International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 04 | Apr 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
www.irjet.net
Development of a Battery Management and Fire Safety Solution for Electric Vehicles S. Jyothi Rani1, J. Niranjan2, T. Shyam praneeth3, Y. Venkatakameswara Rao4, R. Girish5 1Assistant Professor, EEE, Visakha institute of engineering & technology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India 2,3,4,5UG Student, EEE, Visakha institute of engineering & technology, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Abstract - In order to keep operations safe and extend the
modern BMS designs also include fault detection techniques, state of charge (SOC) and state of health (SOH) prediction. The high cost and complexity of traditional BMS solutions has prompted studies to find simpler, cheaper alternatives that may be used for educational and prototyping purposes [3-5].
life of batteries, the fast-expanding electric vehicle (EV) sector needs dependable solutions for managing batteries and preventing fires. Through the use of simulation and prototyping techniques, this project aims to provide an electric vehicle (EV) fire safety solution and battery management system (BMS). The system's central processing unit is an ATmega328 microcontroller based on the Arduino platform.
For lithium-ion batteries, thermal runaway poses a significant threat. Overcharging, overheating, or physical damage can set off unpredictable reactions that result in fires. Automatically disconnecting or activating suppression systems and early detection of temperature anomalies are essential components of effective fire protection systems. While more sophisticated electric vehicles have fire suppression systems and integrated sensors, solutions such as temperature-triggered cut-offs work well for basic prototypes [6].
A voltage sensor, a current sensor, and a DHT11 temperature sensor are used to continually monitor critical metrics including battery voltage, current, and temperature, respectively. The data is evaluated in real-time to evaluate the battery's health and identify any dangers like overcharging or overheating. The prototype has temperature detection and an emergency cutoff mechanism to provide basic fire safety measures, in addition to monitoring. To avoid thermal runaway or fire situations, the device may instantly separate the battery if it detects excessive temperature spikes. Prior to prototyping, the design was validated using simulation models. The results show that the system can quickly detect problems and fix them, offering a cheap and scalable way to make EVs safer.
The ATmega328 microcontroller, which is part of the Arduino platform, has proven popular for creating adaptable, low-cost battery monitoring devices. Patel and Modhera found that systems based on the Arduino platform can accurately monitor battery characteristics for small-scale applications [7]. The ATmega328 is perfect for educational and prototype projects because to its processing power, number of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC) channels, and ease of programming. It can perform simple control operations and real-time data acquisition. To keep a battery in good working order, it is crucial to monitor its temperature, voltage, and current: A cheap digital way to measure the surrounding temperature and humidity is the DHT11 temperature sensor. The method is not perfect, but it may identify dangerous temperature increases—a precursor to battery overheating [8-9]. The Arduino can safely monitor battery voltages with the use of voltage sensors, which are usually constructed using voltage divider circuits. These sensors scale down the voltage within the 0-5V ADC range. In order to identify instances of deep discharge or overcharging, voltage monitoring is useful [10]. It is common practice to employ current sensors that are based on the Hall effect to monitor the charging and discharging currents of the battery. Predicting battery health and usage trends is much easier with accurate current monitoring [11].
Key Words: Electric Vehicle, Battery management system, Arduino, DHT11 sensor, Voltage sensor, Current sensor
1.INTRODUCTION
A reliable and secure battery system is crucial to the operation of electric vehicles (EVs). Dangerous consequences like thermal runaway and fires can occur if batteries, especially lithium-ion ones, are not properly protected against changes in temperature, voltage, and current. That is why it is critical to incorporate fire safety measures into Battery Management Systems. The history of BMS, electric vehicle fire safety solutions, and the integration of sensors with inexpensive microcontrollers like the Arduino ATmega328 are all topics covered in this literature study [1]. To keep electric vehicle batteries safe, run for as long as possible, and function at their best, battery management systems are essential. A BMS keeps an eye on important characteristics like temperature, voltage, and current to make sure the battery doesn't become damaged or fail [2]. In addition to monitoring and actively balancing cell voltages,
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Section 1 provides an introduction to the importance of battery management and fire safety systems in electric vehicles, highlighting current challenges. Section 2 explains the Battery Management Systems (BMS), fire safety
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