Influence of addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag on various concrete properties - A Rev

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 10 Issue: 01 | Jan 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Influence of addition of ground granulated blast furnace slag on various concrete properties - A Review

1PhD Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed To Be University), Chandigarh, India-160012

2Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed To Be University), Chandigarh, India-160012 ***

Abstract - Concrete is one of the most versatile construction materials used around the world. However, the production of concrete leads to the emission of massive amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, thus affecting the environment. One of the best alternatives to create environment-friendly construction materials is to replace cement with an industrial by-product, i.e., Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). GGBS is produced during the manufacturing of iron. This study aims to examine the usage of GGBS in concrete as a partial replacement material for cement The literature shows that GGBS improves the properties of concrete at later ages, subject to replacement level.

Key Words: Concrete, Cement, Constriction, GGBS.

1. INTRODUCTION

Concreteisthemostwidelyusedandpracticalmaterialin thebuildingsectorandhashelpedadvancecivilizationsover thepastcentury.Concreteisusedinvastquantities,which meansthatproducing,transporting,andusingrawmaterials consumes a lot of energy [1]. Cement is one of the main componentsofconcrete.However,aconsiderableamountof greenhouse gases, primarily carbon dioxide (CO2), are releasedintotheatmospherewhilemanufacturingcement. According to reports, the production of one tonne of OPC results in the production of about one tonne of CO2 [2] Therefore,itisadvisedtolookforanalternatesubstanceto cementinconcretetolessentheadverseeffectsofutilizing themostwidelyusedconstructionmaterial.

Theuseofsupplementarycementitiousmaterials(SCMs)is one alternative to minimize the negative environmental impact. Some industrial byproducts such as fly ash, silica fume,andgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag,canbeused asSCMstoreplacecementinconcretemixes.Thepresent research work aims to study the influence of ground granulatedblastfurnaceslagonconcreteproperties.

2. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag

Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is the byproduct of producing iron in a blast furnace, which heats

iron ore, limestone, and coke to 1500°C [3]. The chemical composition of slag varies greatly depending on the composition of the raw materials used in iron manufacturing. The approximate chemical composition of GGBSreportedbysomeauthorsisasshownin Table-1 [46].

Table-1: ChemicalCompositionofGGBS

Oxides Percent Content

Lime(CaO) 30-42

Silica(SiO2) 35-40

Alumina(Al2O3) 10-14

IronOxide(Fe2O3) 8-10 Magnesia(MgO) 0.3-2.5

Generally,GGBSis a fine, glassysubstance.Ithasa higher degreeoffinenessbutalowerspecificgravitythancement. Table-2 lists some of its physical qualities [4-6]. GGBS's colorcanrangefrombeigetodarktooff-whitedependingon the moisture content, chemistry, and granulation effectiveness [7]

Table-2: PhysicalpropertiesofGGBS

Properties Approximate Range

SpecificGravity 2.85-2.90

Fineness(m2/kg) 370-470

BulkDensity(kg/m3) 1200

2.1 Advantages of using GGBS in concrete

Improvement in workability, pumpability and compactioncharacteristicsforconcreteplacement.

Increaseinstrengthanddurability.

Reductioninpermeability.

Highresistancetochloridepenetration.

Highresistancetosulfateattack.

Verylowheatofhydration.

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 10 Issue: 01 | Jan 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Morechemicallystable.  Production of GGBS involves virtually zero CO2 emissions.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

Oner and Akyuz [5] conductedlaboratoryexperimentsto findtheoptimallevelofgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag (GGBS) and its effect on concrete's compressive strength. Test concretes were made by adding GGBS to control concretes with doses of 250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/m3 in amountsthatwereaboutequalto0,15,30,50,70,90,and 110%ofthecementcontentofcontrolconcretes.Thetest findingsdemonstratedthatastheamountofGGBSincreased, the compressive strength of concrete mixtures containing GGBS increased. Adding GGBS did not increase the compressive strength after an optimum point, at around 55%ofthetotalbinderconcentration.Itcouldbeexplained by the fact that the paste contains unreacted GGBS that servesasafillermaterial.

Shi et al. [6] experimentally tested high performance concrete(HPC)withflyash(FA)orgroundgranulatedblast furnace slag (GGBS) for compressive strength and carbonation. The findings of the tests demonstrated that water-binder(w/b)ratioshadasubstantialimpactonthe impactsofFAwithreplacementupto60%ontheproperties under investigation. Contrary to FA, however, w/b ratios have minimal effect on the influences of GGBS on HPC; similarchangingtrendscouldbeseenforbothofthechosen w/b ratios. Additionally, HPC with GGBS performs significantlybetterthanFAatthesamew/bratio.

Gholampour and Ozbakkaloglu [8] experimentally investigatedthepropertiesofconcretecomprisingternary binders with large volume fl ash (FA) and GGBS partially replacing cement up to 90%. A total of 15 batches of concrete were created using cement, FA, and binary and ternary binders. The density, workability, compressive strength,elasticmodulus,flexuralstrength,splittingtensile strength, and water absorption of various mixes were determinedthroughexperimentalexperiments.Thefindings show that as the FA concentration is raised from 50% to 90%, the compressive strength of concrete containing FA decreased significantly. After 28 days, the concretes containing GGBS at up to 90% cement replacement had compressive strengths that were comparable to those of standard concrete. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that GGBS mixes had a somewhat greater 28-day elastic modulusthanthestandardconcretemixes.Itwasfoundthat an increase in the FA and GGBS content caused the water absorptionofconcretetoincreaseandmoderatelydecrease, respectively significantly. All ternary mixtures that substitute cement to a maximum of 90% do so with less water absorption than traditional concrete mixes. These incrediblyencouragingresultsimpliedthatthetechnology

employedinthisworkmightofferadesirablerouteforthe high-volumeapplicationofFAandGGBSinconcretewhile also having the potential to lessen significantly its environmentaleffect.

Karri et al. [10] examinedthepropertiesofM20andM40 gradeconcretewithacementreplacementof30%,40%,or 50%withgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag(GGBS).The compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strengthtestsontheconcretespecimenswereperformed. Theconcreteattainedmaximumcompressivestrength for bothM20andM40gradeofconcreteat40%replacementof cement by GGBS. The split tensile strength and flexural strength values were also maximum at 40% replacement levelofcementbyGGBS.

Arivalagan [11] evaluated the strength and strength efficiency factors of hardened concrete for M35 grade concrete at various ages by partially substituting cement withvaryingpercentagesofgroundgranulatedblastfurnace slag(GGBS).Thefindingsofthestudysuggestedthatwhile GGBS initially had lower strength than regular Portland cement due to its smaller grain size, it gradually became strongerovertime.ItwasfoundthatGGBSbasedconcretes showed an increase in strength for a 20% cement replacementat28days.Strengtheningwasbroughton by theGGBSfillingaction.WiththeadditionofGGBSupto40% replacementlevelforM35gradeconcrete,theworkabilityof theconcretewasreportedtobenormal.Theexperimental findings demonstrated that GGBS could be utilized as a cement substitute, lowering cement consumption and constructioncosts.

Awasare and Nagendra [12] investigated the strength propertiesofM20gradeconcretewithGGBSsubstitutionat levelsof30%,40%,and50%andcomparedittostandard concrete. The experimental results showed that the maximumcompressivestrengthachievedwas29.78MPaat 30%GGBSreplacement,andthoseachievedfor20%,40%, and 50% of concrete were respectively 27.11 MPa, 26.37 MPa,and22.22MPaascomparedto25.61MPaofstrengthof plaincementconcretefor28days.

Mangamma et al. [13] investigatedthepartialreplacement ofgroundgranulatedblastfurnaceslag(GGBS)inproduction ofconcrete.BysubstitutingGGBSfor10%,20%,30%,40%, and 50% of the binding material for M20 and M30, the compressivestrengthoftheconcretemixwastested.Itwas concluded that the partial replacement of GGBS increased the strengths at 10%,20%, and 30% while decreased the strengthat40%and50%replacementlevels.

Yeau and Kim [14] conducted experimental studies to replace0%,25%,40%,and55%ofthecementwithGGBSup to 90 days of curing. By 28 days, the performance of the concrete containing 25%, 40%, and 55% of GGBS was comparabletothatofthecontrolconcrete,butby56days,

International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 10 Issue: 01 | Jan 2023 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

theyhadexceededit.When40%oftheGGBSwasreplaced after90days,thecompressivestrength wasatitshighest. Prior to seven days, all GGBS combinations, up to a 55% cementsubstitution,hadlowercompressivestrengthsthan the control mixture. . These results show that the higher GGBS concentration at an early age prevented the development of compressive strength due to latent hydraulicityresponsesbyGGBS.

Bilim et al. [15] employed GGBS in concrete mixtures at percentages of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, with three different water-to-cement (w/c) ratios of 0.30, 0.40, and 0.50,uptooneyear'sworthofcuringtimes.Duetothehigh GGBS replacement percentage, the strength influence of GGBSonconcreteat7daysofagewasnegligible.However, thecompressivestrengthofGGBSconcretewasgreaterthan ordinary Portland cement concrete for 28 days, three months,andupto1yearfor20%and40%substitutionwith aw/cratioof0.3.Forthreemonthsandoneyearofcureage, theoptimalreplacementwasreportedtobe60%.Theinitial dropwasduetothepozzolan'ssubstantiallyslowerrateof hydration. On the other hand, GGBS undergoes hydration processeswithcalciumhydroxide,Ca(OH)2,inthepresence ofwaterovertime.

4. Conclusions

Cement is the primary component of concrete, one of the mostfrequentlyusedconstructionmaterials.Concreteisin greater demand as a construction material. However, the usage and production of cement pollute the environment. Duetothis,interestinusingindustrialby-productssuchas GGBStoreducetheusageofPortlandcementgrows.Theuse of GGBS improves the workability and compaction characteristicsofconcrete.Thestrengthcharacteristicsi.e., compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength, get enhancedbutatlateragesofcuring.Theconcretecontaining GGBSshowsbetterresistancetochlorideandsulfateattack. Overall,itcanbeconcludedfromthepresentresearchthat GGBS can be effectively used to improve the various propertiesofconcrete.

REFERENCES

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