International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 12 | Dec 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
A REVIEW OF TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS OF HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS WITH OUTRIGGER AND BELT TRUSS SYSTEMS Ajeet Kumar Yadav1, Mr. Ushendra Kumar2 1Master of Technology, Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India 2Head of Department, Department of Civil Engineering, Lucknow Institute of Technology, Lucknow, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - The rapid vertical expansion of urban
loads. Researchers such as Taranath (2016) emphasize that as the height of a building increases, the lateral stiffness becomes a governing parameter in structural design, often taking precedence over strength requirements. This necessitates the development of efficient lateral loadresisting systems to ensure both safety and occupant comfort.
environments has made high-rise buildings a dominant feature of modern skylines, but their structural stability under seismic and wind-induced lateral loads remains a critical engineering challenge. Outrigger and belt truss systems have emerged as highly efficient structural mechanisms to enhance lateral stiffness, minimize inter-story drift, and control overturning moments in tall buildings. This review paper synthesizes existing experimental and numerical research, with a particular focus on time history analysis, which offers detailed insights into the nonlinear and dynamic behavior of high-rise structures. The discussion covers fundamental concepts of outrigger and belt truss systems, their individual and integrated contributions, and comparative performance under seismic loading. Special emphasis is given to the influence of outrigger placement, belt truss configuration, and combined system optimization on structural response. Findings indicate that integrated outrigger–belt truss systems consistently outperform outrigger-only or belt truss-only systems, particularly in reducing seismic vulnerability. However, challenges related to construction complexity, modeling limitations, and context-specific performance outcomes highlight the need for further research. The paper concludes by identifying potential future directions, including hybrid materials, damped and virtual outriggers, soil– structure interaction studies, and performance-based design frameworks, to achieve safer and more sustainable high-rise structures.
1.2 Importance of Lateral Load Resistance (Earthquake and Wind Loads) Tall buildings face a lot of stress from natural forces, especially earthquakes and strong winds. When an earthquake strikes, the shaking of the ground pushes powerful sideways forces into the building’s structure. On the other hand, wind doesn’t hit all at once—it creates a steady swaying motion that can wear down the building over time and even make the occupants feel uncomfortable. As Chopra (2012) points out, a building’s ability to resist these sideways, or lateral, forces is one of the most important factors in how well it performs during an earthquake. If the building isn’t stiff enough or can’t absorb and release energy effectively, the risk of serious damage or even collapse increases. Similarly, studies in wind tunnels have shown that as buildings get taller, wind effects like vortex shedding and sudden gusts become more intense (Kareem & Gurley, 1996). Because of this, engineers are constantly working on smarter designs that keep buildings strong and stable while avoiding the need for huge amounts of extra material.
Key Words: High-rise buildings; Outrigger system; Belt truss system; Time history analysis; Lateral load resistance; Seismic performance; Structural optimization; Drift control; Performance-based design
1.3 Significance of Structural Systems like Outriggers and Belt Trusses When it comes to helping tall buildings resist sideways forces, one of the most effective systems is the outrigger and belt truss setup. Think of the outrigger as a strong horizontal arm that links the building’s central core to the outer columns. This connection lets the outside columns share the job of resisting the tipping or overturning forces that happen during wind or earthquakes. The belt truss works alongside it by tying the outer columns together, so instead of acting separately, they behave like a single, stronger unit. Together, these systems make the whole building more stable and better able to handle lateral loads. Studies by Smith and Coull (1991) and later by Moon (2010) have demonstrated that the incorporation of outrigger and belt truss systems significantly reduces lateral deflections and optimizes material usage, making them highly preferred
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background on the Rapid Growth of High-Rise Buildings and Challenges in Structural Stability The continuous urbanization and population growth in metropolitan cities have led to a steep rise in the demand for high-rise structures. Tall buildings not only optimize land usage but also symbolize technological advancement and economic development. However, with the increase in height, these structures encounter several engineering challenges related to structural stability and serviceability. The major concerns include lateral displacements, interstory drifts, and vibrations induced by seismic and wind
© 2025, IRJET
|
Impact Factor value: 8.315
|
ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal
|
Page 706