A Review Paper of Prepared Mix Design of M25 and M20 Grade of Concrete

A Review Paper of Prepared Mix Design of M25 and M20 Grade of Concrete

1Student, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sankalchand patel university, Gujarat, India

2Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Sankalchand patel university, Gujarat, India -***

Abstract - Buildingindustry developmentisadvancingdaily all around the world. While new ones are being built utilising cutting-edge and modern designs, older ones are being demolished or repaired. When performing construction, repair, or demolition, developers, contractors, and builders must consider where to deposit the garbage. Concrete recycling is a method that is gaining popularity that involves removing the debris from demolished concrete structures. In thisdayof increasedenvironmentalawareness,morestringent environmental regulations, and the goal to keep construction costs as low as possible, recycling offers a number of benefits that have made it a more desirable option. Previously, concrete waste was regularly transported to landfills for disposal. We intend to develop a concrete debris mixture as mortar mix that will satisfy the IS requirements in this study. This will help the construction industry in protecting the environment, persuade the government to find solutions for the proper disposal of waste in landfills and protect the environment, and impart new knowledge to contractors and developers on how to improve the construction industry methodsandservicesbyutilisingrecycledconcretedebris.This project's objectives include designing a concrete mix for M20 grade using demolition debris and a superplasticizer, designing a concrete mix for M25 grade using demolition debris and a superplasticizer, testing the aforementioned concrete mixes' slump cone performance and compressive strength, andperformingvarioustestsonrecycledaggregate.

Keywords: Building, Concrete, super plasticizer, Aggregate

1. INTRODUCTION

The global building industry's expansion is getting better with time. Construction of roads, bridges, and other constructions, both residential and non-residential, is ongoing.Similartomanyothercountries,Indiaisseeinga sharpriseintheneedfornewstructures.Olderbuildingsare either renovated or replaced with cutting-edge, modern constructions.Thenon-hazardous,uncontaminatedthings thatresultarereferredtoasdebris.Theseincluderoofing, shingles,steel plates,glass,metal,wall coverings,drywall, plumbing fixtures, insulation, electrical cables, asphalt, bricks,andotherbuildingmaterials.Thesematerialscanbe separated and recovered before being disposed of. When

performingconstruction,repair,ordemolition,developers, contractors,andbuildersmustconsiderwheretodepositthe garbage. In order to reduce the amount of waste that is disposed of in landfills, which is what most people do for both environmental preservation and economic reasons, studies,research,andexperimentsarebeingconductedto findanswers.

2. OBJECTIVE

Theproject'sobjectivesareasfollows:

IUsinganadditiveandconcreteshardsfromademolition site,developa mixdesign forM20gradeconcrete(superplasticizer)

ii)Usinganadditiveandconcreteshardsfromademolition site,developa mixdesign forM25gradeconcrete(superplasticizer)

iii)ApplytheSlumpConeTesttothepreviouslydescribed concretemixture.

iv)Totestthecompressionstrengthoftheaforementioned concretemix.

v) To conduct several experiments on both recycled and naturalaggregatesandevaluatetheoutcomes.

vi) Determine whether recycling concrete is worthwhile basedontheresultsofthetestsindicatedabove.

3. LITERATURE REVIEW

In2019,H.P.Satpathy,S.K.Patel,A.N.Nayak[1]In thecurrentstudy,sinteredflyashaggregate(SFA)andfly ash cenosphere (FAC) are investigated as potential substitutes for natural fine aggregate (NFA) and natural coarse aggregate (NCA), respectively, in the creation of sustainable structural lightweight concrete (LWC). The replacementofNFAandNCAwithFACandSFA,respectively, invariedcombinationsof0%,50%,75%,and100%each, resultedinthepreparationofsixteenalternativeconcrete mixes.Accordingtothefindingsofthisstudy,structuralLWC maybemadeusinghighvolumesofwasteproductslikeFAC

andSFA,whichreduceswastedisposalissuesandprotects the environment. The presence of hollow and porous lightweightaggregatesinplaceofnaturalaggregatescauses the pulse velocity to decrease when the contents of FAC/SFA/bothFAC&SFAincrease.Withanincreaseinthe contentsofFAC/SFA/bothFAC&SFA,theconcreteabsorbs morewaterandhasalargervolumeofpermeablepores.

In2021,HozanK.Yaba,HarithS.Naji,KhaleelH. Younis,TalibK.Ibrahim[2]Theworkabilityandmechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete are experimentally investigated in this research (RAC). It assesses the impact of utilising metakaolin (MK) as a substituteforcementontheeffectivenessofRAC.MKwas used in place of cement at three different contents (10%, 20%,and30%).Forcomparisonpurposes,threeRACmixes were created using these three MK contents, one without MK, and one with natural coarse aggregate (NCA). It was foundthatRACdecreasesthemechanicalperformanceand workability of concrete. The outcomes of the mixes that contained MK show that MK has a negative impact on the workabilityofconcrete.Comparablestrengths(compressive andflexural)tothatmix,includingNCA,canbeobtainedif MKisusedinplaceofcementamountsupto20%bycement mass. Therefore, the use of MK may encourage the use of recycledcoarseaggregate.

In 2020, Punith Gade, Jyothishya Bramha Chari Kanneganti,RangaRaoVummaneni[3]Inthisstudy,GGBS and Fly Ash have been used in three different grades of concreteinplaceofcement.Throughexperimentalresearch, wearealsolearningdurabilitycharacteristicsforsulphuric acid,sulphate,andchlorideattacksinadditiontostudying the mechanical properties of the blended concrete. The proposed mixes (PM) have been established under the names PM1 (60:40), PM2 (50:50), and PM3 (40:60) for 3 different grades, namely ordinary (M20), standard (M40), andhighstrengthconcrete.ThereplacementsofSCMsrange from40%to60%relativeinpercentagewithcementweight (Cement:SCMs)(M60).Whencomparedtostandardmixes oftheirrespectivegrades,mostoftheproposedmixesare found to have lower compressive strengths. The average compressivestrengthlossoftheproposedmix,however,is lower after chemical attack compared to the loss of their conventionalmix.Incomparisontoordinaryconcreteofall grades under conditions of extreme exposure, it was discovered that replacement with fly ash and GGBS increasedthedurabilityofconcrete.

In2020,JianwenShao,HanZhu,XianZuo,Wolong Lei,SaidMirganBorito,JianLiang,FuqiangDuan[4]The articleperformsexperimentsonepoxyconcretewithadded fine,medium,andcoarserubberparticlesat5%,10%,15%, 20%,and25%,respectively,forcompressive,flexural,spilt, deflection, and strain. In a composite beam test, where rubberepoxyconcreteisusedasarepairmaterialto"glue" tworegularconcreteshortbeamstogether,medium-sized

rubberparticlesarechosenforfurtherinvestigation.Inthis investigation, rubber particles were added to the epoxy concreteinthreesizes:fine(0.5mm),medium(1.5mm),and coarse (4 mm). The tests for compression, flexure, spilt, deflection, and strain were run. The test findings indicate thatmedium-sizedrubberparticlesarethebestchoice(1.5 mm).Thecompositemortarbeamexperimentservesasthe firstrepairinvestigation.Thegoalistodeterminehowmuch rubber content reduces loading capacity. The reduction, whichinthisinvestigationamountstolessthan8%,isfound tobe finite.Thus, rubber epoxyconcrete can be used asa repairsubstance.Thestudyofacompositeconcretebeam continues withtheuse of rubber epoxyconcrete to"glue" togethertwoshortpiecesofregularconcrete.Adeformation compatibilityparameterisaddedtomeasuretwostrainsand predictthedeformabilityofthecompositebeam.

In2019,V.Gokulnath,B.Ramesh,K.Priyadharsan [5]Themostcommonmaterialusedtoconstructbuildingsis concrete. This composite material is made up of cement, aggregates,chemicals,andwater.Itisthesubstancethatis mostfrequentlyusedintheconstructionindustry,followed byglasspowderforreinforcing.TheexperimentusedM20 gradeSCCspecimensthatwerecastandaddedfourdifferent weightsofglasspowderfibreinvariedproportions(0.3%, 0.6%, 0.9%, and 1.2%) with a water cement ratio of 0.45. After 28 days of a natural process in water served as the control, a prism measuring 100 by 100 by 500 mm and a cylindermeasuring150by300mmweremanufacturedfor testing. The highest quality was produced in 1.2% of manufacturing sand over a period of 28 days. More splitrigidityisseeninthem-sand,whichaccountsfor10.4%of m-sand.Theassemblysandoffersahigherlevelofflexural andflexiblequalitywhencomparedtoM-sandandR-sand. Whenusinggarbage,GPconsidersthecostandwhetheritis enough.

In2018,LeiWang,Guoxin Zhang,PengyuWang, Song Yu [6] In this study, the impacts of fly ash and crystallineadditiveonthemechanicalcharacteristicsoftwogradedRCCwereexamined.Thequalitiesofbothplasticand hardened RCC were tested. According to the findings, the vibratingcompactedvaluesandaircontentsofplasticRCC withup to58%flyashcompliancewithtechnical criteria. TheunitweightofRCCfallswhentheflyashcontentrises, whereastheaircontentrises.Thespecimens'flyashcontent influencestheaircontent,whichrisesasflyashcontentdoes andfallsaswatertocementitiousmaterialratiofalls.Asfly ash content rises and the water to cementitious material ratiofalls,sodoestheunitweightofconcretemixtures.

In 2019, S. Ramkumar , R. Dineshkumar [7] The primary goal is to investigate how different fineness fractions of fine aggregate in river sand and M-sand, two important components of concrete, affect the mechanical propertiesofM20gradeconcrete.Finenessoffineaggregate used in building is IS 4.75 mmsieve, which is probably

employedinallsituations.RiversandandM-sandareboth components of the fine aggregate used for casting. As alternatives,theISsievediametersof2.36mmand1.18mm were used. The findings indicate that increasing concrete finenessincreasesconcretestrength.Theinvestigationsled totheconclusionthatasconcrete'sfinenessgrows,sodoes itsstrength.TheregressioncurveencouragestheuseofM sand rather than river sand, which may aid in ecosystem preservation. To determine the impact of fineness in durabilityelements,moreresearchcanbedone.

In2020,VenkataKrishnaBhargavaV.,BrahmaChari K.J., Ranga Rao V [8] This study's goal is to assess the compressive,tensile,andflexuralstrengthofconventional concretethathashadflyashandGGBSpartiallysubstituted incementinthreedifferentamounts.Theoptimalmixwas explored with the addition of 0.5% glass fibres to cementitious material based on the recommended mixes thatweredone.Theconcrete'sperformancewasassessed usingthecastspecimens,whichwereexaminedfor7,28,56, and90days.Finally,25%ofGGBSandflyashproducedthe bestoutcomesinthestudy.Whencomparedtothestandard mix,the90-daycompressive,split,andflexuralstrengthsof PM-2for25%ofGGBSandflyashhavereduced.However,it is noted that this lowered strength is higher than the intendedmeanstrength.Compressivestrengthisdecreased byupto0.14%,0.076%,and0.23%,respectively,asflyash and GGBS levels are increased to 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively.Ithasbeennotedthatthetoughenedqualities decreasewhenglassfibres(0.5%)areused.

In2019,AlmirSales,FrancisRodriguesdeSouza[9]

In this study, the viability of recycling water treatment sludgeinrecyclingfacilitiesforconstructionanddemolition debris was assessed. Additionally, it was determined the axial compressive strength and water absorption of concretes and mortars made with the sole or combined addition of these two forms of trash. By measuring the amountofaluminiumintheleachedextractproducedbythe solubilizationoftherecoveredmaterials,theecoefficiencyof this recycling was assessed. Because other features like retraction by drying and chemical retraction must be assessedinorderforamortarorconcretetobeapplied,the resultsofthisstudybringupnewresearchopportunities.It is also important to highlight the significance of research that promotes the use of wastes and the creation of ecoefficientmaterials,particularlyinpoornations.

In 2018, Fahad K. Alqahtani , Gurmel Ghataora , SamirDirar,M.IqbalKhan,IdreesZafar[10]Accordingto thisstudy,theamountofplasticproducedgloballyisrising steadily each year, but the amount that is recycled is still only a small percentage, leading to an ongoing rise in the amount of waste plastic that is accumulated. There have beeneffortstousewasteplasticinmanyindustriestolessen its environmental impact, including using it as concrete's aggregatesubstitute.Thefindingsmakeitclearthatthenew

synthetic aggregate might be used as a sturdy structural lightweight aggregate. Comparing the uniformity of the synthetic aggregate concretes to the control mixes, less consistencywasobserved.SACmixes'collapsewas31%less thanthatofCM2,anditwas11-23%lessthanthatofCM1. ReducedvaluesofslumpwerebroughtaboutbySA'sangular particle morphologies and low water absorption. The syntheticaggregateconcreteoutperformedcontrolmixesin terms of resistance to abrasion. However, compared to controlmixtures,SACproducedasignificantincreaseinthe dryingshrinkagevalues.AsthereplacementamountofPA with SA was raised from 50 to 100%, the 182-day drying shrinkage of the SAC mixtures increased by 19-54%. ComparativelytotheCM2,substitutingLAentirelywithSA raisedthe182-daydryingshrinkageby52%.Additionally, SAChasdemonstratedductilebehaviourunderflexuralload incontrasttothebrittlefailureseenforCM1.

In2019,B.Ramesh,V.Gokulnath,M.Ranjithkumar [11]Inthisstudy,specialexploratoryframeworkswereused tocreatethestructureofself-compactingconcretes(SCC). When the strong courses via the constrained zone of strengtheningbars,SCChasalimitthatincorporatesahigh deformabilityofsecuritysticks,providingmoreprotection from the isolation between coarse and mortar. Selfcompacting concrete (SCC), which was just recently developed, is now widely used for positioning in blocked, reinforced, strong constructions with challenging tossing circumstances. The new concrete must be extremely cohesiveandsmoothforthesepurposes.Self-consolidating concrete with 12% silica fume and 0.5% glass fibre has a flexurestrengththatis2.13%higherthanconventionalselfconsolidatingconcreteand13%higherthanconventionally vibratedconcrete.Astheamountofwatertocementinthe concrete blend decreased, the mixture's workability also decreased. A increased fastener content affects the water cementproportionsasawhole.Itmaybeinferredfromthe results of the tests mentioned above that the S2 example, which contains 12% silica fume and 0.5% glass fibre, has moreflexuralstrengththanothermixtures.

In2019,V.Gokulnath,B.Ramesh,S.SuveshaReddy [12]Understandingthenatureofself-compactingconcrete andhowitinteractswithreinforcingcomponentslikeglass fibres and glass powders is the main goal of this work. Accordingtoearlierresearch,addingglasspowderat5,10, 15, and 20% by weight of cement increases the strength qualitiesofSCC.ThisSCChassignificantlyreducedCO2and other pollutants, making it an environmentally beneficial material. The findings have been examined, and more research using a mixture of SCC and glass powder will be done.Studywasdoneonthepropertiesofbothfreshlylaid andhardenedconcrete.The glasspowderandfibreshave been replaced or augmented with fine aggregates by researchers. When compared to regular concrete, the strength of the concrete was somewhat improved by the addition of those fibres. Publications also explained the

comparisons between the SCC and river sand and manufacturedsand.Thepercentageofflexural,compressive, tensile,andsplit-tensilestrengthofself-compactingconcrete rosewiththeadditionofglasspowderandotherfibres.It gives exceptional durability by preventing cracks. Furthermore,concretebecomesmuchmoreworkable.

In2020,SonerGuler,ZehraFundaTürkmenog˘lu, Ashraf Ashour [13] The primary goal of this study is to examinetheeffectsofsingle,binary,ternary,andquaternary combinations of nano-SiO2, nano-Al2O3, nano-TiO2, and nano-Fe2O3particlesonthecompressive,splittingtensile, and flexural strengths of concrete. At increased temperatures of 300, 500, and 800 _C, the residual compressive strength of control and concretes with nanoparticleadditionsisalsoassessed.The(NS+NA)with 1.5% binary hybrid combination had the best results for enhancing mechanical qualities at both low and high temperatures.Additionally,comparedtosingleNTandNF particles, the majority of binary, ternary, and quaternary hybrid combinations performed better. According to XRD studies, the drop in CH peak intensity for the control and concrete with (NS + NA) added is more significant as temperaturerisesfrom300°Cto500°Cand800°C.Since the microstructure of cement mortars significantly deteriorated,verylargestrengthlossesoccurredat800_C eventhoughthecontrolandallofthenano-addedconcrete mixeshadmaintainedtheirresidualcompressivestrengthat 300_C.

In2019,B.Ramesh,V.Gokulnath,V.Vijayavignesh [14] The structural characteristics of the M-Sand addition with fibre reinforcement are examined in this work. Self CompactingConcrete(SCC)isahigh-performancesolidthat completelyfillsthestructure'sjobwhilemovingunderits ownweightandself-solidifieswithoutmechanicalvibration. The suggested model offers satisfactory predictions of ultimate compressive strength, failure strain, and stressstrain response, as shown by a comparison between the experimentalandanalysisresults.Thecomparisonofriver sand and M Sand for 7 days and 28 days according to literatureanalysis.Resultsfromtheliteraturesuggestthat bygraduallyincreasingthepercentageoffibre,compressive strengthincreases.However,thestrengthdifferentialinM sandisfairlysmallwhencomparedtoRsand.Accordingto thefindings,M-sand,likeRsand,hasgoodstrengthandis suggested for low-cost building with manufactured sand fromSCC.

4. CONCLUSION

From this review of the literature, the gaps that many research papers' use of various materials. Concrete gets stronger as its fineness gets finer. The regression curve encouragestheuseofMsandratherthanriversand,which may aid in ecosystem preservation. The technical articles citedabovegaveaplethoraofknowledgeontherecyclingof

concrete using chemical admixtures, I've noticed from

reading a few study papers. It should be emphasised that super-plasticizersarethekindofchemicaladmixturesthat work best to provide recycled concrete the desired properties.Thereis,however,awealthofpublisheddataon the effect of superplasticizer on recycled concrete. As a result,Ihavechosentoconcentrateonitseffectonconcrete recycling.Inaddition,I'llpublishthefindingsinrespected journals.

REFERANCES

[1] H.P. Satpathy, S.K. Patel, A.N. Nayak “Development of sustainable lightweight concrete using fly ash cenosphere andsinteredflyashaggregate”(2019)

[2]HozanK.Yaba,HarithS.Naji,KhaleelH.Younis,TalibK. Ibrahim “Compressive and flexural strengths of recycled aggregate concrete: Effect of different contents of metakaolin”(2021)

[3] Punith Gade, Jyothishya Bramha Chari Kanneganti , RangaRaoVummaneni“Durabilitystudyonmultiplegrades ofconcretewithterinaryblendsupplementarycementitious materials”(2020)

[4] Jianwen Shao, Han Zhu , Xian Zuo , Wolong Lei , Said Mirgan Borito , Jian Liang , Fuqiang Duan “Effect of waste rubber particles on the mechanical performance and deformationpropertiesofepoxyconcreteforrepair”(2020)

[5] V.Gokulnath,B.Ramesh,K.Priyadharsan,“Influenceof M-Sand in self compacting concrete with addition of glass powderinM-25grade”,(2019)

[6] Lei Wang , Guoxin Zhang , Pengyu Wang, Song Yu, “Effects of fly ash and crystalline additive on mechanical propertiesoftwo-gradedrollercompactedconcreteinahigh RCCarchdam”,(2018)

[7] S.Ramkumar,R.Dineshkumar,“ Experimentalstudyon impact on fineness of sand and M-sand in M20 grade of concrete”,(2019)

[8] VenkataKrishnaBhargavaV.,BrahmaChariK.J.,Ranga RaoV.,“ ExperimentalinvestigationofM40gradeconcrete withsupplementarycementitiousmaterialsandglassfiber, (2020)

[9] AlmirSales,FrancisRodriguesdeSouza,“Concretesand mortars recycled with water treatment sludge and constructionanddemolitionrubble”,(2009)

[10]FahadK.Alqahtani,GurmelGhataora,SamirDirar,M. IqbalKhan,IdreesZafar,“Experimentalstudytoinvestigate the engineering and durability performance of concrete usingsyntheticaggregates,(2018)

[11] B.Ramesh,V.Gokulnath,M.Ranjithkumar,“Reviewon the flexural properties of fiber reinforced self compacting concretebytheadditionofM-sand”,(2019)

[12] V.Gokulnath,B.Ramesh,S.SuveshaReddy,“Addition ofreinforcingmaterialsinselfcompactingconcrete”,(2019)

[13] Soner Guler , Zehra Funda Türkmenog˘lu , Ashraf Ashour, “Performance of single and hybrid nanoparticles added concrete at ambient and elevated temperatures”, (2020)

[14] B.Ramesh,V.Gokulnath,V.Vijayavignesh,“Areview onfiberreinforcedselfcompactingconcreteadditionwith M-Sand”,(2019)