International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET)
e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 11 | Nov 2025
p-ISSN: 2395-0072
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Design Optimization of Universal Shift Registers: CMOS/FinFET vs. QCA Shishir Bagal1, Atharva Jangade2, Ishwita Nagrikar3, Anjali Sonwane4, Mrunal Katre5, Pranay Dhopekar6 1Assistant professor, Dept of Electronics and Telecommunication, KDK College of Engineering, Maharshtra, India 23456UG student, Dept of Electronics and Telecommunication, KDK College of Engineering, Mahrashtra, India
---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------architectures. An alternative is Quantum -Dot Cellular Abstract - Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is the new
Automata (QCA). Unlike CMOS, which uses current flow and voltage switching, which is performed by transistors, QCA uses the positional order of electrons in nanoscale quantum dots to encode binary information. One example of an actual QCA cell is a four-quantum-dots system filled with two electrons; Coulombic repulsion causes the pair of electrons to be in two energy stable diagonal states, which are logic states 0 and 1. The propagation of information is based on electrostatic interaction between neighboring cells, but not on charge transport, which provides QCA systems with superior degrees of compactness, extremely low power consumption, and the possibility of extremely high operating frequencies. The following features of QCA make it an attractive propositional candidate to the implementation of future nanoscale digital systems, in particular to sequential logic elements, including latches, flip-flops, counters, and shift registers. In this regard, the Universal Shift Register (USR) is an essential element that is greatly used in data transfer, communication systems, and memory access. Traditional CMOS-based shift registers have a high number of transistors and consume high amounts of power, but QCAbased shift registers have few logic cells, a reduced physical area, and a better performance with less power. Researchers can design, analyse and optimise QCA circuits with design and simulation tools like the QCADesigner. This four-stage clocking scheme is unique to QCA that dictates electron tunneling and guarantees an orderly data flow that is essential to the dependable synchronous functioning of sequential circuits as well as the USR. Despite the current issues of QCA technologies in terms of the accuracy of their fabrication technique, thermal stability, and scalability of high fabrication rates, there is now a significant literature showing that QCA-based sequential circuits run faster, are smaller, and use less energy than CMOS or FinFET-based devices. These results demonstrate that QCA can become a very promising technology of next generation nanoelectronic systems. The current project is focused at the design and optimization of a Universal Shift Register that is implemented with QCA technology with a systematic comparison between its work and benefits against CMOS/FinFET implementation which ensures the possibilities of QCA as enhancing high-speed low-power future computing architecture.
area of nanotechnology that gives an alternative paradigm of designing digital-circuitry thus it could replace the existing technologies, like CMOS and FinFET. Traditional semiconductor systems are faced with mounting problems, such as high-power dissipation, strong short-circuit effects and a lack of smaller size scaling. QCA is a better solution because of its high speed, low power consumption and capability of high density. QCA is an implementer of logical functions based on the spatial arrangement of electrons trapped in quantum dots instead of current flow, potentially a contender in nanoscale computing in the future. The current paper assesses various studies related to design and synthesis of Universal Shift Registers (USR) being executed by QCA Designer tool. USRs are essential parts of digital systems which give a mechanism of data storage, transfer and control. This paper has reviewed several different USR architectures based on QCA and has explored ways of improving their performance in terms of power consumption, runtime speed, and physical size. In addition, it compares QCA implementations with those similar designs based on CMOS and FinFET technology to identify the different benefits and restrictions of these technologies. Progressing findings show that QCA designs are faster, more energy efficient; however, they still face the pitfalls of fabrication related inefficiencies, complexities in clock distribution as well as noise susceptibility. It ends the study with both research directions to be further pursued by the application of potential solutions, and hypothesizes that with a further development of the methods of fabrication and testing, QCA could become a practical architecture of future nanoelectronics circuitry. Key Words: CMOS, FinFET, QCA, Nanotechnology, Quantum Physics
1.INTRODUCTION Constant scaling of the complementary metal-oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology has come close to a point where it is increasingly becoming impossible to reduce the size of the device. Leakage current, short-circuit effects, high power density and reduced reliability of the devices presently present a strenuous constraint on increased CMOS and FinFET devices performance. As a result, there exists a growing empirical research on the development of alternative nanotechnologies that can overlay physical and operational limits of traditional transistor based
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