoutofthetreatedSSAandthe reductionintotalorganiccarbon(TOC).High-temperaturecalcinationofsewagesludgeAshenhancedtheimmobilizationof heavymetals(e.g.,Mn,Zn,andBa).theycomparedcalcinationat500degreescelsiusfor2h,15minmicrowaveheatingofpretreatedsewagesludgeAshrevealbetterperformanceinimmobilizingtheheavymetalsandnearlyasgoodperformancein reducingtheTOCinthesewagesludgeAshFinally,basedonthecompressivestrengthdataofthecementpastes,microwave treatmentisaneffectivealternativetothermalcalcination,intermsofmitigatingthesideeffectsofadmixedSSAonthecement hydration.

Maozhe C, Denise B, Mathieu G, JacquesM, Remy G [14] Thisstudyfocusedondeterminingtheappropriatesubstitution ratiostosatisfyboth technicalandenvironmental criteria.Forthisinvestigation, elemental compositionandparticlesize distributionoftheashesweremeasuredthentheasheswereusedalongwithPortlandcementandsandatdifferentratiosof replacementtoproducemortarandconcretewhichwerecuredforupto90daysintoparallelopipedorcylindricalmonoliths. Theyinvestigatedthatthemechanicalpropertiesofthemonolithsweremeasuredtoavailoneselfofstandardproceduresfor flexuralandcompressivestrengths,andcomparedtoblankscontainingnoashes.Theresultsshowedthatthecharacteristicsof the ashes ranged between those of cement and sand because of their larger particle size and higher content in SiO2 as comparedtocement.whentheasheswereusedinthepartialreplacementofcementatrelevantratios,theconcretemonoliths evincedsimilarcompressivestrengthsastheblanksamples.Themostappropriateratioswerefoundtobea10%substitution ofcementanda2%substitutionofsand.

Gomes SDC, John LZ, Wengui Li, Long G [15] Inthispaper,theycriticallyreviewtheprogressintheapplicationofWTSin constructionmaterials,byblendingresultsfromrecentstudies.Theystudiedthattheincorporationof≤10%alum-based sludgeinceramicbricksissatisfactorywithasmallreductionofmechanicalperformance.Usingtheiron-basedsludge,the bricksconfer better mechanical strength thanthereferenceclaybricks.Itis observedthatthe productionofcementand concretewiththepartialadditionofWTS,ispotentiallyfeasible,especiallyasapozzolanicadditionandreplacementofsandin concreteupto5%.ItisclearlyshownthatUsedasasubstitution,WTScanmakesavingforrawmaterialsandenergy,replace landfillassolidwastemanagement,anddevotetosustainableconstructionmaterialsproduction.

3. CONCLUSIONS

This paper represents an overview of the mechanical properties of sewage sludge ash and GGBS in concrete at different variations of sewage sludge ash and GGBS. From the performance of sewage sludge ash and GGBS in concrete the major conclusiondrawnfromthisresearchworkispresentedasfollows.

 Sewagesludgeashhasbeendemonstratingasanefficientpozzolanawithpropertiessimilartothatofflyash.

 NotmuchresearchisbeingaccomplishedinIndiaonsewagesludgeash.SinceIndiaisapopulouscountrywithan enormousproductionofsewagewaste.Ifsewagesludgeisconvertedtosewagesludgeash,itcansolvetheproblemof disposalofsewagetoasignificantextent.

 Since the properties and composite of sewage sludge ash depend upon the source, it is necessary to carry out a detaileddepictionstudyonsewagesludgeash.

 TheworkabilityofconcretewasfoundtoincreasewiththeincreaseinsewagesludgeashandGGBSinconcrete.

 Comprehensivestrengthandsplittingtensilestrengthwereslightlyincreasedduetothepercentageofsewagesludge ashcontent.

 FlexuralstrengthwasincreasedbytheadditionofsewagesludgeashandGGBScontent.

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