International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 05 | May 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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IoT-Driven Energy Efficiency in Commercial Spaces: A Literature Review of Occupancy Detection and Cloud-Based Automation V. A Dahore1, Dr. Prof. S. V. Pattalwar2, Prof. V. R. Raut3 1Digital Electronics, PRMITR Badnera, Amravati, Maharashtra
2HoD Electronics & communication, PRMITR, Badnera, Amaravati, Maharashtra 3 Professor , PRMITR, Badnera, Amaravati, Maharashtra ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - This literature review evaluates the recent
from sensors to processing platforms [1]. The perception layer encompasses various sensors, such as passive infrared (PIR) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) detectors, as well as actuators like smart HVAC systems and automated lighting solutions. The network layer employs low-power communication protocols, including LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) and Zigbee, to facilitate connectivity [2]. The application layer, in turn, leverages cloud computing platforms—such as AWS IoT (Amazon Web Service IoT) and Microsoft Azure—to enable the automation of energy management systems.
developments in Internet of Things (IoT) technologies aimed at enhancing energy efficiency within commercial buildings, concentrating on aspects such as occupancy detection, sensor fusion, and cloud-based automation. A comprehensive examination of more than 30 peer-reviewed articles and industry case studies reveals IoT's significant contribution to minimizing energy waste in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, along with lighting, achieving reductions ranging from 20% to 70%. The review also addresses the challenges associated with reconciling accuracy and privacy and highlights the transformative capabilities of edge-cloud architectures. Furthermore, existing deficiencies in scalability, interoperability, and ethical considerations are identified, along with recommendations for future research focusing on artificial intelligence-driven analytics and the implementation of digital twins.
One illustrative case is the implementation at The Edge in Amsterdam, which utilizes 28,000 sensors to achieve energy savings of approximately 70% by dynamically adjusting lighting and HVAC systems based on real-time occupancy data [3]. Additionally, Google’s Nest Labs has reported a 12% reduction in HVAC costs through the integration of machine learning algorithms.
Key Words: IoT, energy efficiency, occupancy detection, smart buildings, cloud computing, sustainability.
2.2 Sector-Specific Implementations
1.INTRODUCTION
In the healthcare sector, IoT systems deployed in hospitals resulted in a 25% reduction in HVAC energy consumption, all while upholding patient comfort standards [22]. Similarly, academic institutions like the University of California, Berkeley have employed IoT-enabled lecture halls, which facilitated a 30% decrease in energy waste through automation triggered by occupancy detection [4]. Within the retail sector, Walmart has successfully implemented motionsensitive LED systems that collectively save 1.4 terawatthours (TWh) of energy annually [5].
The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) represents a significant advancement in the management of sustainable building practices, enabling unprecedented levels of control over energy consumption in commercial environments. Given that buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of global carbon emissions, the implementation of IoTenabled systems is essential for the realization of climate objectives, including those outlined by the Paris Agreement and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs). This review investigates the progression of IoT architectures, sensor technologies, and cloud platforms, emphasizing their application in optimizing energy use specifically within meeting rooms, which are often characterized by operational inefficiencies.
2.3 Challenges in Legacy Systems Conventional HVAC and lighting systems often exhibit limitations related to adaptability, leading to the phenomenon of "phantom loads" in unoccupied rooms. Research indicates that approximately 35% of meeting rooms maintain power despite being vacant due to outdated booking mechanisms [6]. The integration of real-time sensor networks and predictive shutdown protocols through IoT solutions effectively addresses these inefficiencies.
2. IoT & ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN COMMERCIAL SPACES 2.1 IoT Architectures and Frameworks The architecture of IoT systems is typically categorized into three layers: the perception layer, the network layer, and the application layer, each contributing to a seamless data flow
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