A Review Paper on Performance and Emission Characteristics for CI Engine Fuelled With Mahua Oil Bio-Diesel and Diesel Blend Using Taguchi Method
Mr. Padvi Rohidas B.1 , Mr. Vishant Patel 2
1Student, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, LCIT, Bhandu, Gujarat, India
2Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, LCIT, Bhandu, Gujarat, India -***
Abstract - Because it outperforms diesel fuel whilerequiring little to no engine modification, biodiesel is a very beneficial fuel in the current environment. The production of biodiesel from mahua oil and its qualities are covered in the current study. Additionally, experimental research into the performance enhancement of biodiesel-fueled dieselengines is possible for variousmahua oil biodiesel-dieselmixesandunder various loads. For the experimental work, a single-cylinder, four-stroke CI engine is used. The experimental study will make use of Taguchi design with Minitab software to test various loads and blend ratios for braking power, specific fuel consumption, and break thermal efficiency and emission. As recommended by the programme, a series of tests have been carried out. Finally, the experiment is run on a CI engine using a combination of diesel and mahua-oil biodiesel to assess performance and emission parameters and optimise.
Keywords: Diesel, Bio-Diesel, Mahua Oil, CI Engine
1. INTRODUCTION
Simply said, biodiesel is a liquid fuel made from vegetableoilsandlipidsthathascombustioncharacteristics comparabletoconventionalpetroleumdieselfuel.Straight vegetableoil,animaloilorfats,tallow,andusedcookingoil can all be used to make biodiesel. When burnt, biodiesel emits much less emissions than diesel derived from petroleumandisbiodegradableandnontoxic.Analternative fuelthatiscomparabletoconventionalor"fossil-petroleum" dieselisbiodiesel.Transesterificationisthemethodusedto turn theseoilsinto biodiesel.Oil crops includingsoybean, rapeseed, corn, and sunflower are the biggest potential supplyofusableoil.Compressedairpowersdieselengines. raises the temperature of the air inside the cylinder to a point where a fuel injection of atomized diesel ignites. 2strokeand4-strokecycleswereintendedfordieselengines. At the moment, the globe is struggling with the crisis of running out of fossil fuels. According to the most recent WorldEnergyOutlook(IEA,2007a),ChinaandIndiawillbe mostly responsible for the increase in global energy consumption in 2030 if governments continue with their currentpolicies.Thegrowthinprimaryenergyconsumption will require fossil fuels to supply around 84% of it. Fossil fuels, in particular, have a multitude of negative
environmental effects, including air pollution, greenhouse gasemissions,andharmtoecosystems.
2. OBJECTIVE
Todeterminewhethermahuaoilworksinadieselengine asanalternatefuel.
CreateandcharacterisetheMahuaOilBio-Dieselafterit hasbeenprepared.
Reduceemissionsthatcausepollution.
Toevaluatetheefficiencyandemissioncharacteristicsof aCIenginerunningonbiodiesel-Mahuaoil.
Tominimisetheexperiment,useTaguchi'sL9orthogonal arraylevel.I'vemadethedecisiontoimplement2-factor (Blend&Load)and3-leveldesignsinMinitab16.
To use Taguchi's approach to determine the CI engine that performs the best by examining the impacts of braking power, specific fuel consumption, and break thermalefficiencyatvariousblendsandloads.
Through experiment analysis, engine performance, including break thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption,breakpower,andexhaustemission,willbe identifiedandoptimised.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
In 2018, Abhijeet Killol, Niklesh Reddy, Santosh Paruvada, S. Murugan [1] In this work, n-butanol is first mixed with Karanja methyl ester (KME) in modest amounts 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% and the blends are thenanalysed.Theblendsareidentifiedasdirectinjection (DI)dieselengineswith4.4kWofpowerataconstantspeed of1500rpm(KBB5,KBB10,KBB15,andKBB20).Atfullload, itisdiscoveredthattheignitiondelayofKMEat21.5°CAis approximately2°CAshorterthanthatofdieseloperation, buttheadditionofbutanoltodieselresultsinamaximum delay period increase of 4 °CA. As the load grew, the combustion time increased as well. As the proportion of butanol in the mix grew, the combustion time at full load
dropped.Astheamountofbutanolintheblendgrew,theNO emission of the blends initially rose and then fell. The increasedoxygencontentoftheblends,whichisdominated bytheeffectsoflowerheatcontentandhigherlatentheatof vaporisation,iswhatcausestheriseinNOemission.TheNO emission is considerably reduced when DEE is added to KBB15.
In 2020, Abhishek Sharmaa, Nagendra Kumar Mauryaa, Yashvir Singhb, Nishant Kumar Singhc, Sandeep Kumar Guptad [2] done employing pongamia biodiesel mixed fuels into single-cylinder DI diesel engines. Additionally,theimpactsofthePongamiabiodieselmix%, fuel injection timing, and pressure on engine responses including BTE, UHC, NOx, and smoke emission were evaluated. The Taguchi factorial design matrix and the desirability technique were used in conjunction with the engine trials to forecast and optimise the input engine output response. The research has led to the following conclusions:BTEwasfoundtobeatitshighest(31.057%) fortheprocessparametersof0%Pongamiabiodieselmix, 31°bTDCfuelinjectiontime,and24MPainjectionpressure. UHCwasshowntohaveaminimalvalue(33.835ppmvol.) @19°bTDCinjectiontiming,24MPainjectionpressure,and 40%mixingofPongamiabiodiesel.Attheprocessparameter level with diesel, fuel injection time of 15 °bTDC, and injection pressure of 16 MPa, NOx was determined to be 520.4ppmvol.Atthelevelofprocessparameterwith40% Pongamiabiodieselblend,fuelinjectiontimingof31°bTDC, and injection pressure of 24 MPa, the value of smoke was observedtobeatitslowest.Thegeneratedmodelsforthe responsefactors,namelyBTE,UHC,NOx,andSmoke,have R2valuesof0.962,0.962,0.953,and0.819,respectively.It shows that the model that was created was statistically correct. At the highest engine operating parameter levels, confirmationexperimentshavedemonstratedthatthemodel valueandexperimentalvaluearewithina95%confidence interval.
In 2015, C. Syed Aalam , C.G. Saravanan [3] The performance,emission,andcombustioncharacteristicsofa CRDIdieselenginepoweredbyanANP-mixedMahuamethyl ester blend were examined in this inquiry. Based on the results of the studies, the following findings were made: When compared to MME20, ANP-blended biodiesel (MME20+ANP50 and MME20+ ANP100) had a higher calorificvalueandalowerflashpoint.Becauseofitspoorer heating value, biodiesel requires more gasoline. In comparisontooperatingwithbiodiesel,thereisasignificant decreaseinfuelusagewiththeinclusionofaluminiumoxide nanoparticles.WithANPaddedtothebiodieselblend,alittle increaseinBTEwasseen.BecauseANPservesasanoxygen buffercatalystandcontributessurfacelatticeoxygenforthe oxidationofHCandCO,itdecreasedHCandCOemissionsby upto26.04%and48%whencomparedtoabiodieselmix (MME20).Incomparisontodieselfuel,NOxemissionsrise whenANPandbiodieselareusedinamix.Theinclusionof
ANP raises the peak pressure. The ignition delay time is shortenedbytheinclusion ofANP.ANPisadded,andthis raisestherateofheatemissionaswell.Whencomparedto plaindieselandbiodieselblend,thegreaterheatreleaserate is caused by the presence of ANP, which quickens the hydrocarboncombustion(MME20)
In2019,AbhishekSharmaa,YashvirSinghb,Nishant KumarSinghc,AmneeshSinglad[4]TheTaguchitechniqueis usedtocalculatetheidealengineoperatingparametersand mathematicalmodels(dieselfuel,FIT19°bTDC,FIT18MPa, and60%engineload).TheRSMapproachwasusedtocreate a mathematical model and further improve engine responses.Experimentalvalidationanddiscoverythatthe generated RSM models for BTE, Pmax, EGT, and UHC emission are within the required error range. The RSM model's composite desirability was 0.9024, making it an excellentpredictoroftheenginereactionsdiscoveredwhen jojoba biodiesel was taken into account. Using jojoba biodieselblendsasanalternativefuelreducesEGTandUHC emissionswhileimprovingBTEbymovingthefuelinjection timing forward by 2°bTDC in comparison to the factory settings and raising the FIP by 3.5 MPa from the manufacturer settings. In order to analyse the results, 3D surfaceandcontourplotswereused.Themajoreffectcharts demonstratetheinfluenceofFIT,FIP,andjojobabiodiesel mixingonenginereactions(BTE,Pmax,EGTandUHC).
In2019,A.Saravanan,M.Murugan,M.Sreenivasa Reddy,SatyajeetParida[5]Rapeseedbiodiesel(RA),Mahua biodiesel(MU),Dualbiodiesel(RM),andtheirvariousmixes withdiesel,wereusedtocomparetheperformanceofdiesel engines(BL20,BL40,BL60andBL80).Thecollectedfindings indicatedthatbiodiesel(RAandMU)andmixeswithdiesel hadgreaterbrake-specificfuelconsumptionthandiesel.The BL20mixofbiodieselperformedtheclosesttodieselofall thetestedbiodieselblends,itwasdiscovered.Dieselhada BSFCthatwas8.18%lowerthanBL20.Whencomparedto various biodiesel blends, it was discovered that the BL20 blend's braking thermal efficiency was at its highest but closesttodiesel(i.e.,2.79%lowerthandiesel).TheCOand HCemissionwasfoundtobelowerthandieselforalltested biodiesel and blends. The CO and HC emissions from the BL20 mix were 20.66% and 8.56% less than those from diesel,respectively.Additionally,theB20blendrevealedthe NOx emission whereas the NOx emission for all tested biodieselandblendswasgreaterthandiesel.greaterby77% thandiesel.Forallofthetestedbiodieselandtheblends,the smokeopacitywasmeasuredatalowervaluethandiesel. Thesmokeopacitywas6.97%lowerthandieselinthemix BL20,bringingitclosertothatofdiesel.
In2020,Ranjeet KumarRai,RashmiRekhaSahoo [6]Inthecurrentinvestigation,threecontrolparameters compression ratio, load, and fuel mix percentages were variedtomaximiseelevenresponsemetrics,includingT,BP, BMEP,BTE,BSFC,v,HJW,HGAS,NOx,HC,andCOemissions.
BycreatinganL16orthogonalarray,theTaguchiapproach wasutilisedtodesignthetrialsandreducethenumberof tests. The VCR engine's performance metrics, heat losses, and emission characteristics were studied in trials using diesel fuel based on Shorea robusta biodiesel at various compression ratios. The results showed that the compressionratioof17isthoughttobetheidealvaluefor thesevariables.Thebestperformancecharacteristics,heat losses,andemissionlevelsareobtainedwithanengineload of10kgonaVCRenginewitha30%blendofShorearobusta biodiesel. The compression ratio is the least important controlparameter,contributingjust12.45%,whereasengine load is the most important element, contributing 67.54%. Theexperimentalfindingsandtheresultsofthevalidation showgoodagreement.TheexperimentalvalueofGRGand theanticipatedGRGattheoptimalconfiguration(A3B4C3) are0.6897and0.7100,respectively.Additionally,thereisa 0.0203errorbetweentheexperimentalvalueofGRGandthe anticipated value of GRG at the optimal configuration (A3B4C3).
In 2020, M. Udaya Kumar , S. Sivaganesan, C. Dhanasekaran,A.Parthiban[7]Basedonexperiments,the BTHEisroughlyequivalenttodieselandMahuaoilmethyl esterisblendedwithtitaniumdioxidetoexaminethespecial effectsoftitaniumdioxide(TiO2)nanoparticlesasadditives forMahuaoilmethylesterontheperformance,combustion, and emission characteristics of the CI engine (150 ppm). Carbon monoxide emissions are reduced when Mahua Oil MethylEsteriscombinedwithtitaniumdioxide(150ppm), as opposed to the other blend. Higher NOx emissions are produced by mahua oil methyl ester mixed with titanium dioxide (75 ppm). When compared to other blends, the titaniumdioxide(150ppm)andmethylesterofmahuaoil had lower NOx emissions. Overall, it has been shown that 150 ppm of titanium dioxide may be used as an addition, demonstrating the lower emission, well-matched performance,anddistinctivecombustioncharacteristicsof MahuaOilMethylEster.
In2017,ArulprakasajothiMahalingam,Yuvarajan Devarajan , Santhanakrishnan Radhakrishnan , Suresh Vellaiyan , Beemkumar Nagappan [8] According to the observationmadeafteraddingoctanoltobiodieselblendsof plainmahuaoilataratioof10%and20%onavolumebasis, CO emissions decrease as the amount of octanol in the blends increases. When compared to plain mahua oil biodiesel,M80O20andM90O10showeda6.8%and7.4% reductionintotalCOemissionsatallloads.Octanolcontent in the blends increases while HC emissions drop. When compared to plain mahua oil biodiesel, M80O20 and M90O10 showed a 5.1% and 5.7% reduction in total HC emissions at all loads. Octanol content in the blends increasesasNOXemissionsdrop.Whencomparedtoplain mahuaoilbiodiesel,M80O20andM90O10showeda4.8% and 5.4% reduction in total NOX emissions at all loads. Octanol content in the blends increases while smoke
emissions drop. When compared to plain mahua oil biodiesel,totalsmokeemissionsfromM80O20andM90O10 atallloadswerereducedby2.1%and2.9%,respectively.
In 2020, Shakti Prakash Jena, Sankalp Mahapatra, Saroj Kumar Acharya [9] In this study, using the Taguchi method and grey relational analysis, we attempted to ascertain the effects of various input parameters, such as engine load, blend, and CR (different levels), on the performance(BTE),andemissionparameters(NOx),ofaCI engineoperatedwithvariousblendsofdieselandKaranja biodiesel.Followingobservationsweremade:Withtheuse ofTaguchi'sL16orthogonalarrays,thenumberoftrialswas decreased,and16testswithvariouscombinationsofinput parameterswereconducted.Bygivingtheproperweighting variables, the grey relational analysis reduces numerous objectiveoptimisationsintoasingleobjectiveoptimisation issue.ThebestfactorsettingswerereportedusingtheGreyTaguchitechniquetobeloadat100%,B20mix,andCR17.5. Theinputparameterwiththegreatestinfluencewasfound to be load. When using ANOVA to examine the relative influence of control variables on output responses, it was discovered that load contributed the most, at a rate of 40.33%.
In2020,SunilkumarS.Kattimani,S.N.Topannavar, Dr.,M.M.Shivashimpi,B.M.Dodamani[10]OnaVCRengine, which can operate on biofuel, the trials were performed usingmixesofcleandieselandFOMEbiodiesel.Theviscosity anddensityofbiodieselarecomparabletothoseofdiesel, and its C.V., or 39500 kJ/kg, is lower. To run on FOME biodiesel, the IC engine only requires minor or no engine setupchanges.Tominimisenitrogenoxidesintheexhaust, moderntechniqueslikeEGRandCRDIcanbeapplied.The atomizationandvaporisationoffueldropletsoccurathigh injectionpressuresof260bar,leadingtofullcombustionof thefuelwithnoemissions.
In2018,NaushadAhamadAnsari,AbhishekSharma, Yashvir Singh [11] Of all the tested fuels, diesel had the highest BTE at 23obTDC. B30 blend exhibits the highest braking thermal efficiency (33.5%) of all the polanga biodieselblendsat27obTDC.WhileNOxemissionsrisewith theproportionofbiodieselinthemix,B40blendexhibitsthe lowestUHC emissionof24 ppmvolume.Smokeopacityis decreasedbydelayingfuelinjectiontimefrom23obTDCto 19obTDC.Atincreasingfuelinjectionpressure,BTErises.
In 2020, Tanmaya Agrawal, Raghvendra Gautam, Sudeekcha Agrawal, Vishal Singh, Manish Kumar, Saket Kumar [12] The Taguchi approach was utilised in this experimental inquiry to discover the best engine performanceandemissioncharacteristics,afterwhichANN andmultipleregressionswereusedtofindthemistake.The orthogonal array has been used as the foundation for 25 experimentalruns.Blend%,Load,RPM,Calorificvalue,and Densityweretheinputparameters.Onlythreeparameters
Load,Blend%,andRPM wereexaminedindependentlyin Taguchiandmultipleregressionsincetheprogrammeitself rejected the other two, which were density and calorific valueofthefuel.ForBTE,NOx,HC,andCO2,thepercentage errors varied by 4.6%, 1.26%, 2.96%, and 29.05%, respectively,however forBSFCandCO, the errormargins were quite high. Thus, it can be said that ANN is a more effective method for making predictions. Additionally, by concentrating on the performance metrics, the Taguchi technique was used to identify the ideal operating circumstances. Thus, by running an engine configuration under these working circumstances, the greatest performancemaybeobtainedfromit.
In 2015, R. Sathish Kumar , K. Sureshkumar , R. Velraj[13]Thesynthesis,characterisation,andoptimization of key process variables impacting the transesterification processofanovelbiodieselgeneratedfromM.zapotaseed oilhavebeenresearchedandreportedinthisexperimental inquiry.Thetransesterificationprocedurewascarriedout usingmethanolandKOHasthecatalyst.Thefourinfluencing factors taken into account for the Taguchi method optimizationofbiodieselsynthesiswerethemolarratioof methanol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The yield rate for MZME is 94.83% undertheexperimentallyfoundoptimalparametersof6:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 1% (w/w) catalyst concentration,90minreactionduration,and50Creaction temperature. The two key process variables affecting the synthesis of bio diesel were determined to be catalyst concentration and the molar ratio of methanol to oil. The maincharacteristicsofMZMEarediscoveredtocomplywith EN14214biodieselcriteria.
In 2018, Abhishek Sharma, Naushad Ahmad Ansarib,YashvirSingh,IbrahimMustefa,C.Vivekanandhan [14] A single-cylinder compression ignition engine with a direct-injectioncombustionchamberhashadtheeffectsof fuel injection pressure, fuel injection timing, control variables,andtheeffectofloadtorqueexaminedwithregard totoxicemissions,specificallyNOx,aswellasbrakethermal efficiency.Theimpactthatcontrolparametershaveonthe response variables has been verified using the Taguchi approach. Utilizing the analytic techniques, the influence proportion of each and every control variable has been determined. Concluding remarks are made about the behaviourandcomponentryoftheselectedengine.Among the enginecontrol parameters,fuel injection pressure has thegreatestimpactonenginebrakethermalefficiencyand exhaustemissions(NOx).Withadisagreementpercentageof under eight, the test results are quite comparable to the predictedextremesofacceptableconditions.Itisimportant to conclude that the Taguchi technique is a reasonable, successful, and strategy for developing durable, effective, andstandard-worthydevicesforenergyconversion.
In2020, NavdeepSharmaDugala,GyanendraSingh Goindi , Ajay Sharma [15] Mahua and Jatropha biodiesel samplemixes withmineral diesel werecreated invarious ratios, and their physicochemical characteristics were studied.Therecentfindingsshownthatthepre-treatment procedure may be effectively used to lower the free fatty acidvalueofbiodiesels.Incomparisontotheotherbiodiesel samples(MB1&JB1),MB2andJB2havebetterproperties, and their physicochemical characteristics are also more similar to those of mineral diesel. All other samples' densitiesweredeterminedtobewithinacceptableranges, howeverB50wasfoundtoexceedtherangesallowedbythe various national and international regulations due to the greater biodiesel mixing ratio. Mineral diesel is added to Jatropha and Mahua biodiesel to improve both the physicochemicalqualitiesandthecoldflowcharacteristicsof theblendeddualbiofuel.Thepourandcloudpointsofdual biofuelsamplesweresuperiorthanthoseofsolobiodiesel samples.Accordingly,thefindingsofthisstudyshowedthat theB30andB40dualbiofuelblends,whichinclude15%and 20%, respectively, of each biodiesel, may be tested in internal combustion engines to determine how well they operateandhowmuchexhausttheyemit.
In 2013, Horng-Wen Wu, Zhan-Yi Wu [16] For a diesel engine utilising a diesel/biodiesel blend, the ideal operatingvariablesofhighBTEandforlowBSFC,NOX,and smoke have been discovered using H2 and the Taguchi techniquewithcooledEGR attheinput port.The baseline diesel engine and the improved engine's combustion performanceandemissionshavealsobeencompared.Onthe basis of the findings and discussion, the authors draw the followingconclusions.Findingtheidealpairingswasmade easy by the Taguchi approach. With a 95% confidence interval, the predictions made using Taguchi's parameter design methodology are in good agreement with the confirmation findings, and this method also cuts the experiment'sruntimeby67%.NOXismoreimpactedbythe EGR ratio (C) than other goals are. For each load, a combinationofB20(A2),30%hydrogen(B3),and40%EGR ratioresultsintheoptimumBTEandBSFC,NOX,andsmoke emissions(C3).Theeffectivenessofcombustionisenhanced by this mixture. At different loads, the optimised engine performsbetterthanthestandarddieselengineintermsof BTE,cylinderpressure,heatreleaserate,andignitiondelay. The ideal mix also lowers the BSFC. Additionally, the improvedenginecanreduceNOXandsmokeemissions.
In 2020, Yuvarajan Devarajan, Beemkumar Nagappan, G. Mageshwaran, M. Sunil Kumar, R.B. Durairaj [17]Thisstudyevaluatestheviabilityofreplacingdieselfuel incompressionignitionengineswithbiodieselmadefrom discardedgrapefruitseed.Toimprovetheignitionpatterns, 10%oftwoantioxidants,BHA(butylatedhydroxyanisole) and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene), are added to diesel/biodieselblends.Theperformanceoftheengineusing thetestedfuelsisevaluatedinvariousBPsandcontrasted
with diesel. The basic fuel's phase did not alter after the antioxidants were blended. The low viscosity of BHA and BHT enhanced fuel atomization, fuel-air mixing, and decreasedBSFCwithbetterBTEindiesel/biodieselblends. The physio-chemical characteristics of diesel/biodiesel blends were enhanced by the addition of BHA and BHT, whichledtoanoticeableriseinin-cylinderpressure(ICP) andheatreleaserate(HRR).InordertoreduceNOemissions fordiesel/biodieselblends,thecatalyticactivityofBHTand BHA increased the combustion reaction duration and decreasedthecombustiontemperature.Highinjectionfuel pressureandfuelatomizationareproducedbyBD+D+BHT and BD + D + BHA's abundant oxygen availability. This energisestheoxidationreactionandreducessmoke,HC,and COemissionsfordiesel/biodieselblends.
In 2020, M. Krishnamoorthi, S. Sreedhara, Pavan Prakash Duvvuri [18] This study looks at how injection factorsaffectacompressionignition(CI)enginethatrunson syngas, diesel, and B20 (80% diesel, 20% biodiesel). In comparisontoconventionaldieselcombustion(CDC)mode, particulate matter (PM) was decreased by 87% but brake thermalefficiency(BTE),hydrocarbon(HC),andoxidesof nitrogen (NOx) were raised by 2.4%, 61%, and 71%, respectively. Increased fuel injection pressure improved mixtureformationanddecreasedPM.Thesplitfuelinjection techniquedecreasedNOxemissions.MoreCOhasbeenseen during engine running in dual fuel (syngas and diesel) combustion,indicatingthatthemajorityofthesyngas'sCO was not oxidised during the combustion process. In comparisontoCDCmode,HC,PM,andNOxweredecreased by29%,77%,and22%,respectively.BTEwasincreasedby 1.5% and NOx was decreased by 29% in syngas and B20 mode(30%earlyinjectedmass)incomparisontoCDCmode. Itappearsthatsyngascanbeemployedinstationarypower generating compression ignition engines based on the advantagesanddisadvantagesofthisinquiry.Thisdualfuel modehastheabilitytolowerNOxandPMemissionswhile increasingCOemissions.
4. CONCLUSION
For the purpose of studying several research papers, I discoveredthatwhilenumeroustrialsonvariousblendshad beenconductedinordertoevaluatetheperformanceofCI engines,relativelylittleworkhadbeendoneontheengines' performance when employing the Taguchi technique. MethodforExperimentDesignplayacrucialpartintheI.C Engine's performance. Because of the right direction providedbytheliteraturereview,thereareopportunitiesto increase the effectiveness and performance of the diesel engine.DOEandtheTaguchiapproachhavebeenusedina variety of applications, therefore we will use them on a specific engine to improve performance and learn new thingsaboutit.
Finally, a CI engine, diesel, and a mahua bio-diesel/diesel blendareusedtoconducttheexperiment.
Inordertominimisetheexperiment,IwillemployTaguchi's L9 orthogonal array level. In Minitab 16, I've chosen to constructa2-factor(Blend&Load)and3-leveldesign.
ProcessParameterchosen
1. ExhaustEmission
2. BreakPower
3. BreakThermalefficiency
4. SpecificFuelConsumption.
Fourtestfuelsinallwerechosenforthisinquiry.
100%Dieselfuel(B0)
10%MahuaoilBiodieseland90%Dieselfuel(B10)
30%MahuaoilBiodieseland70%Dieselfuel(B30)
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