International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 13 Issue: 01 | Jan 2026
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Electric Mobility in India: Policy Framework, Infrastructure Challenges, and Pathways for Sustainable Urban Transformation Ar. Laavanya Tewari1, Ar. Vaibhav Kulshrestha2, Ar. Mohd Arsh Khan3 1,2nd Year, MURP, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007 (India) 2Assistant Professor, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007 (India)
3,2nd Year, MURP, Faculty of Architecture & Planning, AKTU, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226007 (India) ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract - India's fast urbanization has created previously
This study thoroughly investigates the development of electric mobility in urban India, evaluating policy structures, infrastructure growth, market integration, and institutional obstacles. It seeks to pinpoint essential gaps and offer insights into how effective current strategies are in attaining sustainable urban mobility.
unheard-of problems with air pollution, reliance on fossil fuels, and energy instability. Since transport is one of the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions, policy interventions aimed at attaining sustainable development have made it a central focus. In this regard, electric mobility has become a strategic option that may improve energy efficiency and urban live ability while lessening environmental effects. This study looks at how electric transportation has developed in India, including institutional structures, regulatory frameworks, and infrastructure preparedness. The paper assesses the efficacy of current electric mobility programs and pinpoints significant obstacles to widespread adoption using secondary data from government publications, policy documents, and academic research. The results show that although India has made significant strides through policy interventions like the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme and the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), issues with market readiness, regulatory coordination, and charging infrastructure still exist. In order to guarantee a smooth and equitable transition to electric transportation, the paper's conclusion suggests coordinated policy measures, reinforced institutional structures, and ongoing investment.
2. Evolution of Electric Mobility in India 2.1 Early Developments and Policy Foundations The initial stage of electric mobility in India commenced in the late 1990s with restricted trials, including the launch of electric three-wheelers and compact passenger vehicles. Nonetheless, elevated expenses, insufficient battery technology, and lack of supportive infrastructure limited initial adoption. The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) initiated in 2013 represented a pivotal moment by offering a strategic framework for promoting EV adoption and local production. Later programs, especially the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles (FAME) initiatives, greatly transformed the policy environment. FAME-I (2015–2019) provided financial incentives for EV acquisitions and initiated pilot charging infrastructure, whereas FAME-II (2019 onward) broadened assistance for the electrification of public transport, focusing particularly on electric buses and shared mobility options.
Key Words: Electric Mobility, Sustainable Transport, Urban Mobility, Electric Vehicles, Policy Framework, India
1. INTRODUCTION
2.2 Expansion under FAME-II and Beyond
Urban India is experiencing swift change characterized by rising population, increased vehicle usage, and growing energy needs. The transportation industry, largely dependent on fossil fuels, plays a major role in urban air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and risks to public health. In this context, electric mobility has become a vital element of India’s sustainability development plan. Electric vehicles (EVs), encompassing two-wheelers, threewheelers, buses, and private cars, are more frequently seen as alternatives to lessen reliance on imported fuels and alleviate urban environmental decline. The Indian Government has set ambitious goals for electric mobility via national initiatives and state policies, placing EVs at the heart of future urban transportation. Nonetheless, despite significant advancements, the shift continues to be inconsistent among different regions and types of vehicles.
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Significant public investment was made under FAME-II for electric buses, charging facilities, and demand incentives. During this phase, there was a rapid increase in the use of electric two- and three-wheelers, especially in urban and suburban regions. Concurrent programs like the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme promoted local manufacturing of batteries and EV parts, lessening reliance on imports. Recent initiatives like PM E-DRIVE and state-level EV policies enhanced the institutional framework by linking transport electrification with urban planning, renewable energy, and industrial growth.
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